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O brincar da criança pré-escolar: estudo de caso em uma escola minicipal de educação infantil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-18)
Leal, Leila Leane Lopes
;
Basso, Itacy Salgado
In this new century early childhood education experiences a magnifying and expansive moment and there appear new researches on this subject which have brought a larger and more adequate comprehension of children and childhood. I emphasize the research about the child s role along history and how the feeling on the childhood has been formed. I remade the way in which the concept of childhood has been built and how this has become a social category by investigating the relationship between playing and being a child. I privileged theoreticians who adopt the historic-cultural perspective, specifically Vygotsky, Leontiev, Elkonin, Mukhina and some Brazilian authors who have promoted recent studies on the subject. Playing is a most important activity of the preschool child as this is the factor which more cooperates to the psychic development in infancy. Considering that the child younger and younger enters into the kindergarten and there remains a greater period of time each day, I analyzed how his or her activities happen in a EMEI (Brazilian City Early childhood education) in S. Carlos, S.P., Brazil. According to parents and teachers communication, I observed that they really play.Considering this, I have made interviews with parents and teachers, as well as some observation sessions in a EMEI. A diference between playing at home and playing at the school was observed to establish the relationships between them and to try recovering the importance of its happening. From these informations there came to me the hypothesis that although the kindergarten teachers know the importance of playing in the EMEI and make it happen, they don t always understand the essentiality of this playing. As they don t generally dominate a sufficient and exact theoretical foundation to allow clarifying some mistaken points towards this infantile activity, teachers don t develop it in a complety way, as a priority in this period of life. I consider that the children s necessities and development can be objects to discussion and reflection in the early childhood education so as to guide the construction of the school projects in a way that their educators (teachers, agents, parents, principals) take part in the process. It s necessary to collectively redefine the methodology to be adopted. But to this it s necessary political will and effective actions in the dimension of public politics. One of these political axes is to invest more in the continued education for the teachers in early childhood education. Another necessary action comprehends the investment on the work conditions.
Diversidade de braconidae (Hymenoptera) e o seu uso como bioindicadores na unidade de conservação Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos, RS
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-18)
Restello, Rozane Maria
;
Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147
This work was performed aiming to know Braconidae species from the Conservation Unity of Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos/RS and to evaluate it, as a bio-indicator of environmental quality. The material was collected from November/1999 to December/2000, using three Malaise traps, with this distribution: point 1 (degrading area), point 2 (native wood area), and point 3 (gallery forest). 2442 specimens were colected, and an distributed into 23 subfamilies, which Microgastrinae and Rogadinae were the most representative ones. Glyptapanteles, Apanteles and Diolcogaster were the most abundant genera of Microgastrinae, while Aleiodes and Stiropius were the most abundant of Rogadinae. Index of diversity and equitability were used to discuss the richness of Microgastrinae and Rogadinae subfamilies and genera at the three points of collection. Point 3 (gallery forest) was the one which presented the biggest richness and the highest value regarding the level of equitability, as for the subfamilies, as for the genera of Microgastrinae, and point 2 presented the smallest value. Also for Rogadinae, point 3 showed the most abundant fauna; however, the richness was the same in the three points; the value of equitability was highest at the point 1 and slowest at the point 2. The flying activity of Braconidae belonging to the 23 subfamilies was studied at the three points. The peak to the captured coinobiontes occurrence was in December/1999 in all the three points. The peak for the idiobiontes was in April/2000 at the point 1, and in December/1999 and January/2000 at the points 2 and 3, respectively. In order to verify the similarity standard among the collection points, an analysis of grouping was performed, where it was possible to notice that points 1 and 2 presented a higher similarity. Point 3 stands out from the others, because it presents good conditions of original species recovering and it was the point with bigger abundance every month, mostly in spring and summer. Because of better regeneration conditions, this point possibly houses a richer collection of host insects. After the analysis of climatic variables, it can be said that temperature and humidity had influence on the presence of Braconidae in the Conservation Unity Teixeira Soares. Thus, it can be concluded that the community of Braconidae is much more significant in the mentioned CU, and they can be considered as important elements within the insect species of natural areas, because besides maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems where they occur, they are bio-indicators of their preservation degree.
Operação periódica de um leito gotejante de carvão ativado para redução da emissão do poluente atmosférico SO2 com geração de ácido sulfúrico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-23)
Pizzo, Sandro Megale
;
Moraes Junior, Deovaldo de
A laboratory-scale investigation of SO2 scrubbing was carried out in a 77.92mm (diameter) × 80.00mm trickle bed with 2.00-2.36mm activated carbon particles using continuous and periodically interrupted liquid flows. The effects of cycle period (10 and 20 minutes), cycle split (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3), superficial gas velocity (20, 40 and 60mm/s), and superficial liquid velocity (2mm/s) on SO2 removal and sulfuric acid production were investigated using a simulated flue gas containing SO2 at 500, 1,000 and 1,500ppm. The average removal efficiency of the periodic operation varied from 40 to almost 100%. The major variables controlling periodic operation performance were found to be the superficial gas velocity and the SO2 concentration. The extent of SO2 removal increased with decreasing cycle period and increasing split. Continuous operation runs achieved practically 100% scrubbing efficiency in all tests performed. Sulfuric acid production rates ranged from 0.649×10-8 to 0.256×10-7mol/g catalyst.s. The concentration of sulfuric acid produced was proportional to both the initial SO2 concentration and the gas superficial velocity. Some sulfuric acid production rates data for periodic operation overlapped those obtained in continuous liquid flow experiments. The advantage for the periodic operation was the higher acid concentrations produced and the lower pressure drops across the trickle bed without carbon losses. However, sulfuric acid production should not be regarded as an end in itself for the periodic operation, as the main goal of this gas treatment route is the removal of sulfur dioxide.
Um homomorfismo índice associado à ações livres de Zp
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-23)
Santos Filho, João da Mata
;
Pergher, Pedro Luiz Queiroz
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3328545959112090
The objective of this work is to detail and to analyze consequences of a recent paper of P. Pergher, which deals with the construction of an indexhomomorphism associated to spaces equipped with free actions of the cyclic group Zp. This index-homomorphism maps the equivariant homology Zp-module of a Zp-space into Zp, and it makes possible the obtention of some results of Borsuk-Ulam type, concerning the existence of equivariant maps connecting two given Zp-spaces.
Efeitos de um derrame simulado de petróleo sobre a comunidade planctônica costeira em Angra dos Reis (RJ)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-24)
Reynier, Marcia Vieira
;
Rocha, Odete
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
Concern with the effect of oil spills in coastal regions resulting from the production, refining and transport of this product has been one of the priorities of the institutions working with this sector. Consequently, there is a large demand for research on the impacts of by accidents on the environment and, particularly, on natural communities. In the present study, a mesocosm experiment was used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of light Arabian and Russian oil with the chemical dispersant Corexit® 9500, over a coastal plankton community. The experiment was carried out in Rio de Janeiro and lasted 25 consecutive days. Three replicates were used as control, with only seawater, three were treated with 800 mL of petroleum and the other three were treated with the mixture 800 mL of petroleum and 80 mL of dispersant. The chemical alterations in the water were striking, especially the rise in the concentration of organic compounds. The results demonstrated a severe reduction of phytoplankton density, as a result of the addition of oil. There was also a change in the composition of the organism groups, with alteration of dominance of diatoms to phytoflagelates. Similar effect was found for the zooplankton. Both the oil and its mixture with dispersant resulted in a reduction of population densities and changes, or disappearance, of some components. Meroplanktonic organisms had a higher sensitivity to the acute effects of the oil and oil-dispersant mixture than holoplanktonic organisms. Copepods were resistant to the effects of oil and oil-dispersant mixture. Among the herbivores, Acartia lilljeborgi had greater resistance to the acute toxic effect of oil, whereas Pseudodiaptomus acutus was more resistant to the chronic effects of both oil and the mixture. Among carnivores, Oithona hebes appeared as a resistant species to both acute and chronical effects. Mesocosms were shown to be useful for investigating the effects of oil spills on marine environments since standardized laboratory tests with algae and invertebrate test-organisms corroborated the field findings.
Análise da associação bactéria-macroalgas em ambiente marinho e do seu potencial uso na avaliação ambiental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-25)
Maurat, Maria Cristina da Silva
;
Rocha, Odete
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
In the last decades the increase in the amount of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, introduced into the sea, has brought an accelerated eutrophication of the coastal marine ecosystems, and great changes in water, sediment and biotic communities. Nutrient enrichment is usually associated to other pollutants, as the heavy metals. The use of macroalgae and heterotrophic bacteria has been considered an efficient tool in environmental diagnosis when focusing these two types of pollution. The aim of the present study was to compare the biomass of bacteria in the water column, attached to the macroalgae and in the sediment of Praia da Baleia (Angra dos Reis/RJ), a region used as control and of Praia de Boa Viagem (Niterói/RJ), a region where the main impact is from domestic sewage effluents evaluating the effect of the eutrophication associated to different concentrations of zinc on Champia parvula and accompanying microorganisms by using laboratory experimentation. Methods involved filtration of samples on nuclepore filters, detachment of bacteria by mechanical shaking and ultrasounding, then cell enumeration by epifluorescence and the use of conversion factors to calculate biomass as organic carbon. The highest bacteria biomass in the water, sediment and macroalgae was obtained for in Praia de Boa Viagem. The evaluation of bacteria biomass in different substrates has shown a direct correlation with the trophic state of the environment, with mean values of 0,198 µgC.cm-3 in the water; of 1,29 µgC.cm-3 in sediment and 0,038 µgC.cm-3 in the macroalgae at the area impacted, values higher than those found in the control area. Chronic and semi-estatic toxicity tests were also performed along 15 days in order to determine growth rates, mortality, and morphological changes in the fronds of the macroalgae Champia parvula, grown on different combinations of nutrients levels, zinc concentrations and presence or absence of bacteria. Laboratory experiments evidenced that zinc and nutrient concentrations interfere with growth, mortality and morphology of C. parvula and also that macronutrients and bacteria probably influenced the accumulation of zinc by the macroalgae, thus influencing its growth.
Produção e purificação de penicilina G acilase
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-26)
Pinotti, Laura Marina
;
Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo
The main objective of the present work was the study of PGA of B. megaterium production process and purification. The following production aspects were investigated in flasks and/or fermenter: the study of the purity of the culture, the standardization and the conservation of the inoculum, the optimization of the total time of cultivation (germination/propagation and production), the volume of the inoculum, the nutritional requirements of the B. megaterium for the production of the enzyme, the pH, the concentration of dissolved oxygen and the nutrients feeding mode. It was concluded that the conservation of the microorganism in cryovials, in presence the glycerol, showed to be efficient. The germination took 11 hours and the production, 24 hours, which is enough time for the process to reach the maximum production of the enzyme. With respect to the inoculum volume, 3 mL of inoculum/75 mL of medium (108 espores/mL of inoculum), in flasks of 500 mL, were found to be the appropriate conditions for its production. Different sources of carbon and nitrogen were studied and it was verified that glucose, glycerol and concentrations of amino acids above 10.0 g/L repress the synthesis of the enzyme. The largest production of PGA for B. megaterium occurs when the microorganism grows consuming free amino acids, phenylacetic acid (inductor), in the presence of some factor present in the cheese whey. The different components of the cheese whey were investigated and it was verified that none of the macronutrients is responsible for the significant effect of the whey on the production of the enzyme. This work allowed an increase on the enzymatic activities from 56 UI/L and 8,6 UI/g cell, obtained in the first experimental run with the standard inoculum, to 220 UI/L and 65 UI/g cell with the following conditions: 10 g/L of amino acids, 19,6 g/L of cheese whey, 0,4 g/L of salts, 2,7 g/L phenylacetic acid (AFA), initial pH 8,0, absence of pH control, addition of AFA in the beginning of the cultivation and control of dissolved oxygen around 20% of the saturation. During a research stage in Portugal, an investigation on the PGA production by Escherichia coli was also carried out in order to study the technique of adsorption in expanded bed and comparison of the conditions of production of the enzyme for E. coli with those used for B. megaterium. The maximum PGA production using E. coli was 400 UI/L. The same operational conditions used for E. coli were tested for B. megaterium and they didn't result in the enzyme production. In the study of the concentration and purification of the enzyme produced by B. megaterium, the ethanol precipitation technique was optimized. In addition, the ultrafiltration and adsorption in expanded bed (EBA) techniques were also studied. Using ultrafiltration, at 4ºC, enzyme concentrations up to 1541UI/L was reached, without thermal inactivation. The optimization of the previously study conditions results in: flow rate of 0.03 mL/s for the initial 22 mL of ethanol and 0.25 mL/s for the 98 mL of remaining ethanol, with adjustment of the pH of the broth for 6, without the previous dialysis. In the application of the adsorption in expanded bed the dynamic binding capacity found for PGA in clarified broth was about 5 UI / mL of adsorbent, with recovery of 30% of the initial enzyme. A similar value for the dynamic binding capacity was found for PGA of E. coli.
Educação para a vida: uma experiência metodológica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-27)
Ribeiro, Ivana de Campos
;
Oliveira, Haydée Torres de
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5458113597909705
The deep crises, which we live in the social and natural environment, have their origin in the way we understand and act on them. The values that we give to theses environments not only reflect our way of thinking and acting, but also the way we try to solve the problems. The (Environmental) Education, in this sense, can contribute immensily. This work refers to the intervention made in a Primary school of Rio Claro city, state of São Paulo, with the teachers stuff as a way of preparing them to a methodological proposal, the Environmental Education of Body & Soul ,and its five stages model, whose main characteristic is to join cognitive experiences with emotional ones, through the utilization of animismmist activities, having the water as generator theme of transversatility. Its main goal is the inquiry of the applicability potential of the educators proposal, who developed their works together with the students. We expected to stimulate changing, in both teachers and students, in their manner of understanding and acting on the different environments that they live. After two years of intervention, we could see the applicability of this proposal on the part of the teacher whose major indicators were the results observed with the students. Among them: the highest rates of conceptual information retention were linked with the subjects that took more advantages of the animismmist activities, the favoritism of more pleasurable scholar environment, bigger interest and involvement in environmental matters; besides the perception of the connections among the subjects and their contents, favoring the net knowledge, collaborating to the knowledge unification. Other indicators of the positive effects are: the comprehension of the human being like part of the nature, where the human actions against the nature harm the own human; and, the valorization of our natural resources, demonstrated as phrases of affective contents.
Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica, em cinco lagos marginais do Rio Turiaçu, (Maranhão, Brasil) e sua relação com o pulso de inundação.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-30)
Nogueira, Naiza Maria Castro
;
Rocha, Odete
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
The phytoplankton communities of five lakes in the floodplain of Turiaçu River (MA) were analysed for taxonomic composition and evaluated regarding temporal dynamics. Changes on phytoplankton densities were analysed as well as the variations in physical and chemical water characteristics along a hydrological cycle, attempting to correlate them to the flood pulse and the consequent water level fluctuations. Samplings were carried out in lakes Cabeludo, Caboclo, Arrodiador, Bate Terra and Quebra Pote, five periods of representative phases: dry, water rising, flooding, water lowing and a second dry. Qualitative samples were taken by horizontal hauls with a 20 µm phytoplankton net, and quantitative samples were taken at the surface and at 20 cm above the bottom with a Van Dorn bottle. Samples were preserved with in 4% formalin and the phytoplankton was identified and enumerated in settling chambers under a Zeiss inverted microscope. Turbulence, rainfall and water level fluctuations were considered the main controlling factors of the successional dynamics. The lakes are shallow and nutrient rich, being eutrophic during the dry period and mesotrophic in the other hydrological phases. The phytoplankton communities of the five lakes are represented by 139 taxa belonging to 9 Classes: 22 Bacillariophyceae, 34 Chlorophyceae, 1 Cryptophyceae, 33 Cyanophyceae, 2 Dinophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae, 1 Xanthophyceae and 25 Zignematophyceae. Most taxa are new records for Maranhão State. Cyanophyceae was the numerically dominant group in three periods: water rising (March), water lowing (August) and dry (December), with relative abundances varying from 23.13% in Lake Caboclo during the water raising period to 65.72% of the total, at the same lake, in the dry period. Bacillariophyceae were the most abundant organisms in the flooding period (May), with relative abundances varying from 38,14 % in Lake Bate-Terra to 49,70% in Lake Caboclo. The most abundant species of Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were Planktolyngbya circumcreta and Aulacoseira granulata, respectively. Total phytoplankton densities varied from 1725 ind.mL-1 in Lake Arrodiador, in the flood period, to 8272 ind.mL-1 in Lake Cabeludo, at the dry period. The highest densities occurred in dry periods, related to the greater nutrient availability and to the concentration factor resulting from the water level decrease. There was a tendency to higher species richness, lower dominance, higher equitativity and higher diversity of phytoplankton during water rising and water lowering.
Fotossíntese, relações hídricas, estado nutricional e avaliação de caracteres secundários da produção em dois cultivares jovens de seringueira em São José do Rio Preto,SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-06-30)
Cavalcante, Juliane Ribeiro
;
Prado, Carlos Henrique Britto de Assis
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7561749470600567
This study was accomplished with two young cultivate of rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. of Juss.) Müell. Arg.], RRIM 600 and Fx 3864. This work obtained information comparatively on cultivating Fx 3864 to RRIM 600 already established in the from São Paulo Occidental Plateau, through the gas exchange, osmotic and leaf water potential, status nutritional and evaluation of the secondary characters of the production. In that way, it was aimed at to indicate a new one to cultivate (Fx 3864) potentially alternative for the plantation in commercial scale in the region of São José do Rio Preto, SP, and to contribute in the reduction of the improvement cycle and selection of new cultivate. The plants were maintained in field conditions in argissolo in the experimental area of Zoology Department and Botany of UNESP/IBILCE in São José do Rio Preto, SP. During the period of 2001 and 2003, when the plants between 04 and 27 months of age, daily measures of the gas exchange were accomplished, answer curves to the light, measures of osmotic potential; evaluation of the height of the plant (HP), perimeter of the stem (PS), number of releases (N R), leaf area (LA), diameter of the cup in the line and in the among-line (DC-L, DC-AL), bark thickness (BT), mass dries of the stem and of the leaf (MDS, MDL) and specific mass to foliate (SMF) and status nutritional of the plants. The values of the gas exchange in leaf had shown a decrease in phtosynthesis of 32 and 22%, transpiration of 44 and 38% and stomatal conductance of 29 and 17% for RRIM 600 and Fx 3864, respectively. The reduction in the stomatal conductance and in the transpiration rate, observed for both cultivates them, had indicated a preventive behavior to the dehydration of the tissue in the dry period. Through the water status, an osmotic adjustment was observed in both cultivates them in the dry period, making possible the operation of the rate photosynthesis. With relation to secondary characters of the production cultivating RRIM 600 was distinguished in height in relation to Fx 3864. However, Fx 3864 presented DC-L and DC-AL larger. The BT was similar among them you cultivate during the whole study period. To cultivate them from the 2° year of experiment had not presented significant differences in the values of PS, N R and LA. Values of macro and micronutrientes met inside of the strip considered appropriate for rubber tree, evidencing that in the argissolo conditions the values of those nutrients are enough for the rubber tree to manifest her full productive potential. Considering the group of physiologic and environmental characters analyzed, the performance of cultivating Fx 3864 was equivalent to the of RRIM 600 in the first two years of life.
Resistência de linha de solda em moldados por injeção de compósitos de polipropileno com talcos e fibra de vidro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-03)
Sena Neto, Alfredo Rodrigues de
;
Sousa, José Alexandrino de
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7737833809468759
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5212303626376503
The presence of weld lines in injection moulded reinforced thermoplastics contributes towards substantial reduction in mechanical properties, due to unfavourable orientation of the reinforcement in the weak plane of the weldline. However, published literature presents controversial data on the influence of glass fiber and lamellar talc on the weldline strength. Therefore, tensile mechanical properties of injection moulded polypropylene copolymer (PPcopol) composites with short glass fiber and three different grades of talc (medium, fine and ultrafine size) were investigated in presence and absence of weldline. PPcopol composites with 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt. % of filler were compounded in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and tensile test specimens were injection moulded without and with butt weldlines. The DSC measured increase in the degree of percentage crystallinity of the thermoplastic matrix with talc content, contributed to a slight increase in tensile strength of talc-filled composites only in mouldings without weldlines. The tensile properties of mouldings with weldline were superior in talc-filled composites than in glass fiber (GF) reinforced composites, indicating clearly the pronounced debilitating effect of higher GF aspect ratio in comparison to the lower aspect ratio of talc lamellae. The depreciation in tensile modulus and strength of the moulded composites with weldline increases with filler volume fraction and is greater in glass fiberreinforced composites than in talc-filled composites. The particle size differences of the three grades of talc used in this work had minor influence on the weldline tensile properties, probably due to the nearly similar values of aspect ratio of lamellae of these talcs. These results on weldline tensile properties of PP composites were corroborated with scanning electron microscopy analysis of the preferential fiber/talc orientation patterns in the weldline region of moulded tensile specimen with and without weldline.
Hymenoptera parasitóides de larvas de Lepidoptera associadas a Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-03)
Fernandes, Luciana Bueno dos Reis
;
Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147
The Hymenoptera were collected during an inventory of wild-caught Lepidoptera larvae and their parasitoids feeding on Croton floribundus. The Lepidoptera larvae were obtained by direct search on host plants, using an entomological umbrella on shrubs and a white cloth (3,3 m2) extended on the floor under the plants, shaken by a stick, along tracks inside of three preserved forest areas in São Paulo State (Canchim Farm, CPPSE / EMBRAPA, at São Carlos; Cambuhy Farm at Matão; Anchieta Island Forest Reserve at Ubatuba). Sixty species, belonging to families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Perilampidae, Pteromalidae and Bethylidae, were reported; most of them were for the first time associated with C. floribundus. Biological data were obtained and many Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (both immature and adults) were illustrated.
Composição, distribuição espacial, dinâmica de populações de peixes e estatística pesqueira na lagoa hipersalina de Araruama, RJ
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-07)
Saad, Adriana Miguel
;
Verani, José Roberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0053232138684810
The Araruama lagoon, located on the North East of Rio de Janeiro State, is the largest hyper saline lagoon in Brazil, covering an area of 200 km² and presenting a salinity degree between 35 and 65 . In 1994, structural analyses of the fish community in relation to composition, relative abundance, constancy, dominance, spatial distribution and diversity of species were made. The Araruama lagoon was divided in three areas according to fish spatial distribution, which in turn is related to the distribution of salinity in the lagoon. The first area was the channel that provides communication between the lagoon and the ocean. It was characterized as a eutrophic environment, presenting 37 degree of averaged salinity. The second area was considered a species adaptation zone, presenting 45 degree of average salinity. The third area was characterized as an oligotrophic hyper-saline system, presenting 57 degree of average salinity, comprising dominant and constant species. Results demonstrated that the fish community included 39 species classified as stenohaline, whose distribution was limited to near the ocean. These species were not tolerant of a large variation in salinity and They used to habit only in area 1. Euryhaline species, whose distribution occurred throughout the lagoon, were characterized by an osmo-regulation system that permited a large toleration to salinity variation. The euryhalines types was further subdivided into: (i) oligohaline species that tolerated moderate variation of salinity and were found in areas 1 e 2; (ii) holeurihaline species that moved freely among areas 1, 2 and 3, and also established populations in the lagoon and in the ocean, and (iii) polihalophylic species that tolerated a large variation in salinity, and moved freely among areas 1, 2 and 3, but were not establishing new populations, as demonstrated by their limited occurrence.
Aspectos adaptativos dos processos digestivo e metabólico de juvenis de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) arraçoados com diferentes níveis de proteína e energia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-10)
Lundstedt, Lícia Maria
;
Moraes, Gilberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4427903557163246
The biological growth is reflected on metabolical adjustments, which are sustained by the nutritional status and is function of feeding. Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) is a carnivorous fish appreciated by the fillet, in sportive fishing and presents good aquaculture potential, in spite of the rearing technology is not well established. This work aimed to study adaptive aspects of digestion, metabolic processes and intestinal morphology of juvenile pintado fed on different protein and energy levels. In the first set of experiments, fish were submitted to isoenergetic diets (4,000 kcal GE/kg) with different protein levels (20, 30 40 and 50% CP), and digestive enzymes, metabolites and intestine morphology were analyzed. In the second step, fish were submitted to isoproteic diets (31,5% CP) and different amounts of crude energy (3,500; 3,850 and 4,200 kcal GE/kg), and digestive enzymes and metabolites were analyzed. Crude extract from stomach, anterior, medium and posterior intestine were used to assay unspecific protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase. Blood was used to hematimetric analysis. Plasma, liver, white muscle and kidney samples were used to glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ammonia, urea (acid extracts), free amino acids, triglycerides, free fatty acids (neutral extracts), glycogen and total protein (alkaline extracts) determination; and assays of glutamate dehydrogenase plus arginase. The best weight gain percent was achieved by the fish fed on 40% CP followed by 30, 50 and 20% respectively. Fish fed lower amounts of energy (3,500 kcal/kg) reached weight gain higher than the other treatments. Metabolic profile was reflected in the fish yield and it was possible to verify through it that the poor as well as the richer diets in crude protein impaired the metabolism of pintado. Likely, the amount of essential amino acids were not supplied by the lower CP (20%), and the largest (50%) leaded to metabolical rearrangements as the neoglycogenesis to hold the glucemia and support energetic demands. Surplus of dietary energy probably leads the fish to decreasing of food intake and drives them to consuming the bulk of energetical molecules with consequent growth loss. The higher proteolytic activities were observed in stomach, where lipolytic and amylolytic activities were also detected. This fact highlights the role of that structure in the digestive processes of pintado. Proteolytic activities were not responsive to CP levels but supplying essential amino acids requirements as function of energetic demands. This picture suggests this group of enzymes is constitutive and allow us to assume the species is well fitted to utilize protein in spite of its dietary amount. Lipase also seems to be a constitutive enzyme, changing its activity just as function of food intake instead of diet lipid level. Amylase is less active in pintado than the most omnivorous species. Its activity, however seems to be function of the dietary glycogen content. Considering the lower digestive enzyme activities in the small intestine and its short size, it is reasonable to assume that the main role of such structure is the nutrient uptake. The histological analyzes strength that assumption, as the morphological responses are evidently adaptive to the CP dietary levels. The number of mucus producer cells (goblet cells) increased in consonance with the fold sizes and thickness of the muscularis, furthering the motility of the folds and optimizing the absorptive processes. The great variation of protein, lipid and carbohydrate here assayed allow us to assume that the optimizations of pintado diets are very dependent of the best ratios of them.
Transporte e morfologia de esquemas de tintas epóxi poliamina equivalentes à base de solvente e água
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-21)
Horikawa, Carla Shizumi
;
D'Alkaine, Carlos Ventura
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8699821828310072
In the present work, anticorrosive properties of solvent borne and water based epoxy polyamine coatings were studied comparatively. First these studies were performed for the individual layers of these coatings, i.e., primer, under coating and topcoat, and, finally, for the set of the layers, which was named complete scheme (for both kinds of epoxy polyamine coatings). In the case of primers, the ionic migration resistance was evaluated, and the resistivity of solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating primer (PS) was bigger than that of water based epoxy polyamine coating primer. In water absorption studies, the individual layers and the complete scheme of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had smaller values than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coatings. In the water transport studies, the individual layers and the complete scheme of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had permeation coefficients smaller than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coating. The oxygen transport also was studied and, one more time, the individual layers of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had permeation coefficients smaller than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coating. However, for the complete scheme, the water based epoxy polyamine coating permeation coefficient was smaller than the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating one, both presented permeation values smaller than the individuals layers.
Educação ambiental dialógica e representações sociais da água em cultura sertaneja nordestina: uma contribuição à consciência ambiental em Irauçuba - CE (Brasil)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-23)
Figueiredo, João Batista de Albuquerque
;
Oliveira, Haydée Torres de
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5458113597909705
This thesis presents a research-intervention based in the dialogic environmental education in the molds of freirean pedagogy under an echo-relational perspective. The investigation intends to deal a local-global problem: the water as a privileged place in which we joined a discussion on the environmental crisis that possesses singularities in the cultures, but that happens in world scale. It seems in the urgent in the context that we have met, to contemplate about the potential of those social presentations, originated information from the common sense that they show in the language, in the values and in the attitudes as space-key for an environmental education which intends, politics and socially, critic. The research objectified the rising of the social representations of subject -keys water of Irauçuba people, interior of Ceará , in the Brazilian Northeast. People who lives process, characterized as carries of an oral culture residually. We used, in the research, interviews, ethnographies observations and oral history. We worked data regarded with the theory of the social representations as a procedure that conceives values acting and language as working agents, allowing contributing for the popular point of view comprehension, of the movements of present facings in the popular courses in the face of social dealings for the water. As results we had: present critical knots in the sense way, in the required course, of popular groups associated to the city neighborhoods. Marks of the fight are evidence by water: water places in the neighborhood of water house; the city water container and deficit distribution in Cruzeiro neighborhood; the defective weather vane in Gil Bastos , the well piping system and water which arrives every three days in Downtown neighborhood, the liquid feces and sewers in Esperança neighborhood, the station of water treatment in Açude neighborhood. A tissue of social representations of water with the following categories: the invisibility of water problem and lacking visibility in the culture of silence and in the popular resistance; the fissure among lived the thought and praxis in the relationship with the water, naturalization, utilitarianism and water capitalization, divinity and water unending, individual noting and social utility of the water implying in its situation-limits and in the viable ultimate stuff. As part of the process we had the intervention from Forum constitution, from the course itself and from popular movements instituted along the work. As (in)conclusions we have observed confirmation of our previous idea evidence perspective that an environmental education to be effective, reflections-actions concerning social environmental need, necessarily, to be built in partnership with local popular knowledge in a talkative way and echo-related, possible of rebounding in real transformations. The intervention stage reached to link the collective perception of local social constructions on water problem to the politics context and criticizer of Cearense Forum Coexistence with Semi-Arid.
Inferência de variáveis do processo de produção de penicilina G acilase por Bacillus megaterium ATCC-14945
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-27)
Silva, Rosineide Gomes da
;
Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo
The enzyme penicillin G acylase (E.C.3.5.1.11) is used in the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and 7-aminocephalosporinic acid (7-ACA), which are key intermediates for the production of β-lactam antibiotics. Its industrial importance was one of the motivations for this thesis. On-line measurement and monitoring of cultivations of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 in a agitated and aerated bioreactor allowed the acquisition of variables such as mol fraction of CO2 and O2 in the exhaust gases, pH, dissolved oxygen. Batch and fed-batch runs, using either enzymatically hydrolyzed casein or a pool of free amino acids provided information concerning the extend of the cultivation, preservation of the microorganism and addition/exclusion of nutrients. Usual carbon sources as glucose, fructose and glycerol increased the cellular mass, but did not improve the productivity of PGA. The use of amino acids resulted in a 2.5-fold increase of productivity. Adding phenyl acetic acid at the beginning of the experiments did not inhibit cell growth. Three non-structured models of microbial growth were put forth, assuming one, two and three limiting substrates. However, these models were too simple for our purposes. Another approach was then followed, using neural networks (NN) as softsensors. Before implementing the inference algorithm, the blank noise of the instrumentation had to be reduced. A non-conventional filter was developed, combining a recursive NN, a moving average and a second recursive NN. The smoothed variables were the input for a second NN, for pattern recognition, which classified the run in one of the main growth phases: lag, exponential and stationary. The main purpose of this NN was to identify the exponential phase, which would be the domain of the next NN, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) for inference of the cellular mass. Several NN, with different topologies, were tested for this purpose. Finally, the product concentration (PGA activity in the medium) was estimated through a hybrid approach, using the growth rate inferred by the MLP NN, coupled to the cell-product yield, obtained from the fitting of the non-structured models. Another important information for this last algorithm was the knowledge that production of PGA was growth-associated, but with a 2hr-delay. The algorithm for inference was robust and accurate.
Aplicação da lógica fuzzi na produção de penicilina G Acilase em cultivos de Bacillus megaterium
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-28)
Nucci, Edson Romano
;
Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is an important enzyme for the pharmaceutical industry. This enzyme has industrial use in the hydrolysis of penicillin G to obtain 6-aminocephalosporanic acid (6-APA), essential intermediate for the production of beta-lactam antibiotics. Many microorganisms produce PGA, but Bacillus megaterium is one of the few that excretes the enzyme to the extra cellular medium, facilitating downstream operations. Another recently enzyme application refers to enzymatic synthesis of semi-synthetics antibiotics as amoxilin and amphicilin via green route. This work studied the pH influence on the production of the enzyme. An algorithm based on the Fuzzy logic theory was implemented aiming to determine the maximum enzyme concentration during Bacillus megaterium cultivations. Experiments were carried out in a bioreactor (5 liter working volume) coupled to a data acquisition system using a Programmable Logic Controller and Supervisory System. Experiments carried out under pH control showed a decreasing in enzyme concentration compared to standard experiments. This result could be related to production of proteases by microorganism or enzyme deactivation caused by local acid addition. Two algorithms were implemented. The first was programmed in Fortran and linked as dynamic link library in a Visual Basic program to exchange on-line information with data acquisition system. The second one was implemented in MatLab (Mathworks, 5.2) software. On-line variables as cultivation time, carbon dioxide concentration and time carbon dioxide concentration derivate were used as information to Fuzzy algorithm. Both algorithms were able to accurately identify the time for which the enzyme reached its maximum. The first algorithm was tested in real time in two experiments.
Aspectos da biologia, variabilidade genética e estrutura sociogenética dos agregados de Digelasinus diversipes (Kirby, 1882) (Hymenoptera: Agridae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-29)
Boraschi, Daniele
;
Del Lama, Marco Antonio
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7198095288825585
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/2932860205914526
Symphyta is a suborder of Hymenoptera, which presents primitive characters, like absence of constriction at the base of the abdomen. Symphyta larvae are phytophagous and feed gregariously, causing damage to agricultural crops, ornamental plants and forests stands, especially in temperate zones. In this group researches focus mainly on ecological aspects related to pests control. There are few data about population genetic structure, and studies about genetic variability exhibit disagreeable data. This study attempts to elucidate some aspects of the biology of Digelasinus diversipes, a Neotropical Symphyta with active larvae from November until March which host in Eugenia glazioviana (Myrtacea) trees, where cocoon masses can be found. Genetic variability and population structure were measured by allozymic analyses through starch gel electrophoresis. Cocoon masses were collected in 2000 and 2001, in two areas of the Estação Ecológica Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP 21º25 S, 47º50 W). Field observations evidenced i) Digelasinus diversipes larvae disperse during foraging, among neighboring trees; ii) larvae from different ovipositions associate to cocoon mass communal construction, observation corroborated by the low relatedness coefficient among individuals of cocoon mass; iii) adults are shortlived; males are smaller than females, which emerge with all eggs matured for fecundation and/or oviposition; iv) the secondary sex ratio, measured by individuals emerged at laboratory, are female-biased. Electrophoretic analyses reveal high levels of average heterozigosity (Hobs = 0.094±0.025SE) for this species, contrasting with previous data for other Hymenopteran species. There were no significant levels of inbreeding inside samples, but the population was structured, suggesting low levels of gene flow, a consequence of their low dispersal ability.
Desenvolvimento de um leito vibro-fluidizado e estudos dos coeficientes de transferência de calor de corpos submersos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003-07-29)
Camargo, Célio Fernando dos Santos
;
Freire, José Teixeira
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/2270677706718167
In this work equipment developments and techniques for aerodynamics and heat transfer studies in a vibro-fluidized bed are presented. The equipment projected and built consists of an acrylic bed with a circular section of 0.12 m diameter and 0.5 m height, with an eccentric mechanism that allowed the amplitude variation, and through the motor speed, variation in the frequency vibration. The aerodynamics study in a vibro-fluidized bed has been carried out through the analysis of the fluidization and standard deviation curves obtained for both systems (conventional and vibrated), in order to verify the pressure drop in the bed and the oscillation around the average, in function of the vibrational frequency and the initial bed height. The bed was constituted of ballotini glass spheres of 700 µm. The global heat transfer coefficient between immersed test body and the bed was obtained from two geometric configurations: cylinder and spheres. For the spherical geometry three different diameters were studied. In both geometries an electric resistances for the bodies heating was used. The local heat transfer coefficient was obtained from a similar cylinder to the one described previously, however equipped with a platinum sensor. This sensor consisted of a quartz piece with a fine platinum film linked to an electric circuit that through appropriate equation and monitor software allowed the obtaining of this coefficient. The influence of the superficial air velocity, vibrational frequency, particle size, forms and size of the tests bodies were analyzed. The aerodynamic results showed that, without vibration, the instantaneous pressure had a significant increase with the intensity vibration, with a maximum value in most of the results. The difference for an experimental condition for another one, is the angular area of the cylinder in which this tendency happens for the coefficient. When compared with the bed without vibration, just fluidized it, was verified that the values obtained in this work for the local coefficient have a similar behavior to the ones found in the literature. oscillation observed in the deviation standard curves are independent of the bed height. In the vibro-fluidized beds these oscillation showed a strong dependence on the bed height and on the dimensionless parameter, in the interval of variables studied. The results of the global heat transfer coefficient showed an increase of h, with the imposition of vibrations, with smaller particle size and for larger air velocity, for both studied geometries. When analyzed locally, it was observed that hθ had a significant increase with the intensity vibration, with a maximum value in most of the results. The difference for an experimental condition for another one, is the angular area of the cylinder in which this tendency happens for the coefficient. When compared with the bed without vibration, just fluidized it, was verified that the values obtained in this work for the local coefficient have a similar behavior to the ones found in the literature.