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Aspectos analíticos em TS-FF-AAS: estudo de interferências e aplicação para a determinação de metais em vinhos e sucos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Schiavo, Daniela; Nóbrega, Joaquim de Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8833989058164529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2383204240089779
In this work, it was evaluated the effects of interferences caused by major and minor constituents on Co, Cu and Mn atomized by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FFAAS). The main concomitants were chosen according to the typical concentrations found in foods and beverages. The liquid samples were propelled by a peristaltic pump through a ceramic capillary conductively heated by a flame and then into a nickel tube. The nickel tube was positioned on a lab-made stainless steel support with four ceramic pins on the flame burner. The thermospray was generated inside the heated ceramic capillary in contact with the nickel tube. The samples were introduced into the flame heated tube without the need of a nebulizer. Additionally, the sensitivity was significantly improved by increasing the residence time of the free analyte atoms in the observation zone. Severe interference effects were observed for all analytes. These interference processes require the application of either previous separation steps or special strategies of calibration. Afterwards, the applicability of TS-FF-AAS was evaluated for direct determination of Cu, Cd and Pb in wines and grape juices. The developed procedure did not require any step of digestion. The effect of ethanol was evaluated and samples were properly diluted before measurements. All determinations were carried out adopting optimized conditions and quantification was based on the standard additions method. Limits of detection (LOD) of 12.9, 1.7 and 5.32 µg L-1 (n = 14) for Cu, Cd and Pb, respectively, were obtained using optimized conditions for wine samples. Relative standard deviations (RSD, %) of 2.7, 2.1 and 2.6% for Cu, Cd and Pb were obtained (n = 6). Limits of detection (LOD) for grape juice samples were 13.7, 0.90 and 5.55 µg L-1 and relative standard deviations (RSD, %) of 3.3, 2.0 and 2.3 for Cu, Cd and Pb, respectively. The analytical throughput was 45 determinations h-1 and accuracy was proved by addition-recovery experiments.
Governança corporativa e mídia : a construção do mercado financeiro no Brasil.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Leite, Elaine da Silveira; Grün, Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6028266827740491; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7187331231544047
The objective of this work is to sketch a cognitive framing reflecting on the corporate governance issue as a condition for the Brazilian financial market construction. To reach this objective, it was made a bibliographical revision about the corporate governance issue, which took to a preliminary study with the shareholders and their representative entity aiming to verify the convergence of diverse entrepreneurs speeches regarding the corporate governance. The following chapter is about how the media frame the corporate governance question in the press Revista Exame and the newspapers Gazeta Mercantil, Valor Econômico, Folha de São Paulo and O Estado de São Paulo. The Economic Sociology approach helps to understand these data results aiming to apprehend the new dynamics in the brazilian imaginary fomented by the corporate governance ideology.
Ontogênese do seguimento de instruções: o papel da formação de classes de equivalência
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Postalli, Lidia Maria Marson; Souza, Deisy das Graças de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4404800720856419; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2748282330028870
Responding under the control of verbal commands is an important component of human learning. The stimulus equivalence paradigm, as a model of symbolic behavior, is useful in explaining how instructions specify contingencies of reinforcement: Words can become members of equivalence classes with other stimuli (the referents) such as objects, actions, relations, etc. This study investigated the formation of stimulus classes among pseudo-words (verbs) and phrases (verbs and nouns). The specific goals were to verify 1) whether the pseudo-words would become equivalent to actions and objects (presented as recorded videotapes) and abstract pictures; 2) whether the words and pictures would acquire instructional control over the non-verbal responding (performing the actions, in isolation or directed to objects). Two experiments were conducted with children aged four to six years. Experiment I used verb-like pseudo-words (Set A), actions without a particular name established by the verbal community to which the participants belonged (Set B) and colorful abstract pictures (Set C). In Experiment II the auditory stimuli were pseudo-phrases (verb-object) and the videotaped actions were directed to objects. Matching-to-sample procedures, with three comparison stimuli, were used in both experiments to establish conditional discriminations among stimuli of Sets A and B (AB relations) and among stimuli of Sets A and C (AC relations) and test for class formation (BC and CB probe trials interspersed among baseline trials). In both experiments, all children learned the baseline of conditional discriminations AB and AC and demonstrated the formation of equivalence classes (BC and CB), relating, without direct training, pseudo-words or phrases, actions and abstract pictures. Tests for instructional control, conducted at the beginning of the study (pre-test), after children learned the conditional discriminations (intermediate test) and after the formation of classes (post-tests) demonstrated that the baseline was sufficient for establishing the control by spoken instructions, but not by the corresponding abstract pictures. After class formation, all children followed both kinds of instructions . However, when tests in Experiment II presented new phrases (recombinations of words from learned phrases), no children showed recombinative generalization. This raises a question about the necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing a generalized repertoire of instruction following based on equivalence relations. The present results replicated and extended the results of previous studies on equivalence relations as a mechanism by which instruction following could emerge as a derived repertoire, without explicit training
Avaliação e tratamento fisioterapêutico em trabalhadores portadores da síndrome do impacto do ombro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Camargo, Paula Rezende; Salvini, Tânia de Fátima; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4391969032505723; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7602596349127054
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a standardized supervised therapeutic program performed during working hours on physical function and pain in workers with shoulder impingement stages I and II. Methods: Fourteen assembly line male workers (31.93 ± 5.86 years) with unilateral shoulder impingement stages I and II. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire evaluated function of the upper limbs. The McGill Pain Questionnaire quantified the pain by the number of words chosen and the pain rating index (PRI). Physical performance was evaluated by torque, total work and acceleration time that were measured bilaterally during isokinetic concentric abduction and lateral and medial rotations in the scapular plane, at 60°/s and 180°/s. Subjects completed an eight-week intervention program, consisting of cryotherapy, strengthening and stretching exercises, performed twice a week during working hours, and they were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Results: DASH scores improved (P < 0.05) and the number of words chosen and PRI decreased (P < 0.05) at post-intervention. Torque improved (P < 0.05) in the abduction at 60°/s and in the medial rotation for both speeds after the therapeutic intervention. Total work increased (P < 0.05) at post-intervention for abduction and medial rotation at 60°/s and 180°/s. Acceleration time decreased (P < 0.05) in the abduction at 180°/s compared to the pre-intervention period. No changes were observed (P > 0.05) in any variable during lateral rotation. Conclusion: A rehabilitation program performed during working hours seems to improve symptom and physical performance in workers with shoulder impingement stages I and II.
Caracterização florística, fitossociológica e análise da relação entre a distribuição das espécies e a distância da margem de riachos intermitentes na bacia hidrográfica do rio Taperoá, semi-árido paraibano, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Lacerda, Alecksandra Vieira de; Nordi, Nivaldo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8168865557947289; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0681095036783163
The general aim of this study was to establish floristc and phytosociological characteristics of three riverine areas and to analyze the relationship between the distance from the edge of the water and the distribution of the bushlike and arboreous species in the hydrographic basin of the river Taperoá, in the semi-arid region of the state of Paraíba. The research was developed from january/2004 to june/2006 and comprehended riverine areas of the intermittent streams of Cazuzinha (7026 13 S and 36054 30 W; altitude 564-579 m), Mares (7031 53 S and 36033 39 W; altitude 536-550 m) and Farias (7025 33 S and 36029 21 W; altitude 454-470 m). The work of research has taken the following steps: 1) floristic survey of the bushlike and arboreous stratum and analysis of similarities between the sample observed in the area and other studies also developed in the basin of the river Taperoá; 2) characterization of phytosociological structure and 3) analysis of the relationship between the distance of the specimens from the three water courses and their floristc and phytosociological variations. In the first stage, nonsystematic collection of samples of the vegetation has been done monthly. For the second and third stages, 51 contiguous parcels of 10 X 20 m (1.02 ha) have been established for each area, distributed in three parallel strips of land along each course of water. Were measured standing specimens, alive or dead, whose trunk measured ≥ 3 cm of diameter at ground level (DNS) and whose total height was ≥ 1 m. In the floristic survey of the three areas, a total of 91 species was registered, of which 68 occurred in the area of the stream Cazuzinha, 62 in the stream Mares and 56 in the stream Farias. The families present in higher number of species and genuses were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Rubiaceae. Of the total of species registered for the three areas, 16 are present in the known lists of riverine bushes in other states of Brazil, 26 are endemic of the Caatinga (Brazilian northeastern savanna) and 13 of them had been exclusive of the researched area. The floristic analysis of similarities between the studied areas and the results of five other surveys indicates that floristic similarity between areas is related the geographic distance and characteristics of human occupation and use of the land. For this phytosociological survey, a total of 5,840 specimens have been observed, 5,126 of them alive specimens and 714 dead but still standing. 2,138 of the total observed specimens in the riverine vegetation of the stream Cazuzinha (2,096 individuals.ha-1), 1,838 in the stream Farias (1,802 individuals.ha-1) and 1,864 in the stream Mares (1,827 individuals.ha-1). The total basal area of riverine vegetation of the streams of the Cazuzinha, Farias and Mares were 25.4 m2.ha-1, 15.6 m2.ha-1 and 14.5 m2.ha-1, respectively. Considering each stream particularly, the three more important species in VI were: Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Combretum pisonioides and Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Cazuzinha) and Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Combretum leprosum and Croton sonderianus (Farias and Mares). The average height and diameter of the measured individuals were respectively: 5.4 m and 12.4 cm (Cazuzinha), 3.9 m and 10.5 cm (Farias) and 4.8 m and 10.1 cm (Mares). The values of diversity and equability have been respectively: 2.61 nats.ind.-1 and 0.66 (Cazuzinha), 2.18 nats.ind.-1 and 0.59 (Farias) and 2.77 nats.ind.-1 and 0.72 (Mares). The analysis of the relationship between the distance of the edge of three streams and floristic and phytosociological variations showed that the factor distance is determining for floristic wealth, once, in three environments, the first strip (Closest to stream) is responsible for the highest values in the species quantity. Some of these have occurred exclusively or preferentialy in one or two of the strips while other occurred in the three of them. Among the 10 higher Values of Importance (VI), it was observed that only Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Combretum leprosum and the dead category were present, in different hierarchical positions of VI, in all the strips of the three studied areas. Generally, the first strip (Closest to stream) distinguished itself of the other two (Halfway and Furthest from stream) for the highest total density and total basal area. In the case Cazuzinha and Farias, the values of diversity decreased from Closest to stream towards Furthest from stream; the inverse, however, occurred in the stream Mares where the values diminished from Furthest from stream to Closest to stream. The observed data of average height and diameter, with some exceptions, showed that Furthest from stream presented lesser values when compared to Closest to stream and Halfway. Therefore, we can conclude that the distance from courses of water, possibly depending on water contained in the ground, is one of the main factors that define distribution of the species in space. However, this study indicates the importance of more research in areas of Caatinga, aiming to confirm if the tendential preferences of the species, observed in the present study, are repeated in other conditions.
Desorientação urbana em idosos no município de São Carlos: fatores associados e possibilidades de intervenção
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Costa, Larissa Riani; Rebelatto, José Rubens; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1684247449456330; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0673238916097153
The world elderly population has gradually increased and, as a consequence, problems associated with the aging process assume greater relevance. In Brazil, the population aging is occurring in a sudden way, what makes difficult the regulation of the social and health systems according to the new demands. Nowadays, one of the problems faced inside the urban centers is related to the fact that the elderly people get lost, in the sense that they lose themselves, living a kind of urban disorientation . This study aimed to characterize in what conditions (environmental and personal ones) occurred the episodes of urban disorientation among elderly people in the city of São Carlos, to identify possible factors which are associated to this disorientation and to propose interventions preventing or minimizing theirs impacts. People who took part in this study were 80 elders from both genders, with ages between 60 and 98 year old (mean of 72 ± 10 years) living in the city of São Carlos SP. This sample was divided into three groups: GROUP OF L CASES ( L from localização in Portuguese, the same as localization in English), constituted by 15 elders who presented difficulties in momentary localization; GROUP OF P CASES ( P from perder-se in Portuguese, the same as to lose oneself in English), constituted by 30 elders who getting lost and CONTROL GROUP, constituted by 35 elders who did not present urban disorientation . The data were obtained through the application of questionnaires and of the Mini-Mental State Examination . The hypothesis of the association between the investigated variables and the urban disorientation was analyzed through the use of the Pearson s chisquare test, (significance level a=0.05) and of the method of the Correspondence Analysis . The characteristics of the places where the episodes of urban disorientation occurred were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical techniques. The percentages of elders who obtained scores below the threshold in the examination of the Mini-Mental State Examination were: 39% in the GROUP OF L CASES ; 36% in the GROUP OF P CASES and 29% in the CONTROL GROUP. The results of the Pearson s chi-square test indicated as variables associated to the urban disorientation the following items: psychiatric disease, in the sample of institutionalized elders, and sleeping problem and diabetes in the sample of non-institutionalized elders. In the Correspondence Analysis , the variables associated to the urban disorientation were: to live in São Carlos for less than 20 years; health state self-referred as poor or very poor; the use of psychoactive medicines and to suffer from depression, besides the sleeping problems and the diabetes, which were also identified in the Pearson s chi-square test. In relation to the environmental characteristics of the places where the episodes of urban disorientation occurred, 20% of the elderly people involved in the research reported its occurrence in places with signposting problems (the lack of signposts, inappropriate public lighting and changes of the urban landscape); 40% informed the non-existence of environmental problems and justified their disorientation by explaining their difficulties in remembering the way they walked around, their momentary mental confusion, their serious loss of memory, their sudden space disorientation, their changes of mood and, finally, their recent coming to the city of São Carlos, and 40% did not remember the characteristics of the place. From the results, proposals of interventions in the health system and in its public policies were elaborated, with the intention of preventing and/or of minimizing the impacts of the urban disorientation .
Impacto de diferentes condições de ensino no preparo de agentes educativos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Lorena, Angela Bernardo de; Cortegoso, Ana Lúcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1950981697668366
The present study investigated the effects of the training of psychology students in the application of a software developed for teaching reading skills to children with reported academic failure. This training was composed by teaching conditions proposed from the elaboration of a teaching program. These conditions was developed for promoting those children s learning, based on a technology derived from the experimental analysis of behavior in the context special education. For the implementation of the training, the students were presented with different suggested teaching conditions: presentation of the exercises in the classroom; visit to the laboratory, which included a presentation of how the computerized program works; simulation of settings in which the program was applied; participative supervision of the participant s performance; reading of the manual with written instructions. A follow up on the upholding of learning in the participant s performance was also performed with no direct interference by the experimenter (final observation). The teaching conditions were assessed in terms of the contribution of each condition in the development of educational capabilities in the participants, as well as in terms of possibilities of improvement of each condition. The target behaviors (skills to be developed in the participants) were observed and recorded in terms of occurrence, non-occurrence, or aided occurrence; a different set of target behaviors were recorded as they occurred during the sessions of application of the software. The results from 22 participants that were presented with the different conditions of the training program were grouped by the 10 possible sequences of presentation of the conditions. In general, all participants showed an increase in the percentage of target behaviors performed, with a decrease in the percentage of occurrence and aided occurrence recorded between the first and the last condition. In addition, was analyzed the conditions individually (simulation, supervision and final observation) independent of the sequence of conditions to which they were presented. An evaluation of the teaching conditions by the participants was also used, with the assessment of their opinion on the positive and negative aspects of the training. The main conclusions on the relative contribution of each condition were: the simulation condition seemed to be more efficient in reducing the frequency of non-occurrence of the target behaviors; the supervision condition seemed to be more efficient in reducing aided occurrence of the target behaviors; it was not possible to make inferences about the impact of reading the manual, as participants that were not presented with this condition had a similar performance when compared with the participants the were presented with that condition performance of the participants was unstable, which suggests the need for revising relevant aspects to the development of teaching programs; the number of sessions might have played a more important role in the participants performance than the sequence of conditions to which they were presented. Finally, the present study raised important issues to be considered in the training of new agents, and suggests further experiments to investigate the limitations observed.
Comportamento de vigas protendidas pré-moldadas com ligações semi-rígidas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Catoia, Bruna; Ferreira, Marcelo de Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4199122391532470; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9263113895699355
The behaviour of prestressed precast beams is directly affected by the rotational stiffness of the end connections. Although the prestressed beam presents a linear behaviour in service, the effective behaviour of the precast beam depends on the interaction of the beam with the behaviour of its connections. The majority of the experimental investigations on semi-rigid connections in precast concrete structures are focused on the testing of isolated models of connections aiming to the characterization of their moment-rotation relationships. However, the effective behaviour of precast beams with semi-rigid connections can only be determined through tests of precast subframes, wherein the interaction of the beam with its connections can be evaluated. The present research presents a development of an experimental procedure for testing of precast subframes with semi-rigid connections, which integrates analytical equations, allowing estimate the partial restrained moment at the beam-column connections. Using this approach, this research presents the results of an experimental investigation. With the experimental inquiry of the prestressed beam behavior together with the beam-column connections of extremity, through physical tests, was possible esteem the partial restrained in the beam-column connections, despite in exploratory character. Were testing two models, being one compose for a prestressed beam with semi-rigid connections, and the other compose for a simply supported prestressed beam With the analyses of the experimental results for the studied models, the effective restrained of the connections, in other words, the capacity of restriction to the rotation of beam-column connections of extremity in the U.L.S, was esteem as being a value between 60% and 70%, presenting, thus, a good performance. Although these results are restricted to the negative moments, it gives credit that these connections possess one high potential for application in porches, because the detail used in the interface between the beam and the column made possible a bigger capacity of restriction to the rotation of the connection
Práticas organizativas do MST e relações de poder em acampamentos/assentamentos do estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Silva, Luciana Henrique da; Villa, Marco Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4971884503882168
This thesis aimed at analyzing the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) organizational practices and its power relationships within the State of São Paulo campsites and settlements. MST acquired a never before seen dimension among the history of other characters in the struggle for land, constantly broadening its claims alternatives, interventions and alliance network. In recent times, amidst the campaigns supported by the movement there are those against genetically modified foods and against AFTA. The movement s organization has been re-issued in MST s formation material for several years. What however replaces the same question? What are the movement s strategies and its forms of organization and staff selection? In what measure its members consciousness is built ? How members are indicated to determinate tasks or positions ? Those were some of the questions we put to ourselves. Data were collected through the reading of manuals, newspapers, magazines and other material produced by the movement; as well as through interviews with camped and settled families, with militants and with leaderships; nevertheless, through participant observation of several events, seminars and courses also organized by the movement. In a certain way, we could observe that MST politics longevity is mainly due to this organizational structure and to the professionalizing of its direction board, what guarantee its political authority, personified in its main leaderships. We shall add to that the fact that the movement finds itself nationally and internationally articulated in a network of support and political and, occasionally, economic background. Militants and directors are submitted to a series of principles and politic lines that provide unit to the movement, re-enforced in its formation material and courses. By means of the same mechanisms, tasks delegation and evaluation criteria are stipulated. Militant conduct is observed by other members and this is an indispensable factor for further indications to upper levels of complexity and responsibility tasks. We could observe that camped members attain themselves mobilized to activities because they believe it is a path to obtain land, once their place in the camping is due to the movement, and militants and directors mostly detain the territory, the forms and strategies of organization domain. In settlements there is a smaller political participation. It is common to find settlers concerned only to their families and their allotments care, and not actively participating in the movement s activities. Families show themselves reluctant to militant intervention, choosing rather to constitute affinity groups in order to solve their community problems. In other hand, those social relations can not be understood as separated or distant from social dynamics itself, what ends up producing arrangements and re-arrangements of organizational structures, new inventions within organization forms and new subjects. From established relationships emerge new though marginal or submersed relationships that allow us to allude to new experiences of social transformation.
Desempenho de filtros fibrosos operando na remoção de partículas nanométricas de aerossóis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Steffens, Juliana; Coury, José Renato; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2953935460166799
The increase in the air pollution in the last decades is causing a strong increase in the monitoring and control of emissions of particulate matter in the atmosphere, in order to minimize the problems caused to the environment and to the human health. Particularly, the behavior nanometric particles in the air needs special attention. The fiber filters, one of the oldest methods of particle removal, are, in principle, capable to operate in this size range, but data on their performance are still scarce. In this work, the behavior of an industrial filter of polyester and of a high efficiency (HEPA) filter was studied with the intention of evaluating their performance operating in the removal of nanometric particles from aerosols. The polyester filter had a porosity of 0.884, a thickness of 4.5 mm and diameter of fiber of 16 m and the HEPA filter the porosity of 0.920, thickness of 0.4 mm and diameter of fibers between 0.075 and 2.35 µm. The test aerosol was composed by monodispersed NaCl particles, obtained from the Electrospray Aerosol Generator, model 3480, from TSI, using salt solutions in concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0 g/L. The size of the generated particles varied from 8.4 to 94.8 nm. To determine this diameter, images in an Electronic Transmission Microscope were obtained and analyzed in the image analyzer Image Pro Plus, 3.0. The filtration device was built in acrylic with a filtration area of 40 cm2. The performance of the filters was evaluated through the analysis of the collection efficiency of the nanometric particles, by counting the particles before and after the filter, using a TSI Condensation Nuclei Particle Counter , model 3007. The filter of polyester showed a maximum collection efficiency of 0.990. The HEPA filter demonstrated its capacity to collect particles in this size range, obtaining larger efficiencies than 0.99994. The increase of the filtration velocity, as well as the increase of the diameter of the particles resulted in smaller efficiencies in both filters, typical behavior of filters operating in the range of predominance of the diffusional mechanism. When compared to theoretical models form the literature, it was verified poor fitting. Therefore, it is suggested an adjustment to the LIU and RUBOW (1990) model, and an effective increase in the mechanism of direct interception caused by the Brownian motion was introduced. In the case of the HEPA filters, considering the observed discrepancy between theory and experiment, an approach that took into account the fiber size distribution of the filter was proposed. In both cases a sensitive improvement was verified in the adjustment of the theoretical prediction to the experimental data
Interação entre a matéria orgânica natural, o cobre e microorganismos heterotróficos: implicações na dinâmica do metal e sua disponibilização para a biota aquática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Nogueira, Patrícia Franklin Mayrink; Melão, Maria da Graça Gama; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8342306603661310; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8061160175826854
The increasing eutrophication and contamination of aquatic ecosystems motivates the study of interactions between natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), metals and the biota. Metals are mainly released into the environment by industrial processes, whereas organic materials through municipal sewage sludge. The association of these two processes and its effect on the environment poses unknown risks to aquatic communities. The support capacity of aquatic systems is related to its ability to associate with dissolved elements. In this study, the complexation capacity of Monjolinho Reservoir (eutrophic), from which the test organisms were obtained, was evaluated. The results showed that two copper-complexing sites were present, what contributes to the low free copper ion concentration in such environment. It is known that natural DOM is formed by humic like and recently produced organic compounds. Suwannee River natural organic matter was used throughout this investigation as models of humic substance DOM (commercial standard), whereas as model substance of recently produced organic material, cyanobacteria (Anabaena spiroides) exopolysaccharides were used. Considering that the environmental fate and chemical speciation of copper are dominated by natural DOM and that heterotrophic bacteria processes are responsible for nutrient regeneration, carbon transfer and energy, it was also investigated the influence of the interaction DOM-Cuorganisms on copper dynamic and bioavailability. The results showed that the natural bacteria population was copper resistant, tolerating up to 10-6 M total copper concentration. The degradation of DOM by heterotrophic bacteria, detected by fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed that after Cu-complexed DOM degradation, the metal was liberated into the environment, causing toxicity and bioaccumulation in the microbial food chain. Nevertheless, this was less pronounced when the organic materials were exopolysaccharides. In general, the results showed that copper complexed to natural DOM or exopolysaccharides was less toxic to the organisms than free copper ions. The present results are a contribution to aquatic ecosystems management and to the knowledge of copper speciation, availability and interaction with aquatic organisms, as it relates to dissolved organic materials in aquatic ecosystems.
Diálogos no signo América Latina: da Lingüística à Filosofia Política
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Oliveira, Fabrício César de; Miotello, Valdemir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9131819326282708; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4229128564358595
Contribuições para o controle experimental na aprendizagem de discriminações por bebês.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Oliveira, Thais Porlan de; Gil, Maria Stella Coutinho de Alcântara; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1673770301699940; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4681384589017435
The literature has emphasized the necessary investigation of the variables acting in conditional discrimination learning for infants in experimental and natural situations. Part of the challenge in reaching the research goals with this population lies in the difficulties of dealing with young children during experimental situations, controlling the presence of the adult who is the source of social reinforcements and in the necessity of considering the peculiarities in the population s behavior. The work objective was to identify efficient experimental variables to teach simple discrimination and identity matching tasks to infants. Three studies were conducted. In Studies 1 and 2, data was collected from four 12 to 25-month-old participants in an experimental situation organized at their daycare center. Several toys exerted different stimulus functions and were exposed to the infants in an apparatus especially designed for this study. The participants worked on simple discrimination and identity matching tasks, during which the following variables were manipulated: training procedures; play characteristics with the adult during the moments of manipulation of toys other than the experimental ones; play characteristics with the adult while using the toys that had the Sr role. The decisions about the manipulation of variables were made based on constant analysis of each participant s performance. In the third study, data was collected from one 17-month-old participant in his own house. Pictures of animals classified as familiar or unfamiliar to the infant exerted stimulus function and were presented by the mother in matching auditory-visual tasks, matching dictated names and figures. The three studies results showed how efficient the manipulation of variables is to simple and conditional discrimination learning examination. The variables considered critical were related to designed experimental conditions, including the training procedures, the stimulus selection, the gauging of responses and the reinforcement nature. The general discussion emphasized the beneficial relation between experimental research and natural situation investigations, due to the possibility of identifying stimulus classes, response classes and appropriate procedures to teaching simple discrimination and identity matching to infants.
Avaliação do comportamento eletroquímico de juntas soldadas de aço inoxidável supermartensítico por feixe de elétrons baixo vácuo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Aquino, José Mario de; Kuri, Sebastião Elias; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6842072916153866; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8847710280926769
The electrochemical evaluation of low vacuum electron beam weldments of supermartensitic stainless steel was carried out in terms of anodic polarization in potentiodynamic regime, intergranular corrosion by double loop electrochemical reactivation technique, pitting corrosion determination by cyclic voltammetry and by the measurement of the corrosion rate employing the polarization resistance method. The studied materials consisted of specimens extracted from the inner part of the weldments, by electroerosion, which resulted in representative samples of the base metal, heat affected zone and weld metal. The base material was a medium (12Cr-4,5Ni-1,5Mo) and high (12Cr-6,5Ni-2,5Mo) alloy of supermartensitic steel which was welded using matching consumables. In addition, samples of the autogenous condition were submitted to the analyses in order to compare the consumable effect on the corrosion behaviour. The electrochemical tests revealed that the corrosion resistance increased from the base to the weld metal, with the occurrence of precipitation redissolution in the heat affected zone. During the polarization measurements, a second activation peak arose mainly from the base metal samples. This phenomenon also appeared along the intergranular measurements and was due to the corrosion of distinct regions when cathodically reactivated. Furthermore, the degree of sensitization, represented by chromium depleted regions and measured according to intergranular corrosion tests, showed an indirect relation with pitting potential: as the sensitization areas increase, so the probability to nucleate a pit, and hence the lower is its potential. The polarization resistance method showed a dependence with the cathodic range in the medium alloy samples.
Ensino do direito do trabalho : - ensino positivado e sua perspectiva social -
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Barros, Renato Cassio Soares de; Tagliavini, João Virgílio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1897557744040137
Efeitos da natação sustentada no crescimento, na densidade de estocagem e na composição corporal em juvenis de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus. Aspectos adaptativos e respostas metabólicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Rojas, Gustavo Alberto Arbeláez; Moraes, Gilberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4427903557163246; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5851838744908792
Fast growth, followed by high stocking density set up productivity and profitability in aquaculture intensive systems. These are actually challenges for fish producers and researchers. Matrinxa, Brycon amazonicus is a Neotropical Characiform that presents high growth rates, good quality filet, easy adaptation to artificial diets, and good commercial values. It is a reofilic species, demands good waters, lives in rapids, shows a biological plasticity, which make it proper to intensive fish culture. It presents a good potential to studies on sustained exercise and under high stocking densities. Therefore, the present study was focused in the investigation of the swimming effects on growth, stocking density and body composition as well as in the evaluation of the metabolic responses and adaptive aspects in juvenile matrinxa submitted to increasing swimming speeds associated to long term sustained exercise. To investigate the effects of swimming speeds, 100 juveniles of matrinxa with initial average weight and size of 33.33±0.95 g and 13.44±0.10 cm respectively were transferred to five fiber glass tanks under water speed of: 0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 BL/sec (body length) for 90 days. In a second trial 210 juveniles of matrinxa with average length and size of 18.44±0.1 g and 12.33±0.5cm respectively, were divided into two groups. One group was endured at 1BL/sec and stocked at three densities (88, 176 and 353 fish per m3) in circular tanks of 250L; a second group of fish were endured the same density conditions but without exercise for 70 days. The water speed affected the growth in both trials. In the first trial the highest growth rates were observed in fish that swam 1 and 1.5 BL/sec. The average weight was 20% higher than control and than the highest water speed (2.5 BL/sec). In the second trial the highest growth and survival were observed in the exercised group and stocked in the average density. The adaptive responses biochemical, physiological observed through the intermediary metabolites in plasma and tissues (liver, white muscle and red muscle), hematological parameters, ions, hormonal, in the juveniles of matrinxa under several water speed and several stock densities indicate that matrinxa is a fish species well responsive to exercise stimulus, and adapts easily to confinement at high stock densities.
Avaliação do gerenciamento de perdas de água por vazamentos em municípios de médio porte
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Santos, Erivelton Bortoli dos; Barbassa, Ademir Paceli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2979012440240781; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5110770819030369
The amount of water that is lost for leakage in Brazil discloses a scene with diametrical opposing extremities. On the other hand a significant of the population without supplying and the other exists part “more privileged” parcel that it even enjoys of the possibility of wastefulness, either for the inadequate use of this natural resources that also tend to the scarcity or for the recklessness and lack of interest of the operators who supply the service without the apparent concern in reducing or minimizing the index of losses, that has a national average that if it approaches to 40%. The information that the value of the index of losses is equal 40% is equivalent to say that for each liter of water produced and supplied to the consumers, almost another liter is not invoiced, maybe for imperfections of measurement (sub-measurement) and frauds in the hydrometer or for leakage in the net. With regard to the components of the index of loss, research made in diverse equipment indicates the average value of 8% to the hydrometer, being difficult esteem a value of the frauds. However, normally, excepting the cases of the clandestine linkings in slum quarters, superior values do not meet 1% for the frauds, what it leads to simply admit an average loss due to leakage reaching 31%. In this work it was looked to raise and to relate the actions managemental that has contributed for the success in the reduction of the index of losses, also promoting the maintenance in average values around 25%. The systems had been characterized in terms of infrastructure, existing measurements, management, and qualification of in charge staff it combat to the losses. Through experiences and comparison to the data of literature it was possible to identify practical, recommendable matter and technologies to the reduction of losses of water. The use of percentile indicators of each stage of the management was considered the use of a new indicator, called indicating generality of the management of loss of water (iggpa), where it is possible to evaluate the general conditions of operation of the system. The application of the considered indicators allows to the accomplishment of a diagnosis of the system with subsidies for the planning and implantation of a system of management of losses.
Tertúlia Literária Dialógica entre crianças e adolescentes: conversando sobre âmbitos da vida
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Girotto, Vanessa Cristina; Mello, Roseli Rodrigues de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1898701586881222
The aim of this paper was to understand which educational processes have been established throughout a Dialog Literary Meeting formed by a group of children and teenagers living on the outskirts of São Paulo interior. Understanding how these kids were able to mingle their personal stories with the ones read during the activities and the dynamics experienced was also intended. The stories chosen to be read were all from the universal and national classics, which was the main concept in the proposed activity. The reading of classics represents the providing function of dialog learning at the dialog literary meetings, overcoming the widespread idea of determining those who can and who cannot have access to high-class knowledge in the informational capitalist society, which consequently marginalizes many groups and cultures. In order to accomplish the research, a group of children and teenagers was formed in their own neighborhood and one of its primary schools has provided a room for the weekly meetings. The group was introduced in January/2006 and the data capture was accomplished up to December of the same year. Moreover, it s worth mentioning that the activity remains active in the same neighborhood and there is no prediction for that to end, which was a wish pointed by the participants and their families. Basing the research on the reference of the communicative methodology whose aim is to explain the reality, among others, in-depth interviews with the children as well as teenagers and their relatives were carried out throughout 2006. Such a technique enables the researcher to know the various meanings attributed to a certain reality by the participants. The interpretation of reality together with the participants themselves was also intended in this methodology, which was accomplished through the creation of a communicative discussion group having children and teenagers as its members as well as their relatives later on, so that researcher and participants were able to discourse and reflect on their own interpretations in order to make them worth. In the discussion group with children and teenagers an activity-day video highlighting the richness of some moments experienced at the meetings was shown. In order to analyze de data capture, the data originated from the interviews and journals which accompanied all the research period were used, besides observations and conversations in the activity. On the theoretical reference, the principles of the Dialog Literary Meeting were related, as well as the authors giving them the proper support. A recall of the history of literature was also carried out in order to assure the value of classical literature as the one which provides the building of dialog, reflection and emancipation spaces. Throughout this process, the literature aimed to children was highlighted, since the research was accomplished with children and teenagers. The outcomes which have been achieved allowed the revelation of numerous learning transferences and knowledge acquired by the children and teenagers involved in the activity, as well as spreading them to other environments such as schools, family, etc. Moreover, the research has indicated several changes in habits and attitudes belonging to these children and teenagers which were acquired through the appropriateness of the principles of the dialog learning in their lives.
Aquisição dos operantes verbais de tato e de mando por deficientes mentais através de discriminações condicionais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Ribeiro, Daniela Mendonça; Goyos, Antônio Celso de Noronha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3407008711535651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9137388590869969
The current study had the purpose of analyzing the acquisition of selection-based tacts through conditional discriminations and the emergence of these signs as topography-based tact and as mand by four mentally retarded, hearing-able adolescents with language delay and no previous experience with signs from Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS). Experimental stimuli were divided into three sets of six elements each. Set A consisted of signs from LIBRAS, presented through video as sample stimuli, set B consisted of pictures corresponding to the signs and set C consisted of three pairs of real objects corresponding to set B pictures. First, stimulus set B objects were presented to the participants in pairs: safe box and key, bottle and opener, juice and straw. In the presence of each pair, the participant was instructed to combine the objects to reach the content. Each trial was followed by the consumption of the preferred item each pair presented. Second, conditional discriminations between stimulus sets A and B (AB) were taught through matching-to-sample tasks. Correct choices were followed by verbal praise and tokens that could be exchanged with preferred items at the end of each session. Contingent upon incorrect choices, there was a two-second interval followed by the presentation of the next trial. After reaching criterion in selection-based tact (AB relation), tests for the emergence of BA relations, topography-based tact were introduced. During these tests, elements of set B stimuli were presented as sample, followed by oral instructions expressively asking the participant to emit the proper corresponding signs. Response set A was the set of signs from LIBRAS emitted by the participants. Contingencies for correct and incorrect responses were the same as in training. After that, a test for emergence of the verbal operant mand was introduced. Objects from set C were presented alone, one from each of the pairs presented in the first phase, and the participant was required to sign which was the missing object. Correct signs were followed by the object and the consumption of the preferred item. Results varied across participants. The three participants who completed the study met criterion in AB relations referring to selectionbased tact, however, for two of these participants, protracted training was necessary. Moreover they showed the emergence of at least one sign during BA relations. Conditional discriminations training through matching-to-sample tasks yielded promising results. However, some relevant variables still require greater experimental control. These variables are related to the instructions, the schedule of reinforcement and the criterion in experimental conditions. Only one participant was presented to the test for the emergence of mand verbal operant and presented positive results. This suggests that the manipulation of motivating operations can facilitate the emission of mand responses without direct training. Although data about the emergence of new behaviors seem optimistic greater generalization of results has to be obtained. Moreover, it is necessary to continue the investigation of the conditions under which the emergence of new behaviors occur.
Utilização de contos de fadas e atividades simbólicas na compreensão de crianças vítimas de violência
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-02-28) Alves, Heliana Castro; Emmel, Maria Luisa Guillaumon; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1048145085222187
Based on an ecological perspective from a multifactorial analysis of the domestic violence phenomenon and on theories that consider the importance of the Fairy-Tales in the infantile emotional development, this research was proposed with a group of children who were victims of domestic violence. The main objectives of this study were: describing the impact of Fairy-Tales narratives at the emergence of latent emotional contents from the playful sequential actions and from the verbalizations of the participants; setting considerations on the context in which the child grows up from an ecological view about the phenomenon and identifying elements that offer evidences of contributions of a storytelling program and of playful activities for the emotional development of children in a violence context. The research had a qualitative character, being itself as a case study. Semi-structured interviews were done with the people who took care of the children and with people legally in charge of them and interventions with the group such as sessions of storytelling and symbolic activities took place. To collect the data, the sessions were recorded on video and, as a complementary form of register, a Field Diary was made. The interviews with the adults legally in charge of the children were recorded on audio. To analyze and treat the data, a content and thematic analysis system was used, being the texts and images dismembered in register units. As theoretical basis, the researcher used the ecological theory of human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner, taking into consideration the process of exchange that occur inside and between the systems built by the individuals, and the psychoanalysis of the understanding of the oral narratives impact at the emotional development of each child. The results of the research pointed to the familiar microsystem (intergenerational transmission), exosystem, mesosystem and macrosystem as risk factors to the development of children and to the domestic violence installation. In relation to the storytelling activities, the imaginary world was structured around the elements offered by the tales, and, at the same time, it condensed some aspects of the child s life story. The compiled data suggest that the oral narratives can act as a support, mixing in themselves the elements repertory that awakes in children the contents related to the personal experiences. These elements build the imaginary world and the playful actions, providing, occasionally, the expression of the experienced violence