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O novo sistema de formação profissional brasileiro. Análise crítica exemplificada na experiência cearense.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Oliveira, Francisca Clara de Paula; Castro, Ramon Peña
The objective of this thesis is to critically (re) examine the reform of the professional teaching system carried out by the government under President Fernando Henrique Cardoso at the end of the 90s, taking on as reference the State of Ceará s new professional teaching experience. In order to accomplish the investigation, concepts and conditions of Marxism were used, which enabled the possibility to analyze the problem starting out from its determining and historic conditions .In the empiric research, methods and techniques of qualitative methodologies were used, deep rooted in social representation and active participation of the subjects researched. For each group of participants differentiated techniques were used. The following results were attained through the research: 1. The recent educational reform executed by the FHC government is an adjustment, of a mercantilist and conservationist nature, of the Brazilian educational system to the demands of the new model of dependent economic development, directed by neo-liberal guidelines. 2. Adjustment of education consolidated by the FHC administration began during the military regime in 1964 when university (Law 5.540/68), elementary and secondary school (Law 5.692/71) reforms were promulgated. Concerning Ceará, one can conclude that: 1. The new professionalizing schools in Ceará (CVTs and CENTECs), judicially and pedagogically sustained in FHC s educational reform, introduce to the state-owned teaching system the same private administration used by the private sector, denominating it as Social Organization. 2. The new schools in Ceará develop an ultra specialized professional education, in accordance to the requisites of the local business undertakings. 3. The students of the state-owned schools are mostly young, with ages varying from 15 to 35 and come from the same region where the researched schools are located. 4. The teachers and students who were interviewed showed disheartenment and incredulity regarding the current education policies in Brazil, national and state-wide. 5. Disconnection between the productive sector and the professionalizing schools. Finally, it was evaluated that this thesis revealed relevant elements for debate on professionalizing education in Brazil and Ceará. The use of the professionalizing education motto disguises the real causes to problems of unemployment and poverty; and edifying a state-owned professional teaching system guided by the pedagogical and institutional premises of the market.
Saberes em construção de uma professora que pesquisa a própria prática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Sudan, Daniela Cássia; Freitas, Denise de
This research, with qualitative characteristics, involves an autobiographic study inserted into a perspective of continuous formation of the teacher, by means of reflexive practice. It aims at identifying and analyzing: i) the knowledge base which was recognized,transformed and produced by the teacher as researcher; and, ii) the contributions offered by certain interlocutors linked to the educational universe, to consolidate part of this knowledge and to promote reflexive processes. The main theory references which orientated this research were the works of Zeichner (1992, 1993, 1998); Schön (2000), Tardif (1991, 2000, 2002) and Nóvoa (2000). On the other hand, the method used was based on an autobiographic proposal and on interpretative theories of documents of the teacher as researcher. The main activities and procedures include filming the classes, day-by-day written records, and audio record of the reflexive meetings with the interlocutors. During the work, it was possible to observe that the teachers knowledge under development mostly derivate from the background influence generated by family, school and university lives, by the personal/professional experiences in schools, and by the interactions of the teacher and a number of interlocutors she met while working, both in formal training activities and during the research. The teacher developed her practice by creatively exploring the traditional teaching places, bringing up contents of attitude, procedures and concepts, valorizing the discussion and stimulating the interactions and the collective work of the students. The conduction and sustenance of the teachinglearning process is characterized by an articulated sequence of activities, by the development of the didactic contract and by the evaluation of the discipline and progression of learning. Some dilemmas are typical of her professional life, such as the handling of the subject in school time and the development of a teaching technique which consider the reality of the students. The division of the teaching experience allowed the objectivity of several implicit theories. The unbalancing situations caused by the interlocutors created an intense involvement of the teacher with the reflexive process about practice, leading to some discoveries and to the revision of the understanding of teaching. Moreover, they motivated the overcome of some pedagogical illusions and of an individualist perspective of the teaching activity. The teacher-researcher could understand that many of her dilemmas are especially constituted of institutional problems of the Brazilian educational system, which needs more than just the personal reflection of the teachers. This work may offer some clues that the promotion of researches by high school teachers contribute to an increase of the professional development, to the appropriation and improvement of their knowledge base, to a perception of the gaps to be reviewed in a continued process, and to the refining of the decision about becoming a teacher.
Procedimentos metodológicos para estimativa do índice de áreas verdes públicas. Estudo de caso: Erechim, RS
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Rosset, Franciele; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570
The urban ambiental quality, in terms of proportionable beneficence for value of Indice to the Green Public Areas (IAVP),influenced the used concept and methtodologyc properties (influence area) to the multiple categories of public green areas space distributed in city, the present study had as objective to analise the interference area of influence in different categories of public green areas and consequently in ambient quality of Erechim (RS). Two distinct methodologyc procedures had been considered, based respectively in the total use of public green areas of urban area and in use of the categories to green public areas that fulfill the functions structural, legal and ecological. The used procedures identify a geometric figure for each public green area in wich benefit proportionate to the same one are quantified in terms of Density Green Areas (DAV),as direct result of relation surface of green areas (m²) and the surface area of distribution benefits (km²). In a subsequent stage, the density of green areas(m²/km²) was divided by population density (inhabitants/km²), resulting in Index Public Green Areas (m² green area/inhabitants). The applied procedures consider the distribution of proportionate services to the public green areas in the urban space, allowing determine the alterations in values of IAVP function of localization and the categories of public green areas.
O Efeito de um protocolo de alongamento muscular passivo sobre a cartilagem articular
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Renner, Adriana Frias; Rosa, Stela Márcia Mattiello Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1406279816228350; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7079740194427120
Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the articular cartilage alterations of rat ankles, after applying unilateral cyclic passive muscle stretching protocol for three weeks in previously immobilized rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two male albino rats (280+25.4g) divided into four groups: I-immobilized (n=6), IS-immobilized and stretched (n=5), S-stretched (n=6) and C-control (n=5), were used in this experiment. In the immobilization protocol (groups I and IS) the left ankle joints were immobilized in full plantar flexion and this immobilization device was kept on for four weeks. The animal was allowed free cage activity with the device. In the muscle stretching protocol (groups IS and S) the left ankle joint was manually full dorsal flexed 10 times for 60 seconds with a 30s interval between each 60 second period, seven days a week for four weeks, to stretch the ankle plantar flexors muscle group. At the end of the experiment, the ankles were removed, processed in paraffin, cut and stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin and Safranin-O. Two blinded observers graduated histological and histochemical findings related to cellularity, chondrocyte cloning and Safranin-O staining, observed through light microscopy. For histological and histochemical grading, the Mankin et al (1982) and LeRoux et al (2001) modified grading system was used. For statistical analysis it was used the Spearman test, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test with the Post Hoc Newman Keuls and Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Results: The previously immobilized stretching group (treated limbs) presented a significantly higher reduction of proteoglycans content than the solely stretched and solely immobilized groups. No significant effect of muscle stretching on treated limbs concerning cellularity and chondrocyte cloning parameters was detected. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the stretching protocol used was harmful to the previously immobilized articular cartilage. However, the same stretching protocol did not harm the cartilage of non-immobilized groups.
Análise da vegetação em cerrado hiperestacional e estacional no Brasil Central (Parque Nacional das Emas, GO)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339
Diagnóstico e riscos ambientais relacionados à fragmentação de áreas naturais e semi-naturais da paisagem. Estudo de caso: município de Araraquara, SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Moschini, Luiz Eduardo; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2728357583462262
The study of the landscape dynamics involving the modifications of the land use and its relationships with the physical, biological, socioeconomic and political aspect, represents an essential condition in the definition of viable strategies in the environmental planning. In this context, it was carried out the study of the landscape dynamics of the municipal district of Araraquara with base in the spatial modifications of the land cover, in the perspective to obtain information to subsidize the formulation of public politics and conservation strategies for the local landscape. The methodological procedure involved the the environmental diagnosis of the current soil use current, with emphasis in the loss of the environmental quality of the local landscape resulting from the fragmentation and loss of the natural land cover. Based on an image LandSat 7 and in the use of the software SIG IDRISI Version 32 and MapInfo Professional Version 7.5 thematic letters of the study area were elaborated related to the road net, to the classification of the soil use and the qualitative and quantitative condition of the fragmentation of the natural and semi-natural vegetation. Each fragment (just the largest than 1 ha) received a specific code (ID) and then, calculated your area, perimeter, border area, interior border area and type of land cover. Through the thematic letter of the soil use it was accomplished the environmental quality analysis of the 10 landscape management units in the study area. The environmental diagnosis of the landscape was made with base in the use of vulnerability environmental indexes related to the water resources and natural and semi-natural vegetation components, in your different aspects of area, form and distance among the fragments. It was identified 13 types of soil use classified in 6 classes of land cover identified as: natural and semi-natural areas, silviculture, agricultural, urban and suburban areas, mining and aquatic environment. The types of natural and semi-natural vegetation were represented by the vegetation of Savannah, Cerradão, Seasonal Semidecidual Forest, Alluvial Seasonal Forest (riparian forest), Swamps and flooded areas and Vegetation of hillside areas and tops of hills, and represent about 10.59% (10,725.82 ha) of the total area of Araraquara municipal district. The class agricultural areas constituted the predominant type of soil use with an area of 71,465.87 ha, representing about 70.56% of the total area of the municipal district of Araraquara. Most of the fragments (192) of natural and semi-natural vegetation present smaller area than 10 ha, evidencing a high degree of landscape fragmentation resulting from the local development pressure. Four fragments, considered as "Source Areas", particularly important in terms of the extension area, of the circular format and, mainly for its values of interior border area, should be considered priority in terms of strategies for the recovery and conservation of the land cover and for the maintenance and protection of the environmental quality of the water resources in the municipal district area. The Vulnerability Environmental Index of the landscape of the municipal district of Araraquara reflects a scenery strongly committed by the economical development supported by the sugar-cane expansion, resulting in biodiversity and habitats loss due to the qualitative and quantitative condition of the fragmentation of the natural and semi-natural vegetation, and in the compromising of the water resources quality in face to the current impacts of the soil use. The disturbances in the landscape resulting from the soil uses (deforestation, mining activities, agriculture, urbanization and rod net infrastructure) were the key-process that allowed to compose the landscape environmental diagnosis of the municipal district of Araraquara, for the interval of time of this study.
Estudo dos Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) neotropicais com ênfase na fauna da Mata Atlântica, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Onody, Helena Carolina; Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4570932641664551
The material used in this study comes from the projects: "Biodiversidade de Isoptera e Hymenoptera" (BIOTA/FAPESP), "Diversidade da fauna de Braconidae (Hymenoptera) em diferentes altitudes em Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brasil (CNPq) and from brazilian collections. This work has for main objectives a survey of the Campopleginae fauna in Brazil and to know its distribution throughout latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in areas of Atlantic Forest. Using Malaise traps, Moericke traps and sweeping the vegetation were obtained a total of 7.550 specimens identified and distributed in 19 genera. The genus Enytus was for the first time cited to Brazil and a new genus was identified. Microcharops, Casinaria, Dusona and Nonnus were the most common genera. Studying the Campopleginae throughout a latitudinal gradient, in eighteen localities of Atlantic Forest, the higher values of abundance, species richness and diversity were recorded in the Brazilians regions South and Southeast. The results indicated the reduction of the abundance, diversity and species richness of this subfamily in direction the localities of lower latitudes. In the analysis of the diversity of the fauna of the Campopleginae throughout an altitudinal gradient in other area of Atlantic Forest (Campos do Jordão, SP), the higher number of specimens was evidenced in mid altitudes. The diversity and the species richness showed a strong influence of the climate. The results of this study extend the knowledge on the distribution of the Campopleginae in Neotropical region and contribute for studies on distribution of parasitoid insects throughout latitudinal and altitudinal gradients.
Casos de ensino e professoras iniciantes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Nono, Maévi Anabel; Mizukami, Maria da Graça Nicoletti; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8634997953885976
The comprehension of the formative processes lived by teachers and the definition of the professional knowledge that forms the base of their performance appear as central themes in studies on teacher education, especially since the 80 s. Teachers are seen, in these studies, as professionals that make decisions in face of school events, solve dilemmatic situations in their classrooms, harbor beliefs that influence their professional activity, and build professional knowledge complex, dynamic and multifaceted when facing and reflecting on diverse situations that occur in the classrooms they teach and the school institutions they belong to. There has been wide investigation on the ways these things happen, as well as the way the processes of professional development of teachers are promoted. Different formative and investigative strategies of such processes have been proposed and analyzed. In this context, teaching cases have been pointed out as tools of great formative and investigative value, whenever the processes of learning and professional development of teachers are concerned (HAMMERNESS; DARLINGHAMMOND; SHULMAN, L., 2002; MARCELO GARCIA; MAYOR RUIZ; SÁNCHEZ MORENO 2002; MERSETH, 1996; MIZUKAMI, 2000; SHULMAN, J., 2002). In this study, we discuss data of qualitative nature referring to a research-intervention, that had as its objective the investigation of the feasibility of the use of teaching cases as instruments capable to bring to surface the professional knowledge of beginning teachers of the early Childhood Education and Elementary School, as well as provide grounds for the promotion of said knowledge. The data sources were narratives written by the teachers in different contexts. Studies have evidenced the importance the first years of the teaching career in the formative processes (ABARCA, 1999; TARDIF; RAYMOND, 2000; TARDIF, 2002). It is a period of survival and discovery, in which teachers seek to adjust their expectations and ideals regarding their profession to the real conditions of work that they end up facing, dealing with a series of limitations that act directly on their performance, while trying to remain in the profession and balancing contradictory feelings. In this inquiry, during the years of 2003/2004, four beginning teachers analyzed teaching cases that contemplated school situations faced by other teachers, and constructed a teaching case from experiences lived during the initial years of their teaching career. It can be said that the strategies of analysis and writing of the teaching cases allowed knowledge regarding the way they teach mathematical and Portuguese written language contents to be brought to surface. The teachers exposed doubts, certainties, mistakes and contradictions that guided and characterized their professional practice. Processes of reflective inquiry related to their pedagogical practices were made evident. It can also be said that the teaching cases allowed the teachers to describe and analyze their own professional trajectories. Teachers pointed out that the peculiarities that characterized their first years of teaching showed that each of them experienced that period in a deeply personal manner, because of a series of elements that varied widely from teacher to teacher: the conceptions that she possesses regarding her profession; the relations that she establishes with peers, parents of pupils and pupils themselves; her first days of work; the way she deals with the subject matters that she must teach; theoretical quarrels that emerge as the children learn; the way she conceives the possibilities to continue learning despite the constraints of the profession. The use of teaching cases made it possible for teachers to become aware of the complexities that characterize their learning to teach processes, and to develop important strategies to promote and to investigate such processes.
Sistemas de polinização em fragmentos de Cerrado na região do Alto Taquari (GO, MS, MT)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Martins, Fernanda Quintas; Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339
The Cerrado Domain occupied originally 23% of the Brazilian territory (ca. 2 million km2), especially in the Central Plateau, being the second largest phytogeographic province of Brazil. The cerrado vegetation is not uniform in physiognomy, ranging from grassland to tall woodland, but most of its physiognomies lie within the range defined as tropical savanna. Is estimated that 3,000 to 7,000 vascular plant species occur in this vegetation type, from which 1,000 to 2,000 belong to the woody component. Different authors have attempted to use reproductive features to explain the general patterns of diversity and community structure found in tropical woodlands with the underlying idea that plant diversity and spatial distribution is dependent on reproductive processes. Studies on the reproductive biology of cerrado plant species have shown a great diversity of pollination systems, similar to those found in Neotropical forests. The data emerging for the reproductive biology of plants have important consequences for conservation and understanding of the organization of cerrado communities. We sampled five cerrado fragments in the Brazilian Central Plateau, in which we sampled woody individuals. Using the floristic data of all our field trips, we sampled 2,280 individuals, representing 121 species and 38 families. The richest families were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, and Davilla elliptica A. St-Hill and Myrcia bella Triana were the best represented species. Most species presented open flowers, with diurnal anthesis, pale colors and with pollen as floral reward. In the cerrado vegetation, species with flowers visited mainly by bees and small insects were the main groups ecologically related to the pollination. Of the 121 species, 65 were pollinated mainly by bees; 30, by small insects; 15, by moths; five, by bats; three, by beetles; two, by hummingbirds; and one, by wind. The ordination analysis of floral characteristics and plant species showed that there was a grouping of species with some pollination systems, for which inferences based on floral characteristics are recommended, such as the species pollinated by bats, moths, and birds. On the other hand, for the species pollinated mainly by bees and small insects, these inferences are not recommended due their great dispersion throughout ordination axes and large overlapping. These dispersion and overlapping occurred probably due the absence of specificity between plants and pollinators. For four of the five pollination systems with at least ten individuals, we found no significant variation in relation to distance from edge, except for plants pollinated by beetles, for which there was a decrease in the frequency to toward the fragment interior. Similarly, we only found significant variation in relation to the height for plants pollinated by bats, for which there was an increase of the frequency with the height of the trees. In general, we found no horizontal and vertical variations in the pollination systems, contrary to what was found in forests and, probably, as consequence of the more open physiognomy of the cerrado fragments.
Síntese e avaliação biológica de derivados de carboidratos e nucleosídeos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Nogueira, Christiane Mapheu; Corrêa, Arlene Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7425467156776144; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2522406207908377
In the last few years, the carbohydrate chemistry has been growing surprisingly, especially because of the diversity of biological applications of this class of compounds. This present work aimed to synthesize and evaluate a series of carbohydrates and nucleosides, in order to contribute for the study of their structure-activity relationship. A series of sugar esters from glucose, mannose, galactose and fructose with stearic and palmitic acids was synthesized with the respective acid chlorides in aqueous basic medium in the presence of DMAP with 30 - 40% yield. Mannofuranose, galactofuranose and fructose derivatives were prepared for the synthesis of β-L-mannofuranosyl(6→2)-fructosyl(2→6)-β-L-galactofuranose, however the coupling reactions were not successful and the synthesis was interrupted. Purinic nucleosides and analogs were synthesized under Mitsunobu conditions, using the appropriated purine and the respective alcohols, as for example, menthol, dodecanol, benzyl alcohol, oleic alcohol and glucose and mannose derivatives, with 37 - 86% yield. Synthesis of the carbocyclic nucleoside, 4-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-[(trityloxy)methyl] cyclopentanol, was carried out until intermediate 6-chloro-9-(6-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl)-9H-purine. After several attempts in order to open the epoxide with cyanides, the synthesis was discontinued. All synthetic compounds and a series of 22 commercial carbohydrates were biologically evaluated against T. cruzi gGAPDH and L. tarentolae APRT enzymes, several microorganisms and the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens. The evaluated carbohydrates were inactive or showed moderate inhibition against gGAPDH enzyme at 200 μM. D-isoascorbic acid showed an inhibition of 67% (100 μM) against the APRT enzyme. The evaluated nucleosides and analogs were inactive or showed low inhibition against the gGAPDH enzyme at 200 μM. 6-Chloro-9-dodecyl-9H-purine showed an inhibition of 63% (100 μM) against the APRT enzyme. The sugar esters of fatty acids presented no toxic effect to the ants. In the case of 6-O-estearoyl-D-glucopiranose, 6-O-palmitoyl-D-mannopiranose e 6-O-palmitoyl-D-galactopiranose, it was observed a small growth of the survival of the worker ants. They showed no inhibition or low inhibition (20%) of the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. 6-Chloro-9-dodecyl-9H-purine showed a moderate inhibition against Escherichia coli. The compounds analyzed will be employed as models for the design and synthesis of more active compounds.
Estimação Bayesiana do tamanho de uma população de diabéticos através de listas de pacientes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Missiagia, Juliano Gallina; Leite, José Galvão; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0677440386988572; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0513294119675238
In this work, a bayesian methodology is shown to estimate the size of a diabethic-su¤ering population through lists containing information data of patients. The applied methodology is analogous of capture-recaptures in animal population. We assume correct the registers of relative information to the patients as well as we take in account correct and incorrect registers of the information. In case the supposed registers are correct, the methodology is developed for two or more lists and the Bayes estimate is determined for the size of a population. In a second model, the occurrency of correct and incorrect registers are considered, presenting a two-stage estimation method for the model parameters using two lists. For both models there are results with simulated and real examples.
Influência de um programa de atividade física sobre o torque muscular, o equilíbrio, a velocidade da marcha e a qualidade de vida de mulheres portadoras de osteoporose
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005-02-25) Aveiro, Mariana Chaves; Oishi, Jorge; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1417328590472858
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration leading to skeletal fragility and increasing of fracture risk. Due to the lack of well defined protocols on the intensity and frequency of physical exercises to reduce multiple risk factors in falls, the purpose of this study was to propose, to apply and to analyze the effects of a physical exercise program in balance performance, gait velocity, ankle muscle torque and quality of life in women with densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis. Subjects: 12 voluntary women (age 68.7 ± 2.7) were submitted to a physical evaluation. The group was re-evaluated after twelve weeks. The physical activity program was oriented by a physical therapist, during twelve weeks, with a frequency of three times per week and duration of 60 minutes. Each session included general stretching exercises; twentyminute walking, exercises to strengthen ankle dorsiflexors and plantar-flexors muscles, with 50% of 10-repetition maximum (10-RM) and balance training. The data were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon non-parametric tests. The variables analyzed regarding to the balance performance, gait velocity, ankle muscle strength and pain, activities of daily living, flexibility modalities in the quality of life questionnaire showed significant improvement (p ≤ 0,05). Consequently, the results obtained in this study allow to conclude that the physical activity program was efficient to improve balance performance, gait velocity, ankle muscle strength and quality of life, suggesting to be an effective and safe training program to women suffering from osteoporosis.