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Educação infantil : análise da manifestação social do preconceito na atividade principal de jogos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-08-08) Piccolo, Gustavo Martins; Mello, Maria Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8338726751746542; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0512045942434827
This search went on the presuposed of the existence of social relations prejudice manifest by pre-school children of 5 and 6 years during the practice of its main activity, the children s play and games protagonized. Starting from this pressuposed, the general aim of this research was to raise indicative of demonstrations prejudiced by pre-school children of 5 and 6 years, in practice its main activity, and explicit as possible mediations established by teachers, by activity and by the colleagues to exerce interfered in the kind of interference assumed social relationship between peers. The study characterized as quality, orienting itself by assumptions of historical materialism, in view Historical-Cultural of Vygotsky. Data collection was developed in a pre-school in the state of Sao Paulo, using as methodological tools filming, comments and annotations in the field daily on the practice of recreational activities for children of 5 and 6 years, with the focus analytical the explanation of how they, because of the complex set of mediations by this activity, by colleagues or by teachers, take them to stereotyped knowledge that pejoratively label a difference, make patent in the construction of man construct in hierarchical designs and homogeneous. The results of the filming were divided into four categories: mediation, prejudice of a gender, prejudice of race and prejudice of beauty, and pointed to the existence of manifestations prejudiced based these categories during the pre-school recreational activities, and emphasize the importance exercised mediation by the teacher in criticize of these attitudes. This study used a distinction between the terms pre-concept and prejudice, as the first, based on Heller, represents an initial step in making the knowledge of any socially constructed phenomenon, while the second is defined not only as a construct without further consideration of that the facts are, but as a set of elements that oppress and discriminate pejoratively the difference, whether conscious or unconscious. Thus, the prejudice is composed of multiple grades. The data obtained in research support this distinction. Because of this, to conjecture the development cycle of prejudice, which can be divided into three stages: the difference pejorative labeling (1 Stage); breakdown of the difference (2 Stage), and maintenance of discriminatory attitudes even when there is awareness of the facts that contradict, namely the crystallization of prejudice (3 Stage). In pre-school, with rare exceptions, the manifestations prejudiced materializated in the first two phases, noting there is not the crystallization of prejudices, which gives importance the core mediations made by teaching in the architecture of social relations and more fraternal solidarity. Through these relationships are the children understand the difference not as inequality, but as the expression of humanity historic contained in the most diverse cultures, societies and human beings. The search ends highlighting the need for studies to investigate as appropriate children of prejudice from an early age, basic element for the establishment of a radical criticism about the processes by which exclusionary are involved several students in a present time.
Estudo comparativo de precursores da PpIX (ALA e MAL) utilizados topicamente em terapia fotodinâmica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-08-08) Rego, Raquel Ferreira; Moreira, Fernando Manuel Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1809254923092721; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2622028338048884
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modality for treatment of tumors, and uses a combination of a drug (photosensitizer) and light in the presence of the molecular oxygen to selectively damage target tissue. In the absent of one of these components, the cytotoxic effect is not observed. Since 1990, many works in the literature studies the topical application of precursors of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in PDT, such 5- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL). The purpose of this work was realized an comparative study in vivo between two commercial and available drugs precursors of PpIX, the ALAsense (5-aminolevulinic acid - ALA) from Russian and Metvix (methyl aminolevulinate MAL) from United Kingdom. Experiments were carried out in animals to analyze the performance and the ALA photodynamic MAL in liver of rats. The fluorescence spectra of the liver were collected at pre-determined time. The time of accumulation of PpIX was observed by 2 hours and 45 minutes for the ALA and MAL for 4 hours after application of drugs in the liver. The formation, accumulation and depth of penetration of PpIX in liver tissue were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Using a total of 21 animals were the irradiation of the liver fotossensibilizado with ALA or MAL alone with different doses of light (20, 50, 100 and 200J/cm2) or in a combination MAL + ALA to 8%, 16% and 32 dose of 100J/cm2. Thirty hours after the lighting, the animals were killed and livers removed. The area of necrosis of the liver was assessed macroscopically and the samples were prepared for histological study, considering especially the aspects and depth of necrosis. In histological analysis were carried out many aspects of necrosis and the normal liver. The depths of necrosis were measured and the threshold dose obtained using a mathematical model proposed in the literature. Moreover, the monitoring was carried out of O2 consumption of mitochondria isolated from livers of rats, after topical administration of drugs precursors of PpIX (ALA and MAL) in order to check the influence of these substances in mitochondrial bioenergetics. The results showed a higher penetration of MAL in the tissue, as well as greater depth of necrosis when compared to the ALA. These results suggest that MAL has a tendency to better photodynamic response than ALA to the criteria studied.
A Reação de Diels - Alder de p-benzoquinonas sob efeito de microondas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-08-08) Donatoni, Maria Carolina; Brocksom, Timothy John; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7055452150201902; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5504713069431253
In this work it was done a study of the microwave effect on Diels - Alder reaction of the p-benzoquinones thymoquinone (A1), 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (A2) and 2,6-dimethyl-pbenzoquinone (A3) with the dienes cyclopentadiene (BB1), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3- butadiene (B2B ), isoprene (BB3) and trans-pyperilene (B4B ) (Figure Ι). These reactions were also held under conventional thermal conditions and catalysis with the Lewis acid SnCl4 in order to make a comparison of the results. It was also studied the Diels - Alder reaction in multicomponent version between thymoquinone (A1), trans-2-pentenal and acetamide under microwave effect (Figure ΙΙ). (FORMULA)Regarding the Diels - Alder reaction between p-benzoquinones (A1 - A3) and dienes (BB1 - B4B ) it was observed a reduction of the reaction time, obtaining higher yields and less formation of by - products, all in comparison with the results of the same reactions performed under thermal conventional condition and catalytic condition with SnCl4. This work also involved the study of the microwave effect on Diels - Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene (BB1) and mono-oximes dienophiles C1, C2 and C3 (Figure ΙΙΙ). These reactions had already been carried out in our laboratory, but under conventional thermal and catalytic conditions (Lewis acids). Under such conditions, the mono-oxime starting material was recovered, or a complex mixture of polymerization products was formed. (FORMULA)The reactions of compounds C1, C2 and C3 with cyclopentadiene (BB1) under microwave effect showed similar results with those that were obtained when these reactions were carried out under conventional thermal and catalytic conditions, thus leading to recovery of the mono-oxime starting material or a complex mixture of products which could not be identified.