Filogenia molecular e filogeografia do gênero Salminus (Characiformes)
Abstract
Salminus is a genus comprised of four Neotropical medium- and large-sized fishes species,
top predators, with both recreational and commercial importance. The paucity of information
on taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeography make appropriate conservation policies
difficult for the genus, which is in a significant population decline. For this reason, our goal
was, by using mitochondrial (COI, Cytb and D-loop) and nuclear (RAG2 and S7 intron)
molecular makers, to elucidate taxonomic uncertainties, identify cryptic diversity, investigate
the phylogenetic relationship among the species and infer the historical processes that shaped
the current Salminus distribution. To assist in taxonomic issues, we employed the traditional
DNA barcoding and GMYC COI-based analyses in 110 specimens, representing the four
valid species. In both methodologies, eight MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units)
were identified. Only two species, Salminus affinis and Salminus franciscanus, represented a
MOTU each. The species Salminus brasiliensis and Salminus hilarii were represented by two
and four MOTU, respectively. These MOTUs are distributed in distinct hydrographic basins
where morphological polymorphisms had already been described. The average intraspecific
distances greater than the optimal threshold of 1.1% (S. brasiliensis – 3.6%, e S. hilarii – 5%),
reinforce the idea of more taxonomic units in Salminus. The multiloci analysis recovered
interesting information about the cryptic diversity: the paraphyletic mitochondrial lineages of
S. brasiliensis, one from Upper Paraná river and another composed of specimens from the
other regions of the Platina basin, formed a unique monophyletic group. For S. hilarii, despite
the four MOTUs observed, only three of them were recovered. Therefore, based on multiloci
analysis and phylogenetic species concept, we proposed a new taxonomic scenario for
Salminus. The genus is now composed of six species: S. affinis, S. franciscanus, S.
brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Salminus sp. Amazonas and Salminus sp. Araguaia. The phylogeny
reconstruction refuted hypotheses previously proposed. S. affinis, the only trans-Andean
species, was the sister species of the other Salminus, which formed two main groups:
Northwest group, composed of S. sp. Amazonas and S. sp. Araguaia, and Southeast group,
formed by S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus and S. hilarii. The divergence processes among
Salminus began in Later Miocene and it is associated with vicariance and geodispersion
events that shaped the hydrological landscape in the past 12 million years. For the first time, it
was used a model-based approach in order to test alternative biogeographic scenarios and to
distinguish phylogeography signatures among the events responsible for Neotropical fishes’
diversification. We evidenced that the distinct vicariance and geodispersion signatures could
be detected in our biological model. A clear description of these species brings in a valuable
information for conservation, because, now, six biological units need to be protected. As these
species are located in distinct hydrographic basins, each basin becomes one important
biogeographic unit to maintain the evolutionary and ecological processes that sustain the
species permanence and diversity.