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Influência das condições de alimentação do meio suplementar na produção de ácido clavulânico por Streptomyces clavuligerus em batelada alimentada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-03-25) Teodoro, Juliana Conceição; Badino Júnior, Alberto Colli
The clavulanic acid (CA) is an important inhibitor of β-lactamases, enzymes that clives the β-lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins, inativating these compounds. CA is traditionally produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus in batch (B) or feed batch (FB) cultivations. Considering that the products of easily assimilable catabolic carbon source catabolism repress the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite, including CA, production in FB is preferable because control of nutrient level can be performed. In the present work the effect of supplementing medium (composition, concentration of glycerol and feed flow rate) on the production of CA was evaluated in fed batch cultivations in 4L stirred-tank bioreactor. Aeration was set at 0.5 vvm, the agitation rate was controlled at 800 rpm and pH at 6.8. Initially, a batch cultivation was carried out with glycerol (15 g.L-1) and Samprosoy (20 g.L-1), a soy protein hydrolyzate, as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The results obtained from this experimental, concerning CA production, were considered as standart for comparasion with furter experimental results. Also, the observed glycerol consuption rate was used to define the glycerol feed rate infurter experiments. The kinetic model considering non-associated production with CA degradation was fitted to the experimental results and cultivation in FB were simulated under different conditions of volumetric flow rate (F) and glycerol concentration on supplementary medium (Cse). The experimental results showed that the rate of production of CA and glycerol consumption, were directly related, condition not predicted by model, besides, its negative effect on the AC production after the feeding indicate a possible inhibition/repression effect of glycerol. The possible negative effect of glycerol not confirmed by the results of a batch cultivation with pulse of glycerol at 24 hours cultivation, indicating that this effects caused by others compounds in the culture medium or due to dilution of the medium. The subsequent results with different feeding conditions and glycerol concentration utilizing complete supplementary medium, with only glycerol, indicate that CA production is increased in process with high Cse and low volumetric flow rate (F) that guarantee sufficient carbon source and minimize the dilution effects.
Sistemática das espécies de Ceroplastinae Atkinson, 1886 (Hemíptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) que ocorrem no estado de São Paulo, Brasil e inventariação de seus parasitóides
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-03-25) Peronti, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez; Silva, Carlos Roberto Sousa e; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4890369735136839
The species of Ceroplastinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from São Paulo state were revised and associated parasitoids were inventoried. Forty-three species of the Ceroplastinae were studied, 27 known species were redescribed and 6 new species described. Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel, 1901, C. bicolor Hempel, 1901, C. excaericae Hempel, 1912 and C. farmairii (Signoret, 1866) were not studied because the type material or other specimens were not found. Eight new synonym are established: Ceroplastes psidii (Chavannes, 1848) and C. simplex Hempel, 1900 with C. janeirensis; C. cultus Hempel, 1900, C. cuneatus Hempel, 1900, C. rarus Hempel, 1900 and C. rotundus Hempel, 1900 with C. cirripediformis; C. novaesi Hempel, 1900 with C. lucidus Hempel, 1900 and C. rhizophorae Hempel, 1918 with C. grandis Hempel, 1900. One new combination is proposed. Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood, 1871). Ceroplastes flosculoides is recorded for the first time in Brazil and Ceroplastes cassiae (Chavannes, 1848), C. deodorensis Hempel, C. formosus Hempel and C. quadratus Green are recorded for the first time in São Paulo state. Ceroplastinae is now formed by 31 species, all included in Ceroplastes genus. In addition, synonym list, geographic distribution, lists of hosts and illustrations have been presented, together with a dichotomous key to the groups of the Ceroplastinae and a dichotomous key to species of the Ceroplastes group and another to species of the Ceroplastidia group from São Paulo state. Thirty-one Hymenoptera parasitoids distributed in 7 families of the Chalcidoidea in association with Ceroplastes species: Coccophagus Westwood sp1., C. sp2, C. sp3 (Aphelinidae); Anicetus sp., Coccidencyrtus sp., Encyrtus baezi (Brèthes, 1921), Metaphycus sp1, M. sp2, M. sp3, M. sp4, M. sp5, M. sp6, M. sp7, M. sp8. and Microterys sp. (Encyrtidae), Aprostocetus sp1., A. sp2 and A. sp3, Horismenus and Tetrastichinae sp. (Eulophidae), Brasema sp., Lecaniobius grandis (De Santis, 1950), L. utilis Compere, 1939 and L. cockerellii Ashmead, 1896 (Eupelmidae), Erotolepsia sp. and Cephaleta brasiliensis (De Santis, 1963) (Pteromalidae) and Signiphora sp1. S. sp2 and S. sp3 (Signiphoridae) were found. Every genus mentioned above, except Coccophagus, is associated with Ceroplastinae for the first time in Brazil. The first occurrence of both the genus Microterys and Encyrtus baezi for Brazil and genus Brasema and Brachymeria pedalis (Cresson, 1872) for the state of São Paulo is here recorded. A CD-ROM, including species of economic importance Ceroplastinae and associated parasitoids, is presented.
Caracterização da pesca artesanal na costa do Estado do Ceará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-03-25) Silva, Sônia Maria Martins de Castro e; Verani, José Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0053232138684810
The present work has as objectives: (a) to characterize the artisanal fisheries in Ceará State s continental shelf, through a complete description of boat types, gear designs and used fishing methods; (b) to analyze the fish fauna of Camocim, Paracuru, Fortaleza, Caponga and Fortim fishing locations, as concerns composition, space and time distribution, abundance, frequency of occurrence, dominance, diversity, equitability, richness of species and similarity, referring to the rainy and dry seasons; and (c) to address some relative aspects to the ecology of those species. A total of 3,947 boats make up the artisanal fleet (sailboat fleet) of Ceará state, from which 1,831 are small rafts, 1,177 canoes, 410 sailboats, 340 large rafts and 189 sailcrafts. Catching is performed mainly through the use of hand-lines and gillnets. A total of 183,530 captured individuals were classified into 124 species, 50 families and 14 orders, prevailing the order Perciformes, with predominance of the Carangidae, Haemulidae and Sciaenidae families. Out of 124 species, 91 were found to occur in more than one of the studied fishing locations and 97 were observed both in the rainy and dry seasons. The majority of species presented the following characteristics: they inhabit only one of the following fishing areas on the continental shelf: costa (nearshore fishing grounds), risca (intermediate fishing grounds) and alto (distant-water fishing grounds); they live on or close to the sea bottom, especially on rocky substrates; they do not form shoals; they do not migrate; they are more frequently fished for during daytime and yield larger catches in hook-and-line fisheries. Yellowtail snapper (Lutjnaus chrysurus) was considered the most important specie, representing 18.18% of the biomass and 12.32% of the individuals total. Out of 124 species, only 9 were dominant, what contributed to the high diversity indices recorded in all counties but Fortim, because of the high dominance of white grunt (Haemulon plumieri). The Camocim fishing location presented the largest species richness and an outstanding participation in the biomass (59.95%) and the individuals total (50.89%). The smallest similarity index values were observed when Camocim and Paracuru fishing locations were compared to Fortaleza, Caponga and Fortim. Furthermore, a greater evenness was observed between fishing locations of the western coast (Camocim and Paracuru) and those of the eastern coast (Caponga and Fortim), including Fortaleza, which is the cornerstone of Ceará state s coastline. Given the relevance of the artisanal fisheries and the richness of the fish fauna that make up their commercial catches, it is highly desirable for ecological studies to be pursued in relation to such resources, to the effect that knowledge is obtained and directed to a better understanding of that ecosystem and to a sound management of its exploitation.