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    Educação especial na era digital: fontes de informação usadas por professores na internet
    (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-12-10)
    Monte, Giovanna Beckman
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    Costa, Juliane Dayrle Vasconcelos
    ;
    http://lattes.cnpq.br/1803843269613637
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    Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/3897627554738983
    Historically, Brazilian education for aimed at the special education audience was marked by exclusion and inequality, although important advances have occurred with the strengthening of social struggles. Even so, challenges persist regarding the implementing of public policies and training teachers to meet the diversity present in schools. Many teachers do not feel prepared to work with students with disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, or high abilities, which reinforces the need for investment in continuing education. In this scenario, the internet has become a significant source of information and professional development, but the large volume of content available and the presence of misinformation require attention in choosing and validating the sources used. The general objective of this study is to identify which online information sources teachers access to get informed about special education, inclusive education, and school inclusion, and with the following specific objectives: a) To list the main websites and digital platforms that teachers regularly access to obtain information about special education. b) To characterize the online information sources most accessed by teachers regarding inclusive special education content. The method used was qualitative, through a descriptive study with documentary analysis. The research was conducted in two stages: Stage 1 - Collection of data on teachers' sources of information on the internet through a questionnaire that asked teachers to indicate three sources of information they used on the internet. The respondents were participants three online inprovement courses offered by the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), namely: Literacy for Students with Disabilities (AlfaDef) – 7th Edition Co-teaching and Management and Special Education from an Inclusive Perspective (GEEPI). Estage 2. Characterization of information sources. The teachers' responses were reviewed and categorized. Analysis of the online sources showed that the digital environment has become an essential space for the dissemination of knowledge about special and inclusive education. Online platforms expand access to information and promote exchanges between educators and society. The results showed that the most recommended sources were: a) websites and personal blogs of professionals in the field (45.6%), b) audiovisual platforms, specifically YouTube (19.8%), c) academic publications (13.8%), d) social networks (10.8%), e) official publications (5.2%), and f) institutions offering distance learning courses in the field (5.2%). It was concluded that the main sources teachers use to obtain information about inclusive special education, which account for approximately three-quarters of total visits, lack curation to ensure quality. However, it seems essential to develop a critical perspective to select reliable and up-to-date content, ensuring educational practices based on solid information and strengthening the culture of inclusion. Thus, for future studies, validating these accessed sources represents an essential ethical commitment to educational practice and the construction of reliable knowledge
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    Seletividade alimentar em crianças e adolescentes: estudo exploratório das práticas em Terapia Ocupacional no Brasil
    (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2026-07-01)
    Dutra, Victor Matheus Marinho
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    Maria Simões Martinez, Cláudia
    ;
    lattes.cnpq.br/1371315095038350
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    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-2767
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/8052828889877228
    Food selectivity is a heterogeneous phenomenon characterized by persistent patterns of food refusal, a limited food repertoire, and/or repetitive consumption of a restricted range of foods, and may be associated with sensory, oral motor, behavioral, clinical, environmental, and sociocultural factors. Although food preferences are expected throughout development, food selectivity becomes clinically relevant when dietary restriction affects the variety and quantity of food consumed, participation in mealtimes, daily routines, family relationships, or eating autonomy. Objective – To describe, from the perspective of occupational therapists, therapeutic practices carried out in Brazil in the care of children and adolescents with food selectivity, considering assessment procedures, intervention strategies, family participation, documentation practices, and professional satisfaction. Method – This was a descriptive and exploratory study using a mixed-methods approach with a predominantly descriptive focus, conducted with 42 occupational therapists practicing in Brazil. Data were collected through an online questionnaire containing open- and closed-ended questions. Responses to closed-ended questions were analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies, without inferential purposes, while responses to open-ended questions were subjected to inductive thematic analysis. Results – The sample was predominantly from the Southeast region of Brazil (n=23; 54.8%) and included professionals with varying levels of experience. Services were provided mainly to preschool-aged children (n=30; 71.4%) and children aged 7 to 12 years (n=29; 69.0%), whereas no professional reported providing services to adults or individuals aged 60 years or older. Autism Spectrum Disorder was the clinical condition most frequently associated with food selectivity. During the initial assessment, the most frequently reported procedures were family interviews (n=42; 100%), standardized scales (n=36; 85.7%), clinical observation (n=34; 81.0%), and food diaries (n=27; 64.3%). Participants reported interventions involving Ayres Sensory Integration®, exposure and gradual approaches to foods, play-based activities, cooking activities, behavioral strategies, environmental adaptations, and caregiver participation. Among adolescents, interventions focused on autonomy, food choices, meal preparation, and participation in community settings. Most participants considered it possible to promote active participation in food-related decision-making (n=40; 95.2%). The most frequently reported methods for documenting progress were written reports (n=27; 64.3%), spreadsheets (n=11; 26.2%), and videos (n=8; 19.0%). Regarding professional satisfaction with working in the field of food selectivity, 32 participants (76.2%) reported being satisfied, 5 (11.9%) very satisfied, and 5 (11.9%) dissatisfied. Conclusion – The practices described indicate a multifactorial and contextualized approach, with strong family involvement and attention to sensory, behavioral, functional, and occupational components. The findings also reveal conceptual and methodological heterogeneity, reinforcing the need for greater diagnostic precision in distinguishing food selectivity from Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Pediatric Feeding Disorder, as well as the need for specific assessment instruments, continuing professional education, and longitudinal studies to further investigate the effectiveness of interventions.
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    Propriedades semânticas das injúrias do Português Brasileiro
    (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2026-10-09)
    Silva, Giovanna Costa
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    Basso, Renato Miguel
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/6984826176670527
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    https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2580-0365
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/9371757316378337
    Among the pejorative expressions of a language, slurs stand out because they target not only a single individual but also a group of individuals based on a characteristic that identifies and/or delineates them. This characteristic makes slurs items with mixed semantic content, as they contribute both to the truth-conditional (descriptive) dimension and to the use-conditional (expressive) dimension. In light of this, the main objective of this dissertation is to investigate the linguistic functioning of slurs in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese (BP). To this end, we employ formal semantics and pragmatics as analytical tools, following a hypothetico-deductive methodology based on BP data. This study provides a historical overview of theoretical developments concerning expressive and descriptive meaning, presents tests based on Potts’s (2005, 2007) working using original data, and also addresses the phenomenon of reappropriation. Given that slurs exhibit specific semantic behavior, several authors have proposed distinct theories to account for them. Therefore, in order to explore the theoretical possibilities regarding slurs, two approaches were selected: Davis and McCready (2020), in “The instability of slurs”, and Orlando and Saab (2020), in “A stereotype semantics for syntactically ambiguous slurs”. We explore the properties of the descriptive and expressive features of slurs, the phenomenon of reappropriation, morphological possibilities such as comparison, intensification, attenuation, and negation, as well as the stereotypes associated with animal-based slurs. Therefore, this study contributes to a field that remains relatively underexplored in Brazilian linguistic research, particularly from formal approaches. By presenting a selection of the most common slurs based on the intuitions of native speakers from the interior of São Paulo, we obtain results of analytical and theoretical interest, while also providing a picture of how prejudices are mobilized and reflected through slurs.
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    Desempenho agronômico de tomate tipo grape e italiano em sistema orgânico sob cultivo protegido e a campo
    (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-18)
    Garcia, Vinícius José de Oliveira
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    Forti, Victor Augusto
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    Bonfim, Filipe Pereira Giardini
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/5742976162363922
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/4436602930619278
    The tomato is a globally important vegetable crop whose production has benefited from the development of protected cultivation technologies and the growing demand for organic production systems. This study aimed to compare the productive performance and economic feasibility of two organic tomato cultivars, Italian and grape types, grown under two cultivation conditions: open field and protected environment. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with two cultivation environments and seven replicates, using the cultivars ‘Grazianni’, an Italian-type tomato, and ‘Sweet Heaven’, a grape-type tomato. Plant height, stem diameter, and the numbers of leaves, flowers, and fruits were evaluated at different phenological stages: vegetative growth, onset of flowering, full flowering, onset of fruit development, fruit ripening, and harvest maturity. Economic feasibility was assessed using the contribution margin (CM) and break-even point (BEP) indicators. Protected cultivation resulted in better performance in the biometric characteristics of both cultivars. Regarding total yield, the cultivar ‘Grazianni’ produced 5.98 kg m−2 under protected cultivation and 1.89 kg m−2 in the open field, whereas ‘Sweet Heaven’ achieved 2.59 kg m−2 and 0.98 kg m−2, respectively. Under protected cultivation, the weighted contribution margin accounted for 71.47% of total revenue, indicating that this percentage remained available to cover fixed costs after variable costs had been deducted. In the open field, the total contribution margin was negative, making it impossible to calculate the break-even point. Under protected cultivation, the financial break-even point was estimated at 341 kg of tomatoes, comprising 238 kg of the ‘Grazianni’ cultivar and 103 kg of the ‘Sweet Heaven’ cultivar. Total greenhouse production was approximately 900 kg, equivalent to 2.64 times the volume required to reach the break-even point. The results demonstrate the greater production potential of protected cultivation and highlight the importance of economic analysis in assessing the feasibility of organic tomato production.
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    Métodos alternativos de inferência para modelos psicométricos de variáveis latentes de alta dimensão
    (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2026-09-04)
    Barros, Flavio Margarito Martins de
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    Cúri, Mariana
    ;
    http://lattes.cnpq.br/7025653928429545
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    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-1064
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    http://lattes.cnpq.br/1316455783756401
    Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs), such as DINA and DINO, classify respondents according to multiple discrete latent attributes, providing interpretable diagnostic feedback. This interpretability comes at a computational cost: classical estimation by marginal maximum likelihood with the EM algorithm requires a sum over the 2^K latent profiles, which grows exponentially with the number of attributes K and makes inference impractical precisely in the high-dimensional settings where diagnosis would be most valuable. This thesis develops and evaluates scalable variational inference methods, based on automatic-differentiation optimisation, for the DINA and DINO models in high dimension, while preserving the psychometric structure of these models: the Q matrix, the ideal response function, the interpretable guessing gj and slipping sj item parameters, and the item-level monotonicity constraint gj + sj < 1. Two methodological families are proposed. The first is a relaxed, amortised variational autoencoder (VAE), in which a shared inference network maps the response vector to posterior mastery probabilities, and a structured decoder implements the DINA or DINO response function in differentiable form. The second is a local, non-amortised black-box variational inference (BBVI), with per-respondent variational parameters, considered in two variants: a score-function (REINFORCE) variant, which preserves binary samples, and a continuous-relaxation (Binary-Concrete) variant. The differentiable decoders are built from the product t-norm, for the conjunctive DINA rule, and the probabilistic t-conorm, for the disjunctive DINO rule. Replacing the categorical posterior over 2^K profiles with K Bernoulli factors per respondent, together with stochastic gradient estimation, avoids explicit enumeration and enables estimation in dimensions where enumeration is impractical. The methods are evaluated through simulation studies that vary the numbers of respondents, items and attributes, including high-dimensional and stress scenarios, assessing the recovery of item parameters and latent attributes, the variability across replications, and the computational time; a practical comparison with classical estimators implemented in R packages, at feasible dimensions, is also included. The results show that item-parameter recovery is strong in the evaluated scenarios with more items per attribute and that marginal attribute accuracy remains high, although full-profile recovery decays with K. Among the BBVI variants, the relaxed one shows shorter runtime and lower dispersion across replications in the evaluated configurations, whereas the score-function one avoids the continuous-relaxation bias at the cost of higher variance; the VAE, in turn, amortises inference for new respondents. The two families prove to be complementary: the work preserves the interpretability of CDMs while enabling scalable inference through variational approximations, automatic differentiation and accelerated computation.