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Análise das transações e estruturas de governança na cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil: a França como referência
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Bankutti, Sandra Mara Schiavi; Souza Filho, Hildo Meirelles de
Since the 90 decade, Brazilian milk sector has suffered important changes, mainly due to macroeconomic, concurrential and consumption modifications in the country. Among those changes, it is been observed new transaction forms between rural producers and milk processing companies. Governance structures between those agents are still under construction, thus not being considered definitive. In some countries, such as France, it is possible to note high coordination level in the chain and consolidated governance structures. The present thesis has analyzed transactions and governance structures between milk producers and processing companies in the region of São Carlos /SP and in the western region of France. Theoretical fundaments of New Institutional Economics, Transaction Cost Economics and Industrial Organization are considered. To accomplish the work, it has been used secondary data, as well as field research in the two countries, with rural producers, milk processing companies representatives and key-agents. It has been identified bilateral governance in the region of São Carlos /SP, and trilateral governance in the West of France. Besides the predominance of informal contracts in both studied regions, it has been observed differences in terms of transaction characteristics and negotiation aspects. Such differences are due to distinctions of institutional and organizational environments, agents and coordination level. It has also been concluded that not only transaction attributes influence governance structures. The work remarks the role of trust, power in the relation and dependence between agents as relevant aspects to understand transactions and governance structures.
Estudo da cristalização de lactose em diferentes solventes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Brito, Ana Beatriz Neves; Giulietti, Marco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7703659740618915; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3606604113019271
In the study of the lactose crystallization process, the nucleation phenomena and crystalline growth have been evaluated, when the systems were submitted to different solvent and operational conditions. The solubility s curves, for each of the solvents, were obtained experimentally and compared with theoretical data, serving as a basis for the crystallization processes. The main objective of the present work is to study the lactose crystallization process in solution through the partial change of the solvent. This change occurs through the addition of a second solvent, a compound that reduces the solute solubility, but that is miscible in the first one. The addition of a second compound to the system creates new lactose crystallization conditions to the purity, form and size of the crystals. With this procedure it was intended to get a reasonable control of the lactose crystallization for the improvement of the final quality of the product, that is, a narrow and defined size distribution of the crystals, with homogeneous crystalline habit and guaranteed purity level. Another objective of this work was to study the crystallization system for batch lactose solutions. Very little research has been done on the crystallization process of this complex organic compound, unlike many inorganic products, for which a high quantity of knowledge has been produced. With the accomplishment of the considered study, information had been gotten that make possible to improve the control of the final properties of the crystalline product, such as crystal sizes distribution (CSD), crystalline habit, crystalline fluid inclusions, among others.
Caracterização populacional de Cichla kelberi (Perciformes: Cichlidae) no reservatório do Lobo (Broa), Brotas / Itirapina - SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Souza, Jussara Elias de; Verani, Nelsy Fenerich; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1862746100743391; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6815950967125680
The Cichla kelberi population was characterized in terms of sexual proportion, size structure and some reproductive aspects. The collects were made in two distinct periods. The first, from November 2002 to November 2003 and the second, from December 2004 to May 2006. The sexual proportion showed significantly difference from 1:1 with predominance of females. Total length varied from 3.4 to 40.1cm, with large frequency on the small sized classes. These smallest individuals occurred around all the year, but mainly in the warmer months. Females and males reached similar maximum length. Individuals with Mature or Partial Spent gonads occurred mainly from November to April, indicating that Cichla kelberi has a long reproductive period, a biological evidence that it is a species well adapted in this reservoir, showing partial spawning and an absolute fecundity ranging from 6089 to 6908 oocytes.
Comparação de diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico nas atividades da vida diária em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Marrara, Kamilla Tays; Di Lorenzo, Valéria Amorim Pires; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9071791546812165; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5603964845135135
Objective: To compare the effects of different physiotherapeutic intervention during simulation of activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) moderate to severe. Methods: Thirty one patients with COPD (30%≤forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1)<80% of predict), randomized in: Group PT (GPT, n=8): physical training (PT) in treadmill for 30 minutes; Group NIV (GNIV, n=9): PT associated to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for 30 minutes; Group MT (GMT, n=8): PT of upper-limb and Control Group (CG, n=6), enduring six weeks, three times for week. In the test of ADL simulated: to erase blackboard, catch weight, elevate weight, sweep, to climb steps and walk in the treadmill, realizing five minutes each activity, except climb steps and walk with duration of six minutes. Results: Intragroup analysis: significative reduction of E/MVV in the post-treatment for PTG and NIVG in basal and walk. The MTG showed significative decrease erasing the blackboard and walk, being similar as for O2/ O2max. The dyspnea showed significative reduction for PTG to the walk, and increase in the CG post-treatment. The number of climbs on the steps redu
Análise ambiental de bacias hidrográficas com base na fragmentação da paisagem: município de Getúlho Vargas (RS)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Smaniotto, Manoela; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0537275302960867
Avaliação das condições operacionais de espectrômetro de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente com configuração axial
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Trevizan, Lilian Cristina; Nóbrega, Joaquim de Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8833989058164529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8889407559847288
The goal of this thesis was the critical evaluation of the analytical capability of an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP OES) with axially viewed configuration. The general view that axially systems are mainly applied to samples with low matrix complexity was evaluated and the performance of this configuration was supposed to be similar to the one of radially viewed systems. Figures of merit such as stability, robustness, detection limits, linear dynamic range, precision and accuracy were monitored in function of equipment operating conditions, sample introduction system and the complexity of the sample matrix. Magnesium II / Mg I ratio showed to be an adequate parameter for evaluation of ICP OES operating conditions. Factorial design allowed the determination of robust conditions for different sample introduction systems and evidenced the inefficiency of the V-groove nebulizer when operated at low nebulization gas flow-rate. For this nebulizer, in contrast with the literature, robust conditions were attained at both high applied power and high nebulization gas flow-rate. Using robust conditions, lower detection limits were found and high accuracy was obtained for the analysis of complex samples of non-fat milk powder diluted in tertiary amines medium and austenitic steel decomposed with aqua regia. For alcoholic beverage analysis, it was necessary the use of similar alcoholic concentration for the reference solutions and samples in order to compensate transport effects due to the presence of organic compounds. However, deviations greater than 10 % were observed for some elements in wine analysis. The use of the standard additions method or matrix matching by Fe addition was not necessary for austenitic steel analysis and calibration was performed with reference solutions in aqua regia 1.2 % v v-1 medium. Severe matrix effects in axially viewed ICP OES configuration did not occur and this configuration was competitive with radially viewed systems. An additional advantage of axially systems is the lower detection limits. However, the use of robust conditions caused a small decrease in linear dynamic range and can decrease the life-time of radio-frequency source and quartz torch of the equipment. Finally, the instrument software for semiquantitative analysis was evaluated and its performance was suitable for implementation of a screening procedure for biological samples microwave-assisted acid decomposed. This method allowed quantitative results for the majority of elements evaluated.
Escolha e desempenho no trabalho de adultos com deficiência mental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Escobal, Giovana; Goyos, Antônio Celso de Noronha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3407008711535651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2350037809874590
Choice making is a fundamental skill for all individuals. Choice opportunities are related with important questions of human development, and of paramount importance to the development of clinical and educational programs for mentally retarded individuals. Despite its practical importance, little is known about the effects that choice may have in the work environment of this population. In this study, choice was investigated under two conditions: with and without environmental work support. Work performance was assessed as a function of conditions chosen. First, four mentally retarded adults learned to perform a work task under those two conditions. The task consisted of assembling notebook covers. An MDF (medium density fiber) board measuring 30cm by 40 cm, was employed as work support and displayed several low relief recipients to suit its different components and was designed to provide immediate feedback, to increase or maintain the rate of work response and to prevent errors during the task routine. A number of small pieces of paper, 2cm by 2cm, in different colors, pieces of thin cardboard, 10cm by 8cm, glue sticks, candies and chocolate bars previously chosen by the participants in preference tests were used. The study took place in quiet, well lit and ventilated room at the participants institution, isolated from other workshop clients. Following initial training the participants worked individually either under multiple schedules or under concurrent-chain schedules according to a multiple-element design. When the multiple schedules condition was on, the components were either presence or absence of work support, quasi-randomly distributed. Under the concurrent-chain schedules conditions a FR-1 was used on the first link, and either one of the two work alternatives, on the second link. Throughout the study, whenever the participant presented an error, verbal, gestual prompts and model were provided. Initially verbal prompts were provided and, if necessary, by gestual, verbal plus gestual prompts, and model, in this sequence, until the target responses were emitted. In relation to the parameters analyzed, the number of errors and prompts were higher working without work support than working with it, during the teaching phase. Baseline on task performance, under multiple schedules, showed prompts lower in the work support component in relation to the no work support component. Under concurrent chain schedule, however, the percentage of prompts under work support was higher in relation to the no work support alternative. As far as time spent to complete the task, in the teaching phase, two participants finished the work activity faster in the component without support. During baseline on task performance, under multiple schedules and chain concurrent schedules, three participants finished the task faster working with the work support. The results showed a preference for the work support alternative for two participants, while the other two distributed their choices evenly between the two alternatives. With the work support, time on task was relatively lower as compared to the no work support. The number of errors by P3 was different from the other participants, who showed a much smaller number of errors evenly distributed between the experimental conditions. Working with support was preferable from the participant s point of view. Besides that, under supported work, participants finished the task faster and the number of errors was kept in a low level. The participants could choose independently of his performance in the parameters analyzed. The study brings a contribution to vocational training programs for the severely retarded and to the development of a common interface with the areas of Behavior Analysis, Special Education and Ergonomics and brings practical implications for the design of teach procedures for mentally retarded.
Caracterização populacional em camarões marinhos Rimapenaeus constrictus (Stimpson, 1874), utilizando marcadores microssatélites e análises morfométricas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Silva, Thiago Buosi; Galetti Júnior, Pedro Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7434420042621575
Shrimp capture is one of the most important fishing activities and has been growing in the last years due to an increment in the fishing effort and the larger number and enhanced fishing power of the shrimp boats. Thus, most of the penaeid stocks are being threatened by overexploitation. For our object of study we used the marine shrimp species Rimapenaeus constrictus, captured off the coast of Guarapari, Espírito Santo and the coast of Ubatuba, São Paulo. These points were strategically chosen since they are located above and below the Cabo Frio upwelling, a potential geographic barrier for the dispersion of marine organisms. Genetic studies, through the development and analysis of molecular microsatellite markers, and morphometric studies were performed in order to determine if there is any structure in the populations of this region. The HE and HO values of the four developed polymorphic microsatellite loci were 0.502 and 0.283 for Ubatuba and 0.473 and 0.374 for Guarapari. The FST estimate between the populations (0.0012; p = 0.1500) and probability (Bayesian method; p = 0.993) indicate that these populations behave as a single one, contrasting with the results of the multivariate analyses of the morphometric data. The gene flow rate between the populations may be attributed to the pronounced larval dispersion led by the surface current system of the Brazilian coast. Different patterns of growth and weight gain may have been responsible for the structure based on the morphometric data. Although a raise in the sample and microsatellite numbers are necessary, this study was valuable as it produced knowledge that is useful for the conservation of this species.
Obtenção, propriedades e fenomenologia de materiais ferroelétricos com estrutura tungstênio bronze
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Zambrano, Michel Venet; Garcia, Ducinei; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5236758856687873; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1830376229286038
The processing of lead metaniobate (PN) ferroelectric ceramics was optimized, therefore, in this work, the main details to obtain PN ceramics with density higher than 96 % of the ideal density are presented and discussed. Taking into account the potential of the lead metaniobate for different applications, mainly for high temperatures, the phase transition characteristics of this material, in both undoped and doped compositions, were detaily investigated. It was verified that the addition of Ti4+ enhances the densification and increase the Curie temperature. Nevertheless, the ferro-paraelectric phase transition is affected by an electric conductive process, which appears in temperatures below and above the Curie temperature. The double ionized oxygen vacancies are proposed to be the charge carriers responsible for this conductive process. The undoped and Ti4+-doped PN ceramics show low values of the mechanical quality factor and high piezoelectric anisotropy, which are desired characteristics for the fabrication of broad band electro-mechanical transducers, mainly to operate in the thickness mode. The addition of Ba2+ to the PN (PBN) considerably decreases the Curie temperature, but it induces a phase transition, leading to the formation of a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) around the composition with 37 % of Ba2+, in which some properties are enhanced. In this way, the characteristics of the ferro-paraelectric phase transition, for compositions around the MPB, were investigated for Ba2+-doped PN ceramics, textured by hot forging. It was found that the MPB extends towards a wide composition range, in which both tetragonal 4mm and orthorhombic m2m tungsten bronze (TB) phases coexist. In addition, with the increasing temperature, two phase transitions were observed for this composition range. First, the material portion with orthorhombic (m2m) symmetry transforms into the tetragonal (4mm) phase and, second, the 4mm phase (that represents the material in its totality) transforms into the paraelectric phase with the tetragonal 4/mmm TB symmetry. These results helped to complete the reported PBN phase diagram. Moreover, it was found that the La3+ addition to the PBN, for the composition with 56 % of Pb2+, induces the formation of the orthorhombic (m2m) phase. All the (doped and undoped) PN ceramics showed two dielectric dispersion processes at low temperatures, i.e. from 30 to 300 K, which seems to be an inherent feature of all materials with TB structure and ((A1)x(A2)5-xNb10O30) structural formula. The two processes were associated to a phase transition and the formation of incommensurate structures, respectively. The influence of such incommensurate structures on the relaxor behavior and diffusivity of the ferro-paraelectric phase transition was also analyzed.
Ecologia trófica da comunidade de peixes do reservatório do Lobo (Broa), Brotas-Itirapina/SP, com ênfase à introdução recente da espécie alóctone Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-23) Velludo, Marcela Roquetti; Verani, Nelsy Fenerich; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1849919927223660
The introduction of predatory species has carrying deep modifications on the original fish wildlife structure at aquatic environments. The feeding spectrum characterization of fish community from Lobo Reservoir (Broa), beside providing information about the species biology and establishing trophic guilds, made possible the follow-up of trophic alterations due the dam constructions and species introduction, beyond to propose ways of mitigation or management in order to sustain the environment fishery production. The Alimentary Index was used to see the features of the species feeding habits, and to verify if competition exists among the species, was used the Overlap and Similarity Index among the diets. A total of 23 species were collected and distributed in five trophic guilds. Three species present omnivorous diet, six species had shown insectivorous diet and present the major number of individuals, and the piscivorousinsetivorous guild presented two species. The piscivorous are represented by Hoplias malabaricus and Cichla kelberi. Cyphocarax modestus is real iliophagus, but his diet is quite similar to the Hypostomus ancistroides, detritivorous, and to the omnivorousdetritivorous Geophagus brasiliensis, Oreochromis niloticus and Phalloceros caudimaculatus. Poecilia reticulata presented a detritivorous diet, but with large participation of insects, and the diet of Serrapinnus heterodon is described as phytoplancktophagus. In the general community analisys was observed that peacook bass do not present overlap related to any specie, but his ascendancy on the community is shown through the restriction on the distribution of P. caudimaculatus and Corydoras aeneus and abstence of Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus and Cetopsorhamdia iheringi. It was observed yet a decrease of relative occurrence of G. brasiliensis e H. malabaricus and an increase of C. kelberi and Astyanax altiparanae, related to previous researches. Therefore, we are dealing with an environment disturbed by the establishing of peacook bass, despite his recently introduction, being indispensable the follow-up and management in order to dimishing the impacts already showed