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Efeitos de antagonistas histaminérgicos H1 e H2 sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional de camundongos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Kishi, Marcos Seizo; Mattioli, Rosana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2333440373816942
The aim of present work was to evaluate the effect of chlorpheniramine and zolantidine, histamine H1 and H2 antagonist respectively, on anxiety and on emotional memory in mice, through of two experiments. In the first experiment, forty-one male mice were divided into three groups, according to the pharmacological treatment consisting of intraperitoneal injections of 16 mg/kg of chlorpheniramine (CPA n=13), 20 mg/kg of zolantidine (ZOL n=14) or saline (SAL n=14). In the first day (T1), each mouse was tested for 5 minutes in an elevated plus-maze (EPM). The mice received the pharmacological treatment immediately after test, and 24 h later the animals were resubmitted to EPM (T2). Measures of learning and memory (open arm entries, open arm time, % open arm entries, and % open arm time) were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences within groups in % open arm entries and % open arm time. The student-Newmann-Keuls test for multiple comparisons revealed that both variables were reduced during Trial 2 for the animals treated with SAL, ZOL or CPA, thus indicating decreased open arm activity. In the conditions of the first experiment, chlorpheniramine and zolantidine were shown to have no effect on the consolidation of emotional memory in mice. In the second experiment we used 123 mice which were initially divided into 6 groups and which received i.p. injections of zolantidine (20 mg/kg) or chlorpheniramine at doses of 8.0 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg, each with its respective control (saline). Forty minutes after the injection the mice were for the first time exposed to EPM (T1). After 24 hours (T2), each group was subdivided into two new groups which were re-injected with one of the drugs or saline before re-exposure to the maze. In the two days it were evaluated behaviors related to anxiety (percentage of entries and length of stay in the open arms in T1), rates of learning and memory (reduction of percentage of entries and of length of stay in the open arms in T2), locomotor activity (entries in the closed arms). Zolantidine at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and chlorpheniramine at a dose of 8.0 mg/kg, showed no differences concerning the control, both in T1 and as in the comparison of data from T1 and T2. Furthermore, chlorpheniramine at a dose of 16 mg/kg, reduced activity in the open arms already in T1 and SAL-CPA and CPA-CPA showed no reduction of activity in the open arms in T2. The results suggest that zolantidine has no effect on anxiety or emotional memory, while chlorpheniramine presents an anxiogenic effect at a dose of 16 mg/kg.
Os efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade e do Biosilicato®, utilizados independentemente ou associados, sobre o reparo ósseo em ratas osteopênicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Fangel, Renan; Oishi, Jorge; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1417328590472858; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1973857855614173
Osteoporosis is generally a systematic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. Osteopenia is characterised by a lower bone density than normal bone tissue but higher than osteoporotic bone tissue. Osteoporosis and osteopenia represent a severe health threat to elderly people and they have recently been recognised as a major public health problem. They are related with some clinic manifestations, mainly the increase of the fractures risk. In this context, there is a critical need to develop technologies able of treating osteoporotic and osteopenic fractures. Promising treatments are the use of biomaterials and the Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), which seem to induce osteogenesis and stimulate fracture healing. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the Biosilicate® and the LLLT on bone consolidation of osteopenic rat. Seventy female Wistar rats (12 weeks-old, ± 250g) ovariectomy (OVX) was carried on. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups, with 10 animals each: standard control (CP); defect bone control (CD), bone defect treated with Biosilicate® (B), bone defect treated with laser 60J/cm2 (L60), bone defect treated with laser 120J/cm2 (L120), bone defect treated with both treatments Biosilicate® and laser 60J/cm2 (B+L60), bone defect treated with both treatments Biosilicate® and laser 120J/cm2 (B+L120). Sixty days post-OVX the osteotomies were surgically performed on the left tibia. In the Biosilicate® treated animals, the cavities were carefully filled with the biomaterial. An 830nm laser was performed for seven sessions. On day 14 post-osteotomy, rats were sacrificed and the tibias were defleshed. Biomechanical properties of the tibia were determined by two tests: the Indentation Test to a depth of 0-0.5mm, 0-1.0mm and 0-1.5mm and the Three-Point Bending Test. From de load-deformation curve, the maximal load (KN) and energy absorption (J) were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U Test, with the level of significance of 5% (p≤0.05). In relation to biomechanical properties of the Indentation Test, the groups CP, B, B+L60 and B+L120 presented higher statistically values (p<0.05) in relation to group CD. The better biomechanical answer among the groups was present by the group with Biosilicate® utilization in association of 120J/cm². In relation to maximal load of the Three-Point Bending Test, the group L60 presented higher statistically values (p< 0.05) in relation to group CP, B, L120, B+L60, B+L120 and the groups had similar values of absorption energy. The Biosilicate® application raised the biomechanical properties of the callus bone, but didn t raise the biomechanical properties of the tibia determined by Three-Point Bending Test. In the two biomechanical tests, the groups with treatment based only on laser irradiation haven t presented significant results in relation to group control fracture. The bones defects treated with both treatments Biosilicate® and laser 120J/cm2 presented higher biomechanical properties of the callus bone in relation to the group based only Biosilicate® application.
Interação da matéria de vórtices com estruturas de defeitos : detecção das primeiras penetrações
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Zadorosny, Rafael; Ortiz, Wilson Aires; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0241177338066307; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6913351251148957
This thesis results from a systematic study of the interactions between penetrated vortices and pinning centers carried out on structured superconductors films of YBCO, Nb and Pb. A regular array of pinning centers (antidots, ADs) was inserted in those samples by mechanical indentations (in YBCO and Nb films), and by a lithographic processes (Pb). The structure of the YBCO film counts with 1680 ADs, each with an effective diameter of 2 μm, distributed in a square array of 50 μm size. The Nb film has 900 ADs, with an effective diameter of 1 μm, forming a square array of 10 μm size. The Pb film has more than 3.7 millions of square ADs, with 0.8 μm of lateral dimensions, and the formed array has size of 1.5 μm. Those systems were studied by DC and AC magnetometry. As the Commensurability Field (Matching Field, MF) associated with their structures, is very small, it was not possible to study the commensurability effects in YBCO and Nb films. However, the Pb film has a structure which MF is 9.1 Oe, so that, jumps in its magnetic response could be observed each time that the applied field reached an integer multiple of that field. The YBCO film was studied in very small DC fields, i.e., only in the presence of the Earth magnetic field. We verified that, as the vortices penetrate the sample, they arrange themselves into the ADs in such a way that the sample behave as a collection of small superconductors arranged side by side. This study was not carried out on the other samples because the preparation of this experiment is very difficult and needs special experimental conditions which are rarely available in our laboratory. Particularly, for the Pb film, we could not have enough time to prepare the experiment due to its rapid degradation. We have studied the temperature dependence of the remnant magnetization (thermoremanence) of the Pb film for several cooling fields. That study revealed that the remnant response of the system increases with the cooling field, however, a saturation value is reached for fields greater than the first MF of its array. This behavior is due to the proximity of the ADs which hinders the pinning of vortices in interstitial regions. The remanence rises sharply up to the first MF, when the remnant flux counts one quantum per AD. For greater fields, the remnant rising rate has a sudden change and approaches to zero. In measurements of χAC as a function of the excitation field amplitude, all of the studied samples revealed that, in the beginning of the penetration, the vortices are impeded to move by the first front of ADs. Upon reaching a certain number, vortices eventually cross this first barrier and move deeper into the sample, up to the second front. In other words, at low temperatures and vortex densities (or, equivalently, at low AC fields), the penetration takes place layer by layer, i.e., the AD fronts act as contention barriers for the entrance of vortices, and they have to be suppressed one by one. We have studied the temperature dependence of the remnant magnetization (thermoremanence) of the Pb film for several cooling fields. That study revealed that the remnant response of the system increases with the cooling field, however, a saturation value is reached for fields greater than the first MF of its array. This behavior is due to the proximity of the ADs which hinders the pinning of vortices in interstitial regions. The remanence rises sharply up to the first MF, when the remnant flux counts one quantum per AD. For greater fields, the remnant rising rate has a sudden change and approaches to zero. In measurements of χAC as a function of the excitation field amplitude, all of the studied samples revealed that, in the beginning of the penetration, the vortices are impeded to move by the first front of ADs. Upon reaching a certain number, vortices eventually cross this first barrier and move deeper into the sample, up to the second front. In other words, at low temperatures and vortex densities (or, equivalently, at low AC fields), the penetration takes place layer by layer, i.e., the AD fronts act as contention barriers for the entrance of vortices, and they have to be suppressed one by one.
Caracterização e qualidade ambiental em dois fragmentos florestais na perspectiva da conservação de Alouatta guariba (HUMBOLDT, 1812) no interior do estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Oliveira, Edson Montilha de; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8232595762015490
This study was accomplished in two forest s fragments with different environmental characteristics; the Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo (PEMD), a Conservation Unit located at Pontal of Paranapanema, and the Água-Branca Farm Reserve (RPFAB), a fragment forest near to the of Araçatuba munipality. The objective was to research the environmental characterization and diagnosis of the two areas and to relate with the habitat quality for Alouatta guariba (Brown Howler Monkey). Tools of GIS (Geographical Information System) were used, letters IBGE s climbs 1:50.000, aerial pictures and images Google s to elaborate the thematic cartography of use and occupation of the land. The parameters used to evaluate the habitat quality were canopy covering, phytosociological analysis (vegetacional density and seed dispersion), diversity of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), home-range area and populational density of A. guariba. The quantitative results among the studied areas were analyzed through the statistical programs EstimateS version 8.0, Systat version 11 and Instat version 3.05. To quantify the covering/opening of the hemispherical canopy pictures it was used a digital machine and the pixels in white were calculated through the program computational GLA (Gap Light analyzer) version 2.0. The home-range values were obtained on computational program Track Maker version 3.8 and also the Biotas 1.03 Alpha was used. The results of environmental characterization of studied areas revealed a fragile situation of the population of howler monkeys in function of the negative impacts of the urban growth in RPFAB. The values of canopy covering and vegetational density resulted insignificantly inferior to RPFAB when compared with PEMD, excepting the diversity of dung beetles that was larger in RPFAB. This fact is discussed through the argument of the entrance of dung beetles that are not characteristic of the forest environment and that came from existent pasture in the proximities. The home range and population density found of the two groups of monkeys are according to reviewed literature. For RPFAB the size of the home range (10,3 - 7,1 ha) it seems to be more influenced by the habitat quality, while for PEMD the size of the home range (11,7 - 8,0 ha) it seems to be influenced by the populational density of howler monkeys. The conservation of A. guariba in PEMD is guaranteed long term due to the size of the area and for treating of a Unit of Conservation. The presence of the species in RPFAB, however, is committed due to the surrounding soil use and occupation and for current intrinsic factors of the environmental quality of the habitat.
A formação do psicólogo para o atendimento a pessoas em situação de deficiência
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Caetano, Nadja Carolina de Sousa Pinheiro; Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2830278033241388
Disability condition was the theme of the current study which seeks a connection between Special Education and Psychology. The issue of this study came from the problem of how to evaluate, with frugality, complex courses on higher education, in order to verify how well they prepare future professionals to act with people on disability condition, based on what is recommended from the scientific knowledge body existent on this area and also inside the ethical behavior standards established to this profession. The objective of this study consisted in evaluating the impact of a psychology formation course in order to enable future professionals to provide assistance to people on disability condition. To substantiate the study, the concept of disability was initially used, so as to contextualize the acting of a psychologist with a certain public; considering the history, academic formation and acting of this professional with this specific population. Concluding the theoretical part, a synthesis of what literature brings as necessary abilities and competences to a psychologist is presented in order to provide an adequate treatment to the person on situation of disability at its multiple contexts. The methodological outline involved a correlacional study with two groups of students, one with 34 senior students (GEF) and another with 16 beginner students (GEI) from a psychology course at a Piauí higher education public institute. It also involved three instruments: ELASI (Likert Scale on Social Attitudes towards Inclusion), QPPD ( Disability Personal Perception Questionnaire ) and the QEAPPD ( Ethical Questionnaire on Psychological Treating to People on Disability Condition ). The study wishes to compare similarities and differences between the groups, concerning social attitudes towards inclusion, personal perceptions about deficiencies and expected and restricted ethical behaviour so as to identify the impact related to psychologists formation in order for them to act with people on disability condition. The results evinced that the senior students group showed more satisfactory answers than the beginners one, according to the instruments propound analysis, which were still unsatisfying, considering what is suggested by the literature and the profession s ethical code. The GEF group obtained better results than the GEI group at the QPPD , both groups obtained similar results at the ELASI and, at the QUEAPPD , the results varied according to the subjects from the ten evaluated dilemma-situations. The senior students showed better results than the beginners when the situation demanded technical knowledge, however the beginners showed better results when the situation was related to professional acting, because of their choice on not answering or not demonstrating a lack of knowledge, while the seniors chose to inform acting procedures, even though inadequate ones. The instruments used revealed themselves useful and inexpensive. It is important to emphasize that the present evaluation refers, exclusively, to the evaluation of one aspect of the investigated course, and that it is not extended to the course as a whole. The question of how to organize on a curriculum space and time enough to supply a better formation to the psychologist on acting with people on disability condition is, therefore, opened. It is suggested, for future studies, the reproduction of studies of this kind, as well as the creation and improvement of instruments which allow a cheap evaluation of the formation given from higher education courses to professionals who act with people on disability condition.
Ordem-desordem: uma avaliação estrutural do Ba(ZrxTi1-x)O3
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-08-07) Cavalcante, Laécio Santos; Longo, Elson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9848311210578810; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7690248628577122
This work have as aim, the synthesis of ceramic powders of Ba(ZrxTi1¡x)O3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1) by the polymeric precursor method and investigate the degree of structural order-disorder of these systems by different characterization techniques, such as: thermogravimetric analysis (TA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, infrared vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The techniques of TA and DTA indicated a large mass loss of the precursors and that the increase in concentration of Zr in the lattice of the systems raises the crystallization temperature. The XRD patterns and Raman spectra showed that the powders of BaTiO3 have tetragonal structure and other systems have cubic structure. The infrared spectra showed a shift toward regions of higher wave number, with the substitution of Ti by Zr in the lattice. XANES spectra evidenced the presence of local clusters [TiO5]/[TiO6] and [ZrO5]/[ZrO6]. Moreover, there is a reduction in the displacement of Ti atom is outside of the center of the octahedron due to the increasing concentration of Zr in BaTiO3 lattice. With the EXAFS spectrum of BaZrO3 was possible to determine the approximate coordination number for the Zr clusters. The results obtained by EPR technique indicate that in the BaZrO3 with structural defects are possible the presence of species with electrons of unpaired spins. The absorption spectra in the UV-vis showed the presence of intermediate electronic levels between the valence band and conduction band in the powders with structural order-disorder, while the crystalline powders do not have the presence of these levels. Through the analysis of PL emission spectra was possible to verify the presence of order-disorder structural at medium range is fundamental for these systems have this property. Also, it was noted that the replacement of Ti by Zr in BaTiO3 lattice promotes a considerable increase in the PL intensity and different maximum emission in the visible (red, orange, yellow, green and blue). Moreover, models based on symmetry breaking among the Ti and/or Zr clusters are presented to explain the PL wide band and dual wide band for the ceramic powders. All the wide band models are proposed based on the presence of defects or symmetry breaking into lattice of these materials that promotes favorable conditions for the PL emission at room temperature before the excitation process.