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Monitoramento de reator enzimático para produção de ampicilina
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-11) Padua, Thiago Faggion de; Giordano, Roberto de Campos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8909812973749651
This work is part of a research project in DEQ-UFSCar (Department of Chemical Engineering at Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil). The focus is to develop a competitive industrial enzymatic process to obtain semi-synthetic β- Lactam antibiotics. This process rivals with the conventional one, which uses toxic solvents and generates non-recyclable residues. Thus, the increasing rigor of environmental regulations is an important driving force for the research. The enzymatic production of ampicillin, in aqueous medium, uses a derivate from an acyl donor (in this work, D-phenylglycine methyl ester, PGME) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is usually the biocatalyst for this process. Unfortunately, PGA acts either as transferase, producing ampicillin (AMP), or as hydrolase, producing D-phenylglycine (PG) from PGME (and from ampicillin). This is a series-parallel reaction scheme, with the antibiotic being the desired intermediate product. This work studied the use of multivariate calibration in a spectrophotometer for on-line monitoring the enzymatic synthesis reactor. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the usual analytical procedure, which is time demanding, expensive and generates amounts of disposals. Multivariate calibration, on its turn, only uses dilutions of reactor samples and a spectrophotomer (with UV detector). Some multivariate calibration techniques (SPA, PCR, PLS) were tested and compared. They didn t show representative differences in cross-validations or in test data. The work also focused the automation of a reactor and its accessories, where the enzymatic production of ampicillin and 6-APA (after Penicillin G enzymatic hydrolysis) takes place. The software was implemented in LabVIEW (National Instruments), which controls the Automatic Sampler (AS) for multivariate analysis, among other equipments. The development of this system provided a real-time concentration response from the reactor, for all chemical species. Following an optimal trajectory in the enzymatic reactor by adding reactants is one of the most important strategies to reach a competitive process. Hence, the concentration sensor represents an important step for the feasibility of the enzymatic process, because it could be used to monitor and control the concentrations of substrates during the industrial feed-batch. Several assays, among then batch and fed-batch runs, were done and many modifications on the experimental scheme were implemented or proposed. Some of these assays could be treated as validation of monitoring software and concentration sensor, which showed good results.
Modelo do potencial ótico complexo para estudo de espalhamento de elétrons por moléculas e radicais livres
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-11) Castro, Elisangela Aparecida Y; Tao, Lee Mu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5112032594921811; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4281262046734573
In this work, we seek a better understanding of the role of the absorption potential involved in the dynamics of electron-atom (-molecule) interactions, in arder to develop a po¬tential model that better represents the absorption effects in a wide incident energy range. Ideally, this potential should be free of adjustable parameters, and should be able to re¬produce not only the elastic differential, integral and momentum transfer cross sections but algo the gran-total and total absorption cross sections for electron-molecule collision, in a wide incident energy range. A detailed review of the absorption potential models reported in the literature that include "Quasi-Free Scattering Madel" (QFSM) originally proposed by Staszewska et aI. [37], and the modified QFSM versions of Blanco and Garcia [41] was IDade. A comparative study using these potentials was dane through the calculation of various electron scattering cross sections by a group of atoms and molecules, such as Ar, N2, C2H2 and H2O, for which an abundant experimental data is available in the literature. Such studies allowed us to assess the virtues and deficiencies of these models. Afterwards we have proposed a modification in the version 3 of QFSM of Staszewska et aI., based on the quasi- free electron and binary-encounter approximations in arder to generate a potential that better represents the dynamics of electron-target interaction. In our model, an empir¬ical scaling factor tas been proposed ,in, ordeFI,to, eorrect, the I dist0l1tion of the absorption potential caused by the free-electron-gas approximation. This factar uses two parameters which are independent of targets and incident energies, thus being able to be used in a predictive purpose for a general target. We have used this modified potential to calculate the cross section for several electron-atom, -molecule and -radical scattering, at 10 - 1000 eV impact energies. The iterative Schwinger variational method (ISVM) combined with the distorted-wave approximation (DWA) was used to solve the scattering equations. The calculated gran- total and total absorption cross sections allowed an improvement relative to those obtained using the version 3 oÍ' QFBM' oÍ'StaSzewska et al:.) I