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Influência do ambiente aversivo na resposta nociceptiva de ratos : um estudo sobre o papel de receptores opióides e canabinóides
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Cornélio, Alianda Maira; Souza, Ricardo Luiz Nunes de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9404997187273622
In innate or learned threatening situations, animals display a set of defensive behaviors specie-specific such as autonomic alterations, flight, fight and antinociception. Exposure of mice to open elevated plus-maze (oEPM: four open arms), an aversive situation, elicits antinociception of high magnitude. However, mechanisms involved in this kind of antinociception are not clear yet. This study investigated whether antinociception induced by exposure to an oEPM shows cross-tolerance with morphine (Exp. I and II); is attenuated by repetead exposure to the oEPM (Exp. III); is blocked by systemic treatment with naltrexone (Exp. IV); is prevented by adrenalectomy (Exp. V); persists after animal removal from the oEPM and if there are sex-related differences in this factor (Exp. VI); is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptor (Exp. VII). Rats were daily treated with morphine (M, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or distilled water (DW) for 5 consecutive days (antinociceptive tolerance assessed by the tailflick test). Next day, rats received formalin 2.5% injection (50 μL) into the right hind paw and, after first phase of formalin test, they were treated with M or DW. 25 minutes after formalin injection into the paw, time spent licking the injected paw was recorded for 10 minutes (Exp. 1). Similar procedure was followed in the Experiment II, except that time spent licking the paw was recorded during exposure to the oEPM or enclosed EPM (eEPM: four arms enclosed) in undrugged rats. In Experiment III, nociception was evaluated in rats submitted to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 exposures to either eEPM or oEPM (formalin was injected only during the last exposure). Experiment IV investigated the effects of naltrexone (0 and 2.5 mg/kg; s.c.) on nociception during eEPM or oEPM exposure. Nociception was also assessed during the eEPM or oEPM exposure in sham and adrenalectomized rats (exp. V). In experiment VII, rats were treated with vehicle (DMSO 60%) or AM251 (1 mg/kg, i.p., CB1 receptor antagonist). Fifteen minutes later, animals received formalin injection into the paw and, 25 minutes after, they were exposed to the eEPM or oEPM. In experiment VI, male and female rats were exposed to eEPM or oEPM (with no noxious stimulus during exposure) and imediately after they were tested on the hot plate test (52.4 °C). Results showed that antinociception induced by oEPM does not display cross-tolerance to morphine; was not altered for at least 6 exposures to the maze; failed to be reversed by naltrexone; was not prevented by adrenalectomy and was not blocked by AM251. In addition, this antinociception does not persist after animal removal of the apparatus, by contrast, it occurs a hyperalgesia (as assessed by hot plate test), a response that does not depend on sex-related differences. Results suggest that antinociception induced by oEPM: is not mediated by opioid system or CB1 cannabinoid receptors and it is not sensitive to corticosterone. Furthermore, animal removal of aversive environment alters nociceptive response from antinociception to hyperalgesia, a phenomenon that is independent of the gender.
A docência em uma escola do campo: narrativas de seus professores
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Araújo, Juliana Pereira de; Oliveira, Rosa Maria Moraes Anunciato de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3064136997342775; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4192018360933676
Catalisadores de Pt suportados, obtidos pelo método solgel : efeito do cério na atividade e estabilidade nas reações de reforma do metano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Ferreira, Adriana Paula; Bueno, José Maria Corrêa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0157452280626031; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5736423072715628
The effect of Ce as a structural and electronic promoter on the activity and stability of Pt catalysts supported on Al2O3 for methane reforming reactions were investigated to elucidate the metal-support interaction. Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by conventional method of wet impregnation on commercial supports and on CeO2- Al2O3 mixed oxides obtained by sol-gel method, which were studied to emphasize the alumina properties promoted by CeO2 as a more homogeneous and stable system. The metalsupport interface of Pt catalysts was also explored by the one-step sol-gel preparation method. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, N2 physissorption, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN), scattering (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), cycloexane dehydrogenation (metal dispersion), temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2), infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with Fourier transform of the CO adsorption (DRIFTS-CO), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The Pt/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts exhibit higher activities and stabilities than Pt/Al2O3, which are even better when Pt is supported on CeO2-Al2O3 mixed oxide obtained by sol-gel method. Physical-chemistry properties and the stability of the mixed oxides depend on Ce content, temperature and atmosphere of thermal treatment. TEM data show deactivation of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts is due to strong Pt agglomeration. Ce presence makes the support more stable and anchors Pt in a better way. In situ XAS analysis reveal Pt is reduced by the heating under partial oxidation of methane (POM), when the catalysts ignition occurs. Ce presence reduces this temperature and promotes Pt reoxidation after the cooling under POM conditions, indicating the electronic transfer between Pt and Ce that is also confirmed by Pt and Ce oxidation states changes during POM and oxy-reduction cycles. In situ EXAFS results show the Pt-O-Ce interaction and reveal Pt clusters present morphological changes with temperature increasing. The oxidation of deposited carbon on metal surface via metal-support interface (evidenced by sol-gel method preparation) confers higher activity to the Pt/CeO2- Al2O3 catalysts and shows CH4 reforming reactions are controlled by two limiting steps strongly dependents on the temperature: methane dissociation and carbon oxidation. Massa spectrometry data during the POM show this reaction occurs by indirect mechanism (combustion-reforming).
Perfil dos doentes de tuberculose nos anos de 2007-2008 no Departamento da Regional de Saúde III no Estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Caliari, Juliano de Souza; Figueiredo, Rosely Moralez de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2597491235073085; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9841209843799788
The Heart Region, situated in the State of São Paulo, stands out for showing good indicators of quality of life, numbers of health establishments that exceeds the state average, besides being part of a modern system of information registering, the TBWEB, which facilitates the data entry and the monitoring of the TB patient. However, studies point that the most TB cases in the region that are referred to specialized hospitals still show a classic form and treatment of TB, that could be monitored in the ambulatories of their own cities. Considering the health and information support network and the good indicators of quality of life shown, it is noticed that it is still known a little about the TB patients profile and the kind of health assistance offered to them in the region. The objective of this study was characterizing the TB patients epidemiological profile that were notified in the region, as well as knowing the flow and the health network for their diagnosis and treatment. This was a descriptive and quantitative study which, in its first stage, the TBWEB database of the 2007 and 2008 years was analyzed, and in its second stage, interviews with the Tuberculosis Control Program (PCT) responsible ones in the six cities of the region were realized. The number of identified patients was 122, and between them there were 84 men with average age of 40 years. About 50% showed a schooling degree between 0 and 7 years. The pulmonary form was responsible for 86% of the cases; 85% were new cases and 25% of the notifications were done in hospitals and emergency units. The alcoholism (24%) and AIDS (18%) were the most present comorbidities, and the social causes, the diagnostic elucidation and the non-adherence to the treatment were the most found reasons of internment. For diagnosis, 101 radiographs, 94 bacilloscopies and 25 expectoration cultures were used. The Scheme I was used in 82% of the patients and 53% of them finished the card showing cure. Regarding the attending flow, the cases, after identified, are notified and referred to the city A, where they will start the treatment. The professionals had pointed, as problems, the lack of support equipments such as vehicles, adequate physical space, supplies-, delay in doing tests and presenting its results, besides the lack of medical professionals with specific formation, staff training and active search for respiratory symptomatics. The positive characteristics were point as being the involvement between the staff and the community, the facility in requesting diagnostic tests and the easy access to the reference service. Therefore, it is noticed that the epidemiologic profile of this population is similar to the one described in the literature for the all the state, including a high rate of detection out of the basic attention. Although the PCT had been recommending, since the 1990 years, the decentralization of the TB care, the Heart Region still centralized the attending in a reference city, in the occasion of this study. The interviewed professionals recognize, as problems, the lack of physical structure and supplies, the delay in the flow of tests and its results, the lack of the staff training and active search, beyond justifying the centralization by the lack of specialist medical professional. They also recognize, as a facilitator, the link between the professional and the TB patient.
Caracterização da coordenação dos membros inferiores e avaliação dos efeitos de um treino da marcha em esteira com aumento de carga em sujeitos com doença de Parkinson
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Filippin, Nadiesca Taisa; Mattioli, Rosana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4917528501000675
The influence of the Parkinson s disease (DP) on lower limbs coordination during walking is still not completely known. The intra and interlimb coordination are essential during walking and an impairment in the motor control may affect them. On the other hand, studies about the effects of walking training with additional body load in PD are lacking. There is evidence that the increase of body load during treadmill walking improves reflex activity and leg extensor muscle activity, which are impaired in subjects with PD. Furthermore, the PD affects the quality of life of the subjects. For these reasons, two studies were accomplished. The purpose of the Study I was to compare the intralimb and interlimb coordination during walking between subjects with PD and healthy control subjects. Ten subjects with PD (PG) and ten control subjects (CG) were submitted to a clinical evaluation and a gait kinematic evaluation. The PG presented larger stride duration, stance and swing phase durations and smaller stride length, speed, cadence and joint range of motion than CG. The intra and interlimb coordination do not differ significantly between groups. These results indicate that the PG presented spatial-temporal variables and joint range of motion alterations but it was able to adapt to the limitations imposed by the disease and accomplish a functional gait, without undermine the intra and interlimb coordination pattern. The purpose of the Study II was to assess the effects of treadmill walking training with additional body load on the quality of life, motor functions and gait of subjects with PD. Nine subjects with idiopathic PD, in moderate stage, participed in this study. The training program was divided into three phases: treadmill training with additional body load (A1), control condition (conventional physical therapy group) (B) and treadmill training with load again (A2). Each phase lasted six weeks. Both evaluations and training were performed during on-phase of the medication cycle. The results showed an improvement in total score, and mobility, activities of daily life and cognition subscores related to quality of life and an improvement in the motor functions. Significant increase in propulsive forces, stride length, speed, and maximum hip extension during stance were also observed after the training program. In conclusion, the treadmill training with additional body load promoted an improvement in different aspects related to quality of life and in important variables for the maintenance of the functional gait of subjects with PD, and it is a promising alternative to optimize the rehabilitation process in combination with conventional physical therapy.
Bioprospecção e purificação de substâncias bioativas produzidas por Streptomyces tubercidicus, endofítico isolado de Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (Lobeira) do cerrado de São Carlos-SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Ratti, Regiane Priscila; Sousa, Cristina Paiva de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9002619114161319; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5478150276850174
The need for new and useful compounds to provide assistance and relief in all aspects of human condition is ever-growing. Drug resistance in bacteria, the appearance of life-threatening viruses, and the increase in the incidence of fungal infections in the world s population all underscore our inadequacy to cope with these medical problems. Endophytic microorganisms that colonize internal tissues of plants without causing any negative effects are relatively unstudied as potential sources of novel natural products for medical and commercial exploitation. The Streptomycetes provide nearly 80% of all the world s antibiotics produced. The aim of this work was to investigate the Brazilian tropical savannah tree Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (Lobeira) in São Carlos, in order to isolate the endophytic microorganisms associated with the plant, separating and purifying the bioactives substances produced by the endophytic microorganism. The bioactivity of S. tubercidicus against pathogenic microorganisms was analyzed. The obtained results point out the antagonistic potential of the endophytic isolated against microorganisms of interest in Public Health. The brute extract fresh produced by S. tubercidicus RND-C it presented antimicrobial potential maximum of 200 UA.mL-1 against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 48 h of cultivation; The bioactive substances produced by S. tubercidicus were submitted to different thermal and enzymatic treatments and pH variation to be determined the nature of the bioactive compounds. After it being submitted to enzymatic treatment with amylase and pepsin, the concentrated extract stayed bioactive, suggesting the lipidic and no-prothein nature of the bioactive substances. Already the active compounds against E. coli suggests the presence of a substance of glycidic and lipidic nature, due to resistance to the action of the enzyme invertase and lipase, respectively, suggesting that the substances contained in the brute extract of S. tubercidicus RND-C against E.coli can be a ´glycolipid. The concentrated extract stayed active biologically when exposed to lower (-20 and -80 ºC) and high (100 and 121 ºC) temperatures, suggesting that the bioactive compounds produced are not subject to spontaneous degradation. The extract stayed active against E. coli in acidity conditions (pH, 2,0 - 5,0) and it also presented bioactivity in pH 7,0 and 8,0. In conditions of high alkalinity (pH 9,0) bioactivity was not detected. Already against S. aureus, the extract stayed assets in the strip of pH 7,0. In conditions of acidity and alkalinity the bioactive substances produced by S. tubercidicus were inactivated. The molar mass of the substances was esteemed in minor than 3,0KDa. The bioactive molecules contained in the concentrated extract produced by S. tubercidicus RNC-C were purified and separated by bio monitoring analyzes, suggesting the presence of two different substances. The evaluation of the separation using a hight performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), suggests the existence of two different substances produced by S. tubercidicus, one being active against S. aureus and the other one active against E.coli and S. aureus. In the separation by using reverse-phase chromatography (Sep-Pak), were obtained four fractions (St. 1, St. 2, St. 3 and St. 4). The fractions St. 2 and St. 4 presented antimicrobial activity against bacteria and they were purified separately by Sephadex LH-20 Gel permeation chromatography obtaining the fractions St. 2-A; St. 2- B; St. 4-A and St. 4-B. The fractions St. 2-B was activity against S. aureus. Already the fractions St. 4-B was activity against S. aureus and E. coli. These results suggest the presence of two different substances. This work intends to contribute for understanding the interactions of endophitic and plants besides opening new perspectives on the biotechnological potential of the endophitics microorganisms of plants. The investigation of new composed assets biologically starting from microorganisms brings important contributions for the discovery of new drugs.
Formação de formadores e educação inclusiva : análise de uma experiência via internet
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-12-11) Dal-Forno, Josiane Pozzatti; Reali, Aline Maria de Medeiros Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5212610964276687
This study aimed at analyzing both the contributions and limitations of a distance learning professional development program based on the knowledge of educators, taking inclusive education policy into account. The Program for Educating Teacher Educators was entirely developed using a distance learning mode, in a specific virtual learning environment that was designed for that purpose at the Teachers Portal of UFSCar (http://www.portaldosprofessores.ufscar.br) and was addressed to educators of teachers who work in the initial years of elementary school. The investigation was based on a constructive-collaborative model of researchintervention that stimulates collaboration among participants in a non-hierarchical relation which promotes partnership process and mutual learning. The analyzed data were produced by 16 participants during eight months of intervention. Generally they resulted from both individual and group activities performed in the virtual environment and in the respective teaching institutions. The adopted theoretical background comprises learning to teach, teacher education, teacher educators' education, inclusive education, and distance education via Internet. The results indicate that teacher educators increased their knowledge basis to work with teachers in the perspective of inclusive education. The content of such learning is related to the own acting as teacher educators in the school context, inclusive education and teacher education to encourage learning of all students. As for the specific content knowledge, the activities were related to learning how to educate and be an educator and to inclusive education, going through meanings, practices and legislation. As for the pedagogical content knowledge, it was observed that the learning occurred in different levels, evincing distinct ways of working as an educator in the perspective of inclusive education. This learning arises especially from constant support and assistance, close relation with teacher educators practice, possibilities of intervention in their contexts during this process, characteristics of employed methodology based on reflections about practice, as well as on interaction and discussion with peers. The potentialities and limitations of the implemented proposal are related to the previously mentioned factors and to obstacles in technical support. Besides that, creating space for education is one of the challenges reported by the educators because they are overburdened with administrative tasks and have difficulty performing pedagogical functions, especially supporting and assisting teachers. Considering that learning of teacher educators occurred in two different environments, school and Internet, it is essential that education proposals designed for teacher educators take into account such contexts. The complexity of current schools requires a multiplicity of formats or educational possibilities to learn and it should be considered when creating courses and formulating politics for teacher educators' education. So, it is important to consider the way teacher educators can assist teachers by identifying and eliminating barriers in students learning so that all of them learn effectively. In addition, the founded process must have a background resulting from teacher educators reflection on their practice as well as on their beliefs and concepts which, in turn, if intertwined with their knowledge, can create an inclusive school.