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Bioecologia de espécies do gênero Stellifer (Pisces, Sciaenidae) acompanhantes na pesca artesanal do camarão sete-barbas, na Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-04)
Rodrigues Filho, Jorge Luiz
;
Verani, José Roberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0053232138684810
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1847907417927121
The fishery of sea-bob-shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri with over-trawl nets with doors used by artisanal fishery is considered an efficient method for the capture of the target specie along the Brazilian Cost. However, it presents a low selectivity and captures a high amount of the demersal and benthonic fauna that are know as accompanying fauna. Among these, is frequently found that they of the target species, the fish of the genus Stellifer. Therefore, this study, aimed to determine the bioecological characteristics of fishes of this captured in fishing held in the Armação Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina, in two ways: in the first chapter, analyzing the population structure and the reproductive aspects of the species Stellifer rastrifer, Stellifer stellifer e Stellifer brasiliensis exploited in in the period of from april/2006 to march/2007 and, in the second chapter, assessing the annual and monthly abundance distributions of the exploited Stellifer spp. populations during the years of 1996 2006.
Otimização da reciclagem de resíduos siderúrgicos por redução carbotérmica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-04)
Reis, Walter Luiz da Costa
;
Longo, Elson
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9848311210578810
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6346122001146622
The evolution of the world-wide production of steel in rates superior to 7% per year in the last five years, strongly driven by China, which got off 222,4 millions in 2003 for 489,0 million tons in 20071, leads to a strong increase in the demand of iron ore. Therefore, fine ore price of Carajás for Asia went out from 28,14 in 2003 for 73,20 US$ cents for unity of iron in 2007. An increase of 160%. These facts, when related to the layer exhaustion and the growing environmental pressures on Iron and Steel Plants of the whole world, have been taking to a series of studies to the use of the residues bearers from iron produced in these factories. Up to that time, there has not been consolidated any technology which is technically and economically viable for the recycling of these residues so far. The present work is about the usage of the blast furnace mud, the mill scale and the iron oxide produced in the pickling lines of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) in self reduction pellets shape. It starts the productions in scale laboratorial and industrial after the chemical and physical characterizations from these raw materials. As soon as the most appropriated formulation was defined, the production in experimental scale began. These tests were carried out in the residues palletizing pilot plant, developed by CSN. There were also tests of self reduction and of meltreduction. In the first one, the formation of a metal drop inside a hallow sphere was obtained, and in the second one a metal profit of 99,1%. In sequence, the alternatives were valued for internal recycling of these pellets. The use of the heat contained in the empty hot-metal torpedo-cars for self-reduction showed the most economical route. This technology of recycling was introduced industrially in CSN. Thus, in the present work of doctorate, it was developed an unpublished route for industrial recycling for iron and steel residues, which was technically and economically feasible.
Formação de mesoporos na síntese de zeólitas ZSM-5 via nanomoldagem avaliação no craqueamento de n-decano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-04)
Silva, Camila Ramos da
;
Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0313948535659038
;
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2389975677904655
The use of zeolites in the cracking of hydrocarbons is limited because the molecules higher than 0.74 nm do not diffuse in their micropores. In the other hand, molecular sieves as MCM-41, MCM-48 ou SBA-15, whose diameters are up 10 nm for the two formers and up to 30 nm for the last, have low hydrothermal stability and catalytic activity. To overcome those limitations, many studies are devoted to prepare materials, which can combine the high activity of zeolites with the better accessibility of the mesoporous materials. Among the possible methods, the synthesis of zeolites in confined spaces (nanocasting) it is seem as a powerful alternative. In this method: 1) a mesoporous or non-porous silica is impregnated with an organic compound, which act as a carbon precursor, after being carbonized; 2) the porous carbon is subsequently obtained by treatment with hydrofluoric acid or alkaline hydroxides; 3) the porous of the carbon are filled with the zeolite synthesis gel, which is formed after crystallization; 4) finally, the mold of the carbon and the template of the zeolite microstructure are eliminated by calcination. In the present work, it was used the above described method for the synthesis of nanocasting ZSM-5 zeolites using porous carbon, which were prepared from non-porous or mesoporous silica moulds (MCM-41, MCM-48 e SBA-15). The XRD of the prepared zeolites did not show diffraction peaks in the low angle region (< 5°2θ), showing that the inverse replica of the mesoporous silicas was not obtained. However, the nitrogen sorption measurements evidenced the presence of mesoporous, which resulted from the carbon nanotubes occluded during the ZSM-5 crystals formation. The mesopores observed in the Znp, nanocast from non-porous silica, were attributed to the inter-crystalline spaces generated by the agglomeration of ZSM-5 nanocrystals. The mesoporous formation in the ZSM-5 zeolites during the crystallization in a confined space (nanocating) was considerately favored by the ageing of the synthesis gel at the laboratory temperature and without stirring. That procedure allows the preparation at 180 °C of ZSM-5 zeolites with high crystallinity and in a lower time. Nevertheless, as verified by 27Al-NMR, the aluminum was incorporated partially in the zeolite microstructure, remaining as alumina in the crystal surface, which leads to a lower activity in the n-decane cracking when compared with a conventional ZSM-5 zeolite with a similar Si/Al ratio.
Subtipos de receptores colinérgicos centrais envolvidos na salivação, ingestão de água e resposta pressora induzidas pela pilocarpina injetada perifericamente
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-08)
Borella, Thais Leoni
;
Menani, José Vanderlei
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1023597870118105
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9799044075192147
The study of sialagog drugs has a relevant clinical interest for its use in patients with reduced salivatory secretion. Cholinergic agonists are a type of sialagog drug and pilocarpine is the most important cholinergic agonist drug. It is known that pilocarpine-direct action in salivatory glands muscarinic cholinergic receptors stimulate salivatory secretion. However, recent studies from our laboratory have shown that salivation induced by periferic pilocarpine seems to be dependent from central muscarinic activation. The pilocarpine-intense salivation is the well known main effect of this drug but side effects as cardiovasculars alterations and dipsogenesis are observed. Periferic injection of muscarinic agonists usually decreases periferic resistence and arterial pressure but pilocarpine-intraperitoneal (ip) injection induces an inesperate long-term pressor response associated with enhancement in mesenteric vascular resistence and salivatory glands vasodilatation, without changes in esqueletic musculature vascular resistence or heart rate. The ip pilocarpine-pressor response is atributed to an central action of this sialagog drug. The aim of the present study was to investigate central muscarinic cholinergic receptors subtype involved in salivation, water intake and pressor response induced by ip or intravenous (iv) pilocarpine injection. In addiction, the central activation induced by ip injection of pilocarpine and muscarinic receptors subtype antagonist were investigated by Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Adult male Holtzman rats (250-300 g) with stainless steel cannulas implanted in the lateral ventricle (LV) were used. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of pirenzepine (M1 subtype muscarinic receptor), methoctramine (M2/M4 subtype muscarinic receptor), 4-DAMP (M1/M3 subtype muscarinic receptor) or tropicamide (M4 subtype muscarinic receptor) was performed to investigate its effect on salivation, water intake and pressor response-induced pilocarpine ip injection (4 µmol/kg of body weight (bw)). The salivation was determined in ketamine- (100 mg/kg bw) anesthetized rats using previous weighted cotton balls into oral cavity for 7 minutes. Arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded in non-anesthetized rats submitted to previous femoral artery cannulation. Fos-ir was investigated after ip injection of only pilocarpine or pilocarpine combined with pre-treatment of 4-DAMP, M1/M3 subtype muscarinic antagonist which was more efficient to block salivatory, dipsogenic and cardiovascular responses induced by ip pilocarpine. Salivatory response due to ip pilocarpine varied between 476 ± 54 to 718 ± 61 mg/7 min and was reduced by icv injection of 25, 50, 100 and 250 nmol 4-DAMP, respectively: 425.13 ± 89.73, 376.76 ± 28.01, 261.00 ± 38.28, 230.85 ± 68.61 mg/7 min. Icv injection of 0.1 and 1.0 nmol pirenzepine (0.77 ± 0.30 and 1.05 ± 0.54 ml/60 min, respectively), 50 nmol methoctramine (0.89 ± 0.30 ml/60 min) or 5 and 10 nmol 4- DAMP (1.43 ± 0.57 and 2.19 ± 0.66 ml/60 min, respectively) reduced dipsogenic effect-induced ip pilocarpine, which ranged between 3.20 ± 0.70 to 5.90 ± 1.30 ml/60 min. The pressor response-induced by ip pilocarpine varied between 40 ± 5 to 53 ± 4 mmHg and was decreased by icv injection of 100 nmol pirenzepine (9.00 ± 7.00 mmHg) or 25 and 50 nmol 4-DAMP (14.00 ± 7.00 and 3.00 ± 6.00 mmHg, respectively). Pilocarpine increased Fos-ir only in the supra-optic nuclei (SON), but not in other encephalic areas such as septal or medial lateral areas, paraventricular nuclei, subfornical nuclei, organnum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, median pre-optic nuclei had not alter its activation. The enhancement on Fos-ir in the SON induced by pilocarpine (12.8 ± 2.4 positive cell nuclei/10-2 mm2) was reduced by pre-treatment with 25 nmol 4-DAMP (3.26 ± 1.62 positive cell nuclei/10-2 mm2). Taken all together, M3 subtype central muscarinic receptor plays a role in salivation, M1 and M2 subtype central are involved in dipsogenic and M1 subtype central is involved in pressor response induced by pilocarpine. The role of central muscarinic receptor M3 subtype on dipsogenic and pressor response is not clear due to the fact 4-DAMP is not a specific antagonist, that binds M1 and M3 subtype muscarinic receptors. In addiction, these results suggest that responses evoked by periferic injection of 4 µmol/kg bw of pilocarpine could occur due to its activation through SON.
Catalisadores à base de Cu, Co ou Fe trocados ou suportados em zeólita USY avaliação na redução de NO com CO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-08)
Silva, Edilene Deise da
;
Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3672771633840838
;
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2389975677904655
The emissions of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) must be hardly reduced in the next years. The catalytic reduction of NO with CO is one of the possible processes with potential to be able to transform those oxides in N2. In that process, supported noble metals have been the most used, however, their low stability in the presence of water steam or SO2, have led to develop studies to overcome those limitations. Perovkites type catalysts or transition metal oxides supported in a variety of support show activity in this reaction. Nevertheless, no adequate information about the activity of metal oxides supported on zeolites is found in the literature. In this context, the present work was focused to prepare and evaluate between 150°C and 500°C, Cu, Co or Fe containing catalysts dispersed on USY (Si/Al=3,4) or ZSM-5 (Si/Al=12,8) zeolites in the reduction of NO with CO and in the oxidation of CO to CO2. The oxide activity was also compared with that of the respective metal cations located in charge compensation sites. The catalysts were prepared by ion exchange or impregnation and characterized by AAS, XRD, DRS-UV and H2-TPR. Conversion data of NO to N2 on USY and ZSM-5 zeolites containing predominantly Cu2+ or Co2+ cations in exchangeable sites were more active when located on ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI structure), with the Cu2+ cations being more active. On the other hand, Cu, Co or Fe oxides supported on USY or ZSM-5 were more active than cations of considered metals in exchangeable sites, with conversion being dependent on the type and metal content and the type of zeolite. Among the studied metal oxides, the Fe one was the most active and selective. However the presence of O2 or water steam in the feed inhibited the NO reduction with CO on Fe oxide, which was attributed to the deactivation of the active sites by the water steam and the CO direct oxidation by O2 occurring preferentially than CO oxidation via NO reduction. This result gives evidence of the water steam leads to the deactivation of the metallic active sites and O2 favors the direct oxidation of CO to CO2 in detriment of its oxidation by NO reduction. The NO conversion was not significantly affected by the presence of SO2 in the feed (40 ppm).
Concretos refratários aluminosos espinelizados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-10)
Braulio, Mariana de Albuquerque Lima
;
Pandolfelli, Victor Carlos
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7369376873984839
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1995598271605742
The increasing steelmaking production level in association with the steel quality requirements led to the use of high performance materials. In this context, the use of refractory castables increased, due to their production and application versatilities. Magnesia is one of the most important refractory raw material, as it presents a high refractoriness and corrosion resistance to basic slags. Due to their ability to accommodate slags elements without loosing structural integrity, in-situ spinel castables (MgAl2O4) are commonly used for steel ladle lining. Nevertheless, there are many simultaneous challenges for this system optimization: (i) the MgO hydration can spoil the castable structure and result in processing problems, on shaping and drying; (ii) the intermediate temperatures mechanical strength level should be kept at suitable values and (iii) the expansion, as a consequence of spinel and CA6 formation, must be under control. Due to the lack of a systemic and conclusive analysis related to these aspects, the evaluation of these castables raw materials and their association was carried out in this work, based on the requirements pointed out above. Concerning magnesia hydration, advances were attained by the correct dispersion and particles packing. The compositions designed also resulted in suitable mechanical properties at intermediate temperatures, inhibiting cracking problems during the material s pre-heating stage. Regarding the expansive phases formation at high temperatures, all evaluated variables (cement content, binder system, magnesia source, microsilica content and aggregates nature) affected in a significant way the alumina-magnesia castables stability, providing several routes for the expansion control by the microstructural engineering of these materials. The results attained helped the scientific and technological advances in this subject.
Reforma a vapor do etanol sobre catalisadores Cu-Ni/ZnO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-10)
Barbosa, Elysabeth Fontoura
;
Assaf, José Mansur
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9563312407691130
In this work copper, nickel and copper/nickel supported in zinc oxide catalysts were prepared, characterized and tested in the steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen. The support and the supported catalysts were prepared by precipitation and impregnation methods, respectively, using aqueous solution of copper and nickel nitrates. The supported catalysts were prepared by varying the nickel and copper loading to obtain 15% weight of metals in the final solid. After prepared and calcined, the solids were characterized by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen Adsorption by B.E.T. method, and Temperature Programmed of Reduction with H2 (TPR-H2). The results indicated that the preparation method and the treatment conditions were appropriated to achieve the designed catalytic samples. The catalytic tests were carried out in a range of temperature of 300 to 650oC and water:ethanol molar feed ratio of 3:1 and 6:1. It was verified that the ethanol conversions were higher then 80% in all range of temperature for all catalysts, including the support, independently of water:ethanol molar feed ratio. Other parallel reactions were observed, rather than steam reforming of ethanol, at different conditions of operation, like dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and hydrogen, decarbonylation of acetaldehyde to CH4 and CO, decomposition of ethanol to CH4, CO and H2, water-gas shift and methane reforming at high temperatures. It was also observed that the best combination between metal loading and process parameters to produce hydrogen from steam reforming of ethanol was in the temperature range of 450 to 550oC, 6:1 molar water:etanol feed ratio and bimetallic catalysts with the composition Cu7,5Ni7,5ZnO.
Monitoramento de reator enzimático para produção de ampicilina
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-11)
Padua, Thiago Faggion de
;
Giordano, Roberto de Campos
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8909812973749651
This work is part of a research project in DEQ-UFSCar (Department of Chemical Engineering at Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil). The focus is to develop a competitive industrial enzymatic process to obtain semi-synthetic β- Lactam antibiotics. This process rivals with the conventional one, which uses toxic solvents and generates non-recyclable residues. Thus, the increasing rigor of environmental regulations is an important driving force for the research. The enzymatic production of ampicillin, in aqueous medium, uses a derivate from an acyl donor (in this work, D-phenylglycine methyl ester, PGME) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is usually the biocatalyst for this process. Unfortunately, PGA acts either as transferase, producing ampicillin (AMP), or as hydrolase, producing D-phenylglycine (PG) from PGME (and from ampicillin). This is a series-parallel reaction scheme, with the antibiotic being the desired intermediate product. This work studied the use of multivariate calibration in a spectrophotometer for on-line monitoring the enzymatic synthesis reactor. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the usual analytical procedure, which is time demanding, expensive and generates amounts of disposals. Multivariate calibration, on its turn, only uses dilutions of reactor samples and a spectrophotomer (with UV detector). Some multivariate calibration techniques (SPA, PCR, PLS) were tested and compared. They didn t show representative differences in cross-validations or in test data. The work also focused the automation of a reactor and its accessories, where the enzymatic production of ampicillin and 6-APA (after Penicillin G enzymatic hydrolysis) takes place. The software was implemented in LabVIEW (National Instruments), which controls the Automatic Sampler (AS) for multivariate analysis, among other equipments. The development of this system provided a real-time concentration response from the reactor, for all chemical species. Following an optimal trajectory in the enzymatic reactor by adding reactants is one of the most important strategies to reach a competitive process. Hence, the concentration sensor represents an important step for the feasibility of the enzymatic process, because it could be used to monitor and control the concentrations of substrates during the industrial feed-batch. Several assays, among then batch and fed-batch runs, were done and many modifications on the experimental scheme were implemented or proposed. Some of these assays could be treated as validation of monitoring software and concentration sensor, which showed good results.
Modelo do potencial ótico complexo para estudo de espalhamento de elétrons por moléculas e radicais livres
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-11)
Castro, Elisangela Aparecida Y
;
Tao, Lee Mu
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5112032594921811
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4281262046734573
In this work, we seek a better understanding of the role of the absorption potential involved in the dynamics of electron-atom (-molecule) interactions, in arder to develop a po¬tential model that better represents the absorption effects in a wide incident energy range. Ideally, this potential should be free of adjustable parameters, and should be able to re¬produce not only the elastic differential, integral and momentum transfer cross sections but algo the gran-total and total absorption cross sections for electron-molecule collision, in a wide incident energy range. A detailed review of the absorption potential models reported in the literature that include "Quasi-Free Scattering Madel" (QFSM) originally proposed by Staszewska et aI. [37], and the modified QFSM versions of Blanco and Garcia [41] was IDade. A comparative study using these potentials was dane through the calculation of various electron scattering cross sections by a group of atoms and molecules, such as Ar, N2, C2H2 and H2O, for which an abundant experimental data is available in the literature. Such studies allowed us to assess the virtues and deficiencies of these models. Afterwards we have proposed a modification in the version 3 of QFSM of Staszewska et aI., based on the quasi- free electron and binary-encounter approximations in arder to generate a potential that better represents the dynamics of electron-target interaction. In our model, an empir¬ical scaling factor tas been proposed ,in, ordeFI,to, eorrect, the I dist0l1tion of the absorption potential caused by the free-electron-gas approximation. This factar uses two parameters which are independent of targets and incident energies, thus being able to be used in a predictive purpose for a general target. We have used this modified potential to calculate the cross section for several electron-atom, -molecule and -radical scattering, at 10 - 1000 eV impact energies. The iterative Schwinger variational method (ISVM) combined with the distorted-wave approximation (DWA) was used to solve the scattering equations. The calculated gran- total and total absorption cross sections allowed an improvement relative to those obtained using the version 3 oÍ' QFBM' oÍ'StaSzewska et al:.) I
Perfil do desenvolvimento motor de lactentes com síndrome de Down dos 3 aos 12 meses de idade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-16)
Pereira, Karina
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Tudella, Eloisa
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3207258034860219
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9046236610636727
This study aimed to characterize and identify the rate of motor development in both infants with Down syndrome (experimental group) and typical infants (control group) at the age range of 3-12 months. The infants were assessed in terms of motor performance, motor acquisition, minimum and maximum age to acquire a motor skill, and maximum age to acquire all the skills composing each positional scale (prone, supine, sitting and standing). Three papers and one chapter of a book were written to deal with these issues. The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used for data collection. In paper 1, the rate of motor development in typical infants increased over the months in all body positions. Significant motor performance was observed at 3 and 6 months for the girls, and at 12 months for the boys. There was no relationship of weight and length, whether at birth or over age, with the infants motor development. In paper II, the experimental group showed an increasing but slow rate of motor development from 3 to 12 months. In paper III, motor performance was lower in infants of the experimental group. These infants took one to four months more to acquire motor skills when compared to control group. In the chapter of the book, examples of how to handle infants emphasized neuro-sensorymotor stimuli in different body positions with the aim of instructing caregivers on how to stimulate their child to interact, explore and learn about the environment in a more functional and independent manner. The results indicated that motor development was increased in infants with Down syndrome, following the same sequence of motor acquisitions as the typical infants. However, the rate was slower for the infants with Down syndrome, especially in prone, sitting and standing positions in which they were unable to perform all the skills. Furthermore, the infants with Down syndrome took more time to acquire a new skill. These studies fill the gap in the knowledge about the process of motor development as well as about the identification of motor milestones in infants with Down syndrome under physiotherapy intervention. In this sense, this research allows therapists to properly identify and assess infants with Down syndrome, thus contributing towards both the planning of therapeutic intervention and the development of guidelines aimed at instructing caregivers on how to prioritize antigravity positions and skills.
Fitoquímica de Raputia praetermissa (Rutaceae) e busca por candidatos a herbicidas inibidores da fotossíntese a partir de produtos naturais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-18)
Veiga, Thiago André Moura
;
Silva, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0457632122660653
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8190975614526360
The species R. praetermissa is native from Amazonia. Plant recently classified, it does not give biological and/or chemical in the literature. This fact has led to this study, which can lead to the correct chemosystematic positioning of the genus within the family Rutaceae. From the phytochemical study of the roots of R. praetermissa concluded in 2005, mainly were found alkaloids derived from tryptophan and limonoids. The second step was the phytochemical study of some fractions of the dichloromethane extract of the roots and the extracts of the stem and leaves of the species. Alkaloids have been isolated and identified (indole, furoquinolines and quinolones), triterpenes (cycloartanes and friedelanes), steroids and a derivative of cinnamic acid. Among the substances found can highlight four substances not reported in the literature: two alkaloids, a diterpene and the derivative of cinnamic acid. A collection of 120 natural products isolated by the group of Natural Products/UFSCar was subjected to a series of enzymatic reactions that explained the mechanism of action of the substances considered active against photosynthesis in vitro in chloroplasts isolated from the leaves of spinach. It was possible to clarify the mechanism of action of 30 substances, which allowed so far, the publication of articles in indexed international journals and conferences (nationals and internationals). The prospects are quite interesting, especially as regards the implementation of this new line of research, not only in the Department of Chemistry (UFSCar), but also in Brazil, so that later are found models for new herbicides inhibitors of photosynthesis.
Análise da expressão da metalotioneína em duas espécies de peixes, Oreochromis niloticus e Prochilodus lineatus
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-18)
Coimbra, Thaissa de Melo Galante
;
Araújo, Heloísa Sobreiro Selistre de
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4065824911933203
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6730831006126304
Metallothioneins (MT) are non enzymatic proteins with with metal-binding ability. It has been used as a biomarker for environmental pollution by the analysis of its expression in several fish species. The tilapia is a commonly used model in studies of animal toxicology and some of these species have a well characterized MT sequence. Here, the Oreochromis niloticus specie was used in the standardization of the MT expression assay. The Prochilodus lineatus species is widely distributed in the Brazilian s Basins that has been studied regarding growth, illness and the toxicity of metals. However the MT DNA sequence from this species has not been described. The aim of this project was the analysis of the MT DNA in both species, O. niloticus and P. lineatus. For that, individuals from these species received intraperitoneal injections of zinc chloride, in increasing doses of 1 to 8 mg/kg for 4 days.. After this time, animals were killed and total RNA was isolated from the liver and used in an RT-PCR with primers designed accordingly to MT coding regions of fish MT deposited at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. DNA sequencing confirmed the highly conserved MT sequence for both species. For quantitative analysis, cDNA was used in a similar real-time PCR with the same primers plus the fluorophore Syber Green. TheZnCl2 treatment increased MT mRNA expression about 4 times for O. niloticus and almost 35 times for P. lineatus when compared with subjects that were not exposed to the metal. This difference was statistically significant in the experiments for both species. The results indicate the high conservation of the MT gene structure, that allow the use of MT in environmental research.
Estudo mecânico-quântico ab initio da propriedade fotoluminescente em compostos PbWO4, BaWO4, SrWO4 e dos processos de intercalação e difusão de Li no composto Li1+xTi2O4
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-18)
Santos, Marcos Anicete dos
;
Varela, José Arana
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1807399214239200
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4019009359628022
Computational simulation by means of quantum-mechanical calculations is becoming an increasingly important tool in scientific research of materiaIs due the great advances in the performance of computers and in the development of more efficient algorithms, providing a deeper understanding of nanoscale mechanisms which often cannot be detected directly by the experimental measures. The development of materiaIs with efficient optical properties is of great industrial interest. The photoluminescence (PL), one important optical property, has been intensively explored in scientific optical research and in technological applications. The literature presents that the most intense PL emissions of the compounds PbWO4, Ba WO4 and SrWO4 is favored by structural disorder in its lattice. Results of computeI simulations of structurally disordered compounds PbWO4, BaWO4 and SrWO4 by means of quantum-mechanical ab initio calculations were presented in this thesis, in arder to interpret why these disordered structures favor the most intense PL emissions. The calculations indicated that these structurally disordered compounds favor intense PL emissions because contain non-homogeneous distribution of charges in its lattice causing the generation of trapped electronic boles, thus, providing electron-hole recombinations to intense and broad PL emissions. The progress of research in batteries based on lithium-ion (Li batteries) has aIso great technological importance due the commercial demand of portable devices. In particular the compound Li1+xTi2O4 (O ≤X ≤ 1) is a perspective material for application in Li batteries due to its high fatia energy storagejweight. Results of computational simulations using quantum-mechanical ab initio calculations in processes of Li intercalation and diffusion in the structure Li1+xTi2O4 (0 ≤ X ≤ 0.375) were also presented in this work, in arder to identify the most favorable migration paths of considered different concentrations, and that such identification is not experimentally possible. The calculations of the processes of Li intercalation and diffusion in the structure Li1+xTi2O4 indicate that the Li insertion is energetically favorable in alI range of concentration x studied and the Li migration are favorable only for x 2: 0.25. Quantum-mechanical calculations aIso indicate the more favorable migration paths for each concentration x considered, and that migration of lithium is more favorable in less stable local Li arrangements because the energy cost for lithium migrating in more stable arrangements is greater than the energy cost for lithium migrating in less stable arrangements.
Determinação das propriedades mecânicas da liga A356 conformada por spray para diferentes teores de ferro e condições de processamento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-22)
Silva Junior, Altino Ribeiro da
;
Bolfarini, Claudemiro
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9231627080617037
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5207241251738489
The aims of this work were the microstructural and tensile properties characterization of the hypoeutectic spray formed Al-Si 356, with and without contamination for iron, spray formed, extruded and heat treatment. The alloys were melted by induction furnace, gas atomized with nitrogen and deposited onto a copper substrate, after that the deposits had been parted and hot extrusion. Later some samples had been submitted the heat treatments. Spray formed material showed fine and homogenous microstructure, composed by equiaxial _-Al matrix, silicon particles and _-AlFeSi intermetallics phases, for contaminated samples. Higher porosity and lower yield process were obtained increasing the superheating temperature. The extrusion promoted grain refinement by a recrystallization process and strong decrease of the porosity. Room temperature tensile tests of the spray formed Al-Si 356 alloy showed both increased tensile strength and elongation when compared with the values observed for conventionally cast counterparts. These results can be ascribed to the refined grain size, silicon particles morphology and smaller _- AlFeSi phases presented in spray formed deposits. When, the samples spray formed and extruded showed higher values for the ultimate tensile strength and ductility when compared to Al-Si 356 alloy deposits processed by same parameters. The heat treatment samples of the Al- Si contaminated with iron, showed higher values for the tensile strength and lower decrease for the elongation when compared to spray formed and extruded.
Utilização de AFLP para estudos genéticos em Prochilodus argenteus (Pisces, Prochilodontidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-23)
Rojas, Thaís Cabrera Galvão
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Hatanaka, Terumi
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1666878061867996
Genetic studies have been performed for an endemic species from São Francisco River basin, Prochilodus argenteus, which has a great importance in the artisanal and subsistence fishing in the region. The linkage mapping and the genetic variability studies were made with AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) dominants markers and with 189 specimens from a F1 cross, that was also used for restocking the upstream area from Três Marias hydroelectric dam. All the analyses were carried out with 15 primer pairs combinations and the linkage map was made using the pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. Forty six heterozygous marks were found for the genitors, with mendelian segregation of 1:1. The female genitor map had 3 linkage groups and the lenght of the analysed genome was 128,45 cM, the male genitor map had the same number of linkage groups and the total length of 192,67 cM. Common markers for both genitors, with mendelian segregation ratio of 3:1, served as bridge between the maps, for the construction of an integrated map. This map had 9 linkage groups, and the total map length was 442,08 cM. Additionally, the genetic variability was assessed and an expected heterozygosity mean was of 0,32082, with a Jaccard s similarity coefficient of 0,72564 + 0,00451. These preliminary values show that the cultured sample has a higher similarity coefficient than that obtained for the wild populations. Hence, the present results suggest that genetic studies and management restocking practices should be simultaneously performed for the maintenance of the genetic patrimony of this species at the São Francisco River basin. The results also showed that AFLP marks were suitable and effective to identify linkage marks in Prochilodus argenteus and for genetic variability studies in cultivar samples.
Influência da taxa de carregamento orgânico na degradação anaeróbia da vinhaça em reator de leito fluidizado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-24)
Siqueira, Laura Maria
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Silva, Edson Luiz
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2060041219631940
In this work, the mesophilic anaerobic degradation (35 ºC) of the sugar cane vinasse was studied in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (RALF) for 255 days. The reactor, built in acrylic and with a total volume of 4,192 cm3, was filled with polystyrene particles as a means support, occupying 70 % of the total volume, and operated with hydraulic retention time (TDH) of 24 h. The inoculum used was granular sludge taken from a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Mixed must vinasse collected in three lots from Usina da Serra (Ibaté/SP) was used in the feed of the reactor. Biomass adaptation to diluted vinasse, with COD of 5,000 mg/L, occurred very fast (14 days) in the reactor itself. Vinasse average concentrations treated were 2,273; 4,891; 8,192; 10,353; 15,244 and 20,073 mg/L with applied organic load rates (OLRs) of 3.33, 6.68, 10.33, 14.44, 19.87 and 26.19 kg/m3.d and reduction efficiency of COD of 53, 67, 59, 66, 70 and 51 % respectively. The effluent pH remained between 7.8 and 8.6 throughout the research. The alkalinity concentrations to bicarbonate (AB) and total volatile acids (TVA) increased with the increase of OLR ranging between 918 mgCaCO3/L and 7,275 mgCaCO3/L and, 365 mgHAc/L and 3,146 mgHAc/L, respectively. The productivity of biogas in the reactor reached 5.37 m3/m3.d with applied OLR of 25.32 kg/m3.d. The methanogenic activity experiments (AME) revealed possible predominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogen. Opticum microscopic exams made it possible to verify the presence of methanogenic Methanosarcina-like archaea during the inoculum adaptation, selection and predominance taking place over the reactor operation of bacillus, coccus and methanogenic Methanosaeta-like archaea. This way it was observed the importance of the vinasse treatment, for besides the improvement of the quality improvement of the effluent to be land disposed, treated and buffered, it also generated a lot of energy (biogas).
Testes funcionais e a relação com o índice BODE na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-24)
Regueiro, Eloisa Maria Gatti
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Di Lorenzo, Valéria Amorim Pires
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9071791546812165
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2901466840054711
Objectives: To investigate three variables of the respiratory process pulmonary ventilation ( E), oxygen consumption ( O2), and production of carbon dioxide ( CO2) during Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and functional tests of the lower limbs (LL) in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Control Group; verify if the methods employed to evaluate ADL adequately reflect the functional limitation of individuals with COPD; and if there is a correlation between the variables evaluated during ADL, the performance on Lower Limb tests and peripheral muscle impairment of the Upper Limbs (UL) to the BODE Index (Body mass index; airflow Obstruction; Dyspnea and Exercise capacity) in individuals with COPD. Material and Methods: The sample was composed of 17 men from the ages of 58 to 80 years old, ten of whom had moderate to severe pulmonary obstruction composed the COPD Group (COPDG) and seven healthy men composed the Control Group (CG). All performed the ADL Test and were evaluated by ventilatory and metabolic variables; the Six Minute Walking Test in Corridor (6MWTC) by Distance Walked (DW); the Six Minute Walking Test on Treadmill (6MWTT) by DW and velocity; the Sit To Stand Test (STST) by the number of sit and stand up repetitions performed and the Hand Grip Strength Test in different postures. The COPDG was classified by the BODE Index and correlations between the tests performed and the BODE Index were found for the COPDG. Results: Intergroup analysis detected significant differences (p<0.05) in relation to ADL of lifting container to eye level ( E, CO2), combing hair, lifting containers to above shoulder level, hanging out clothes on the clothesline and sweeping the floor ( CO2) and in 6MWTC for DW, 6MWTT for velocity and STST for number of repetitions of sitting and standing from chair. The BODE Index presented a strong (r≥0.66) to 6MWTT, STST and Hand Grip Strength. Conclusion: Individuals with COPD present a lower tolerance for physical effort compared to the CG during performance of the ADL and LL tests. The methods employed to evaluate the ADL did not reflect the functional limitation of the COPDG which was primarily composed of individuals with moderate obstructions. The Bode Index predictor of severity presented an association to limiting factors evaluated in the 6MWTT, STST and Hand Grip Strength Test for the COPDG; and thus suggests the possible use of these same tests to calculate physical exercise capacity in the BODE Index.
Um problema parabólico com condição de fronteira não-linear e peso indefinido: existência, regularidade, bifurcação e estabilidade de equilíbrios
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-24)
Madeira, Gustavo Ferron
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Nascimento, Arnaldo Simal do
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6609243657130387
This work is concerned with a parabolic problem, occuring in population genetics, under a nonlinear Neumann boundary condition with a weight of indefinite sign and a positive parameter. Considering a phase space appropriate to the physical nature intrinsic to the model, it is proved that the parabolic problem generates a nonlinear dynamical system, which is a gradient system. Therefore, its equilibrium solutions play a fundamental role in the long term dynamics. Then the stationary problem is studied under various aspects: it is proved the existence of a weak equilibrium solution using the variational method; it is established the regularity of weak equilibrium solutions by showing that they are classical ones; the bifurcation and stability structures of equilibria are completely determined. Furthermore the behavior of the trace of the nontrivial equilibrium solution when the parameter is large is established.
O espaço e a infância das crianças de 0 a 4 anos que não freqüentam a educação infantil em Vitória da Conquista
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-24)
Araujo, Ana Lucia Castilhano de
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Abramowicz, Anete
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8381993654651507
This research talks about children without childhood care assistence. The investigation was made about children between zero and four years old, in a location in the city of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil. The task of do an aproaching with children who lives in a knowledge and public politics border sends this research to an non explored field os families homes with small children. After an aproaching process and contacts with the comunity for localize children without of pré-schools or childhood care centers, observations were developed about children and their families including the comunity around them emphasizing space as a socializing element and made by adult and children as well. The context of small children without childcare shows a familiar and spacial structure of control and reclusion that can be explained by their age such as cultural causes. The research used photograph to show children space. Some of them taking by the children themselves. The discussion presented try to show the ways that children can live their childhoods using their reality, space, family, objects, experiencing with adults conflict relatinships but always in a constant interaction.
Preparação e caracterização de derivados de enzimas industriais em quitosana
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-25)
Adriano, Wellington Sabino
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Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1262160817438979
In this work, several strategies were tested to improve the covalent multipoint attachment of chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and cellulase on chitosan. Hybrid gels with different internal structures were obtained using sodium alginate, gelatin or κ-carrageenan and by changing the polymer concentration, 2.5-5.0% (m/v) and the activating reactant, glutaraldehyde, glycidol or epichlorohydrin. The addition of microorganisms to the hybrid polymer followed by cellular lysis, the increase of immobilization reaction time and the effect of the reduction of the final derivative with sodium borohydride were also tested. The influence of these variables on immobilization yields, recovered activities, and stabilization factors at 55°C and 65°C, were assessed. Chymotrypsin derivatives half-lives increased from 34 min at 55°C (for pure chitosan 2.5% activated with glutaraldehyde at pH 7.0, 4°C) to 468 min at 65°C (for chitosan 2.5%-carrageenan 2.5%, with the addition of 5% of S.cerevisiae, activation with epichlorohydrin, immobilization for 72 h at pH 10.05, room temperature and reduction of the final derivative). This best derivative was 9900-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme. A maximum load of 40 mg chymotrypsin.g.gel-1 was reached. The number of aldehyde and oxirane groups generated in the support, and of lysine residues of the enzyme involved in the multipoint attachment, as well SEM images of the gel structures, explain the obtained results. Carboxypeptidase A derivatives was analyzed. The results showed that immobilization via epichlorohydrin presented 40% (8.8) more stable derivatives than glutaraldehyde ones (5.3). However, derivative prepared with epoxides groups presented 100% of immobilization yield with 57% of recovered activity being 20-fold more stable than free enzyme after 48h of immobilization process. Derivatives activated by glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin and with epoxides presented diffusion limitations with Deff of 5.41.10-12, 5.59.10-12 m2.s-1 and 5.10.10-12 m2.s-1, respectively. To cellulase, assays of immobilization and saccharification of sugarcane bagasse cane were tested. The derivative used in a sequence of three distinct batches, was prepared with chitosan-alginate activated with glutaraldehyde/glycidol being 20-fold more stable than free enzyme. The best enzyme derivative was about 38 fold more stable activated via glycidol. The performance of the system of saccharification was excellent, indicating that enzyme immobilization may be a good alternative to reduce costs of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials.