Caracterização analítica de rochas silicatadas e avaliação de seu potencial agrícola como fonte de potássio

Abstract

This study evaluated the agronomic efficiency of application of powder of silicate rocks as potassium sources in consecutive crops of millet and alfalfa in a greenhouse experiment. The rocks Biotite Schist (BX), Syenite Ceraima (TA15), Mafurito Acreuna (TA21), Syenite SANW (TA20), Biotite Gneiss (EL02), and Phonolite Curimbaba (FN) were applied as slowreleased potassium sources in three doses 1.25; 2.50; and 5.0 g kg-1 of ground rock. Potassium chloride was used as standard fertilizer in doses of 0.10; 0,20; and 0.40 g of KCl kg-1 of soil. The soil used in the experiments was a Latosol, with 1.2 mmol dm-3 of potassium content. The TA21 rock was tested with and without soil acidity correction (TA21WL). In order to evaluate the rocks K reliase, five consecutive crops were performed: (1) millet (62 days of planting); (2), (3) and (4) Alfalfa (80, 115 and 155 days of planting, respectively), and (5) with 80 days of planting. The dry matter yield in the alfalfa was significantly lower than that millet cultivation. The forage samples were HNO3 + H2O2 microwave assisted digested for K determining content. The samples of rocks were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution. Afterward, extraction experiments with Mehlich 1, and different extraction times of acetic acid and fumaric acid 0.05mol L-1 were performed. Aluminium, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn were quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) in all the obtained extracts. The method of ion exchange resin was also applied to evaluated the rocks, and K, Ca, Mg, and P were quantified. Potassium soluble was determined by flame photometry after extraction with hot water, according to with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) official method. For drastic extraction, two microwave assisted decomposition methods were evaluated: aqua regia and reversed aqua regia with H2O2. Aluminiun, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn were quantified by ICP OES and the results, compared by using the paired t-test, presented no significant difference between the decomposition methods in the 95% range of confidence. The correlation between the extractors, the nutrients plants amount, and agronomic efficiency was evaluated from the extraction obtained concentrations and the amount of extracted potassium in crops. The use of lime in soils that received the addition of TA21 rock significantly influenced the absorption of potassium and was no effect on the release of K only when this rock was added to the soil without prior liming.treatment. The decreasing order of potassium extraction efficiency, considering the total applied in treatments and K extracted by plants was EL02> TA21-SC> KCl> FN> BX> TA20> TA15> TA21. The two developed decomposition methods showed a better correlation with potassium extracted from the EL02 rocks. The greenhouse study corroborated the extraction tests performed in the laboratory, which indicated that the EL02 rock is the one with the highest percentage of K release compared with the other evaluated rocks.