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Transição de fase quântica e modelos de spins frustrados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-03-15) Azevedo, José Roberto Viana; Sousa, José Ricardo de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3871066069541626; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7115884585420145
In this thesis, we will study the quantum phase transition of frustrated quantum spin models: (i) van Hemmen model ( S = 1) with transverse and anisotropic biaxial field (ii) Heisenberg model (S = 1/2 ) with competitive interaction first and second nearest neighbours (J1-J2 model) (iii) Ising model with transverse field and first magnetic model is studied to simulate the spin glass properties in real systems like the magnetic susceptibility cusp. We use the bimodal and gaussian probability distribution for random interactions. Applying the first-order approximation to decouple the products of exponential of operators, we calculate free energy and order parameter. Both, the transverse field and anisotropic transverse field destroy the spin glass order. In the second model, we use the effective field theory with differential operator technique and effective field renormalization group (EFRG) formalism. The phase diagrams are determined where are observe ferromagnetic (F), antiferromagnetic (AF) and superantiferromagnetic (SAF) states. In case of Heisenberg model in a square lattice at T=0, we have a quantum paramagnetic state that has been considered as a spin-liquid (SL) state in literature. For a simple cubic lattice, this spin-liquid state has not been observed. Which shows that the dimension of the system has influences on the quantum fluctuation at T=0. In the phase diagrams are the presence of first and second order phase transitions. Finally, are consider the critical behavior of the frustrated quantum Ising model and at T=0 we have the states with energy gap proportional to the transverse field intensity. Depending in the frustration parameter the system also shows first and second order transitions.
Determinação do coeficiente cromatográfico de partição, log kw, de inibidores da bomba H+/K+ - ATPase
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-03-15) Coimbra, Mariana; Cass, Quezia Bezerra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9197210255594409; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1050327507049816
The relative retention and enantioselectivity of a homologue series constituted by five benzimidazoles, K+/H+ - ATPase pump inhibitors, was determined for three amylose tris-phenylcarbamate chiral stationary phases (CSP), under reverse and normal phase modes of elution, using ethanol as a organic modifier. It was verified similar retention profiles for the benzimidazoles homologue series on the three evaluated chiral phases, under reversed mode of elution. The switch between reversed to polar organic mode of elution, under same conditions of reversed mode, and even with a percentage of water, in the mobile phase, around 15% it is clearly observed and discussed. Also, the benzimidazoles series retention profiles on three chiral columns were similar when in the normal elution mode. However, a switch from normal to polar organic mode is slow, indicating that retention/separation mechanisms, that operate in both elution modes, are very comparable. The discrimination chiral capacity of these stationary phases was differentiated when ethanol was used as organic modifier on three elution modes. The amylose tris (3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) phase (CSP-2) showed high resolution (Rs) power (0.90 ¡Ü Rs ¡Ü 3.46 and 1.25 ¡Ü á ¡Ü 2.24) for omeprazole enantiomers on the three elution modes. The amylose tris [(S)-phenyethyllcarbamate) phase (CSP-3), in turn, display resolution capacity for all series of homologous enantiomers in normal mode of elution. Herein, it was established for first time a relation between normal and reversed elution mode through the isoelution point determination. Under the same percentage of ethanol, in normal mode, and water in reversed mode, the retentions are similar, when polysaccharides phases are used as chiral selectors. The enantiomeric separations of enantiomers series were carried out in multimilligram scale, and the determination of its elution order was evaluated in the three elution modes. The omeprazole enantiomers separation was performed in multimilligram scale, as a model, using the solid-phase injection technique. The results were compared with those obtained from the separation by means of classical volume injection of sample. These results are presented and discussed.
Espectroscopia mecânica em tântalo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-03-15) Barbosa, Geovani Ferreira; Florêncio, Odila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9659972316642270; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3908046295004341
The mechanical spectroscopy technique applied to diffusion studies in body-centered cubic (BCC) metals, such as tantalum. Transition metals, as the tantalum, that has a crystalline structure (BCC), can dissolve large amounts of heavy interstitial solutes, oxygen being an example. In the case of low concentrations, a direct linear relation exists between the maximum height of peaks of internal friction (Q¡1 max) and the concentration of present interstitial solid solution. However, when it is have high concentration of these interstitial elements, an anti-symmetrical broadening of the peak of anelastic relaxation is observed due to the multiple relaxation processes followed by a variation of the temperature which characterizes the metallic matrix-element interstitial interaction. In the present work was observed that the peaks of internal friction which had the Ta-O interaction were not steady and could be occurring the formation of precipitated during the temperature heating cycle. To prove this hypothesis, a large amount of measures were done in different frequencies with a sample of tantalum produced by Escola de Engenharia Química-USP/Lorena. The experimental specters of mechanical relaxation were obtained using the inverted torsional pendulum-type Ke, having an oscillation frequency in the range of 2Hz- 8Hz, temperature heating 300K-700K, with a rate of heating of 1K/min, in better vacuum of 2x10¡6 Torr. These experimental specters Debye elementary peaks through the computational method of successive subtractions making it possible to identify and calculate the mechanical relaxation processes and its parameters (type of interactions, strength of the internal friction peak, temperature of peak, energy of activation and time relaxation). Finally, the following complementary analysis were also used to: X-ray diffraction measures, analysis of the oxygen concentration, metallographic analysis using optical and scanning electronic microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
Mecanismos gabaérgicos e opióides do núcleo parabraquial lateral envolvidos no controle da ingestão de sódio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007-03-15) Oliveira, Lisandra Brandino de; Menani, José Vanderlei; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1023597870118105
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is a pontine structure located in the dorsal portion of the cerebelar superior peduncle. LPBN receives afferent projections from the area postrema (AP) and the medial portion of the nucleus of tractus solitarius (mNTS) and connects to prosencephalic areas related to hidroelectrolytic control, such as specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and amygdala. So, an important role of the LPBN could be integrating ascending information from AP and mNTS that could affect the activity of prosencephalic areas involved in the hidroelectrolytic control. Previous studies showed the presence of serotonergic, cholecystokininergic and α2-adrenergic mechanisms in the LPBN to control water and sodium intake. The γ-aminobutiric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter present in the whole central nervous system and binding to two subtypes of receptors: GABAA and GABAB receptors. Previously, it was shown the participation of gabaergic mechanisms to control water, sodium and food intake. Gabaergic activation into the LPBN using bilateral injections of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) and baclofen (GABAB receptor agonist) induced a strong ingestion of sodium chloride (NaCl 0.3 M) in a short period of time (3 h) in satiated and normovolemic rats. Besides the presence of gabaergic mechanisms into the LPBN, it was already shown the presence of opioid receptors into the LPBN and the involvement of opioid mechanisms in the control of ingestive behavior. Therefore, the goals of this thesis were: a) to investigate the participation of GABAA and GABAB receptors on NaCl and water intake induced by gabaergic activation in the LPBN in satiated and sodium depleted rats; b) to study the effects of gabaergic activation into the LPBN on c-fos protein expression in satiated and sodium depleted rats, with or without access to NaCl 0.3 M; c) to test if acute lesion of the commissural NTS (cNTS area with the greatest c-fos protein expression in satiated rats not allowed to drink sodium or water and treated with muscimol and baclofen into the LPBN) and anteroventral 3o ventricle region (AV3V an important area involved in the hidroelectrolytic control) could affect the natriorexigenic and water intake induced by gabaergic activation into the LPBN in satiated rats; Abstract d) to study the effects of inhibition of α2-adrenergic and opioid mechanisms and activation of serotonergic mechanisms into the LPBN on NaCl and water intakeinduced by gabaergic activation in the same area in satiated rats; e) to investigate the participation of opioid mechanisms in the LPBN on sodium and water intake in satiated and sodium depleted rats; f) to verify the effects of gabaergic activation in the LPBN on arterial pressure and urinary excretion. Male Holtzman or Sprague Dawley rats with bilateral stainless steel guidecannulas implanted into the LPBN (volume of injection: 0.2 µl) were used. Other groups of rats, besides the cannulas implanted into the LPBN, they were also submitted to electrolytic lesion in the cNTS or AV3V region. In satiated rats, bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol) and baclofen (0.5 nmol) into the LPBN induced 0.3 M NaCl intake followed by an increase in water intake. The effects on sodium and water intake produced by muscimol injected into the LPBN were reduced by previous treatment with bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist - 1.6 nmol), but not CGP 35348 (GABAB receptor antagonist - 50 nmol). Pre treatment with bicuculline or CGP 35348 into the LPBN abolished the effects of baclofen on sodium and water intake. In 24 h sodium depleted rats (treatment with sc furosemide + sodium deficient diet and water for 24 h), muscimol and baclofen bilaterally injected into the LPBN, produced an early inhibition and a late facilitation of 0.3 M NaCl. Bicuculline, but not CGP 35348, abolished the inhibitory and facilitatory effects of muscimol injected into LPBN on sodium intake. In relation to sodium depleted rats treated with baclofen into the LPBN, CGP 35348 abolished the inhibitory effect, while bicuculline abolished the facilitatory effect of baclofen on sodium intake. These results suggest that the natriorexigenic effect in satiated rats and the dual effects on sodium intake in sodium depleted rats produced by muscimol injected into the LPBN depend on GABAA receptors activation. In relation to baclofen, in satiated rats the natriorexigenic effect of baclofen depends on activation of GABAA and GABAB receptors, but in sodium depleted rats, the early inhibition of sodium intake depends on GABAB receptors activation while the late facilitation depends on activation of GABAA receptors. Interestingly, although gabaergic activation promotes a facilitation of sodium intake, maybe there is not tonic gabaergic participation on sodium depletion-induced sodium intake, since inhibition of GABAA (bicuculline) and GABAB (CGP 35348) Abstract receptors into the LPBN did not affect 0.3 M NaCl and water intake in sodium depleted rats. Otherwise, in rats trained to drink 0.3 M NaCl only 2 h per day, CGP 35348, but not bicuculline, injected into the LPBN reduced 0.3 M NaCl, suggesting a tonic participation of GABAB, but not GABAA, receptors on sodium intake control in the protocol studied. (...)