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O brincar da criança pré-escolar: estudo de caso em uma escola minicipal de educação infantil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-18) Leal, Leila Leane Lopes; Basso, Itacy Salgado
In this new century early childhood education experiences a magnifying and expansive moment and there appear new researches on this subject which have brought a larger and more adequate comprehension of children and childhood. I emphasize the research about the child s role along history and how the feeling on the childhood has been formed. I remade the way in which the concept of childhood has been built and how this has become a social category by investigating the relationship between playing and being a child. I privileged theoreticians who adopt the historic-cultural perspective, specifically Vygotsky, Leontiev, Elkonin, Mukhina and some Brazilian authors who have promoted recent studies on the subject. Playing is a most important activity of the preschool child as this is the factor which more cooperates to the psychic development in infancy. Considering that the child younger and younger enters into the kindergarten and there remains a greater period of time each day, I analyzed how his or her activities happen in a EMEI (Brazilian City Early childhood education) in S. Carlos, S.P., Brazil. According to parents and teachers communication, I observed that they really play.Considering this, I have made interviews with parents and teachers, as well as some observation sessions in a EMEI. A diference between playing at home and playing at the school was observed to establish the relationships between them and to try recovering the importance of its happening. From these informations there came to me the hypothesis that although the kindergarten teachers know the importance of playing in the EMEI and make it happen, they don t always understand the essentiality of this playing. As they don t generally dominate a sufficient and exact theoretical foundation to allow clarifying some mistaken points towards this infantile activity, teachers don t develop it in a complety way, as a priority in this period of life. I consider that the children s necessities and development can be objects to discussion and reflection in the early childhood education so as to guide the construction of the school projects in a way that their educators (teachers, agents, parents, principals) take part in the process. It s necessary to collectively redefine the methodology to be adopted. But to this it s necessary political will and effective actions in the dimension of public politics. One of these political axes is to invest more in the continued education for the teachers in early childhood education. Another necessary action comprehends the investment on the work conditions.
Diversidade de braconidae (Hymenoptera) e o seu uso como bioindicadores na unidade de conservação Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos, RS
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-18) Restello, Rozane Maria; Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147
This work was performed aiming to know Braconidae species from the Conservation Unity of Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos/RS and to evaluate it, as a bio-indicator of environmental quality. The material was collected from November/1999 to December/2000, using three Malaise traps, with this distribution: point 1 (degrading area), point 2 (native wood area), and point 3 (gallery forest). 2442 specimens were colected, and an distributed into 23 subfamilies, which Microgastrinae and Rogadinae were the most representative ones. Glyptapanteles, Apanteles and Diolcogaster were the most abundant genera of Microgastrinae, while Aleiodes and Stiropius were the most abundant of Rogadinae. Index of diversity and equitability were used to discuss the richness of Microgastrinae and Rogadinae subfamilies and genera at the three points of collection. Point 3 (gallery forest) was the one which presented the biggest richness and the highest value regarding the level of equitability, as for the subfamilies, as for the genera of Microgastrinae, and point 2 presented the smallest value. Also for Rogadinae, point 3 showed the most abundant fauna; however, the richness was the same in the three points; the value of equitability was highest at the point 1 and slowest at the point 2. The flying activity of Braconidae belonging to the 23 subfamilies was studied at the three points. The peak to the captured coinobiontes occurrence was in December/1999 in all the three points. The peak for the idiobiontes was in April/2000 at the point 1, and in December/1999 and January/2000 at the points 2 and 3, respectively. In order to verify the similarity standard among the collection points, an analysis of grouping was performed, where it was possible to notice that points 1 and 2 presented a higher similarity. Point 3 stands out from the others, because it presents good conditions of original species recovering and it was the point with bigger abundance every month, mostly in spring and summer. Because of better regeneration conditions, this point possibly houses a richer collection of host insects. After the analysis of climatic variables, it can be said that temperature and humidity had influence on the presence of Braconidae in the Conservation Unity Teixeira Soares. Thus, it can be concluded that the community of Braconidae is much more significant in the mentioned CU, and they can be considered as important elements within the insect species of natural areas, because besides maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems where they occur, they are bio-indicators of their preservation degree.