Avaliação do potencial do etanol e seus derivados para descarbonização dos setores Hard-to-Abate
Resumo
The contemporary global context reflects an imperative shift in the energy paradigm, as
environmental, social, and economic issues converge toward the need for an increasingly
sustainable and resilient approach. The transition to energy sources with lower environmental
impact and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions emerge as urgent imperatives, driving the
search for renewable and low-carbon solutions. In this dynamic context, ethanol and its
derivatives play a multifaceted and strategic role in the global energy transition. Beyond its
direct contribution to carbon emission mitigation, ethanol is a key player in the production of
various renewable products, promoting a significant shift in the chemical industry and other
sectors dependent on fossil-based inputs. The scope of this study aimed to provide an in-depth
and comprehensive analysis of the role of ethanol in this transforming landscape. From its
integration into the global energy matrix, through the positive environmental impacts resulting
from its adoption, to the strategic opportunities in the mobility and industrial sectors, the study
sought to elucidate the challenges and potentials associated with the use of ethanol as a driver
of a more sustainable economy. Several ethanol-derived products and processes were examined
and discussed in detail, ranging from advanced biofuels for aviation and maritime
transportation to the production of a wide range of renewable chemicals. The critical and
evidence-based analysis of these products and processes was conducted not only from the
perspective of technical and economic feasibility but also considering their potential for
emission reductions across the entire production chain, as well as their ability to promote
environmental sustainability. Discussions included the feasibility of biometanol, e-methanol,
and ATJ (Alcohol-to-Jet) production pathways in the context of decarbonizing the chemical,
aviation, and maritime sectors. The analysis revealed that the production of biometanol and
e-methanol appears promising, showing flexibility and economic viability due to the growing
demand for emission reduction solutions. The production of biometanol via biogas steam
reforming was highlighted as a favorable approach, especially in Brazil, where sugarcane can
be used to maximize circularity and energy efficiency, although operational and purification
challenges need to be addressed. Additionally, the hydrogenation of CO2
to methanol was
considered technically mature but faces significant economic barriers. The ATJ route stood out
for its flexibility in using different alcohols, but it faces limitations in selectivity and efficiency,
revealing the need for further research and development. The maritime sector analysis
suggested that, although methanol holds potential, challenges related to energy density and
production costs still need to be overcome. In conclusion, the study highlighted the relevance of
ethanol and its derivatives as essential drivers in the transition to a more sustainable energy
matrix. The study emphasized the need for collaborative efforts between governments, industry,
and society to tackle decarbonization challenges, ensuring the maximization of opportunities
associated with the use of biofuels. Chemical engineering plays a vital role in optimizing
production processes and maximizing the environmental and economic benefits of this
sugarcane energy ecosystem. Thus, the integration of technical-scientific knowledge with
robust public policies is essential for ethanol to effectively contribute to a more renewable and
sustainable energy future.
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