Diversidade genética e estruturação populacional em capivaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766)
Resumen
Decreased connectivity for species and consequently limited dispersal can be linked
to various environmental factors such as climate, dispersal barriers, or limited
dispersal. In the case of semi-aquatic organisms such as capybara, their dispersion
can be influenced by the presence of water bodies. Our work aims to evaluate the
distribution of genetic diversity of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris in river basins of South
America. We also evaluated the presence of structuring between different
hydrographic basins and between hydrographic microbasins of the Paraguay and Alto
Paraná basins in Brazilian territory. For this, we amplified a fragment of the D-loop
region of mitochondrial DNA, constructed haplotype networks and performed
phylogenetic and molecular analysis of variance. We also reconstructed a
demographic history with the Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis. Our results showed that
H. hydrochaeris populations are structured between the Orinoco, Paraguay and Alto
Paraná basins, but still maintain ancestral polymorphisms and possibly a flow of
individuals between the Paraguay and Alto Paraná basins. On the other hand, the
genetic diversity, both haplotypic and nucleotide, in the Paraguay and Alto Paraná
basins is high and the populations show a relatively recent demographic growth, the
populations of the Orinoco basin show low diversity and a population decline. The
patterns of structure and genetic diversity are probably a result of the distinct
evolutionary history of watersheds and recent demographic fluctuations suffered by
populations, respectively.
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