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Formação e manutenção de classes de equivalência: um estudo com participantes da 3ª idade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Aggio, Natalia Maria; Domeniconi, Camila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4553599639534161
The paradigm of stimulus equivalence has been widely studied, with different populations. Several studies have investigated the variables that can influence the formation and maintenance of equivalent stimulus classes. Regarding to formation, some authors point that the structure of train CaN and the arrangement simple to complex can facilitate this formation. Regarding to maintenance, some authors propose, for example, that classes with higher number of stimuli are more stable and are easier to be remembered over time. Despite the diversity of populations studied with procedures derived from the paradigm of stimulus equivalence, there is still a lack of studies with the elderly population. In order to enlarge the knowledge about the generality of the phenomenon of formation and maintenance of equivalent classes stimulus, this study proposed to investigate the formation of equivalent classes of different sizes and the role of this size in the maintenance of the classes with participants between 60 and 75 years. The procedure of matching-to-sample was used to teach three classes of equivalent stimuli composed of three or six stimulus (Condition 1 and Condition 2). The experimental procedure consisted of a training phase of baseline relations and testing of emerging relations, and six weeks after the first phase, a test was done with the emerging and learned relations to check the maintenance of classes formed. All participants showed the emergence of classes of equivalent stimulus. Three participants showed immediate emergency and five delayed emergency. All the participants who went through Condition 1 had percentages of correct responses below 90% in the test done after six weeks, while participants who underwent Condition 2 had hit percentages above 90%. Since most participants from Condition 2 showed accuracy right in the beginning of the test, it was not possible to evaluate the recovery of the relations throughout the test made six weeks later. This performance showed that the size of the class may be a relevant variant that influences the stability of the class over time, since the participants in the condition that trained with larger classes had better results on this test. This paper presents contributions to the studies of stimulus equivalence, since studies with this population are rare, and to understanding the factors involved in the formation and maintenance of stimulus equivalence.
Estudo de interações de parasitoides de insetos endófagos em frutos do cerrado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Nascimento, André Rangel; Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1936839223951300
Interactions between endofagous insects in fruits play an important role in ecological communities, since the seed survivorship and hence the successes in recruitment of plant populations are directed related to damage caused by the herbivory from these insects. Because of the specialization of the herbivorous insects, the insect-plant interactions tend to be structured in compartments of insects which use different groups of plant. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify if insect-plant interactions in fruits of the cerrado are compartmented; and (2) to identify if plant species in compartments are related. With two monthly field trips, the fruits of 34 plant species were sampled. The insects that emerged from fruits were classified in morphospecies. A correspondence analysis was used to identify the compartments. About 97 morphospecies of insects were identified. Although there is no consensus if the competitive forces structure the compartmented networks or, if directly or indirectly, chemicals defences of plants, the compartmentation seems to be an overall characteristic of food webs and, thus, of insect-plant networks. There is also evidence of the role of the phylogeny in the structure of compartmented networks.
Estudo da força de adesão de tortas de filtração de gases em diferentes condições operacionais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Barros, Priscila Martins de; Aguiar, Mônica Lopes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0431688649128529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7778087902508837
Gas filtration is one of the most important methods used in gas-solid separation. During a filtration process, a gas containing an amount of solid particles passes through a porous filter medium which retains the particles. Particles are deposited throughout the filtration process forming a porous cake. The resistance to gas flow through the filter increases when the filtration cake is formed, which makes pressure drop increase. Once pressure drop is considered relatively high, the cake must be removed with cleaning processes in order to minimize resistance to gas flow and, consequently minimize operational cost. Thus, cake removal enhancements might represent important earnings, besides contributing to filtration process improvements. Therefore, this study had the objective of investigating the behavior of gas filtration cake removal from filter media through the determination of adhesion force per unit area in different operational conditions. This parameter is very important during dust cake removal, once it makes it possible to propose the best operational conditions for a more efficient removal. In this work, two types of particulate matter, phosphate concentrate and manioc starch, and three types of filter media, polypropylene, acrylic and polyester, were studied. Three superficial filtration velocities (5; 7.5 and 10 cm/s) and five different amounts of powder deposited on the filter medium, which respectively correspond to 0.039; 0.055; 0.064; 0.071 and 0.088g/cm2, were also examined. The dust cakes removal was performed by using the reverse air flow method, being the dust cakes submitted to various successive cleaning velocities. Therefore, each filter medium was cleaned at a lower velocity and, immediately afterwards, at a higher velocity, going through the following cleaning velocities 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 6; 9; 12 and 15 cm/s. Thus, a value of pressure drop was obtained for each cleaning velocity. The adhesion force per unit area was acquired with the method proposed by Seville et al. (1989). From the results obtained, it was verified that the values of adhesion force per unit area found were not influenced by the amount of powder deposited per unit area; the experimental data fit a single curve; the phosphate concentrate presented higher values of adhesion force per unit area when compared to the manioc starch; adhesion force values increased with the increase in gas superficial filtration velocity for both phosphate concentrate and manioc starch; the polypropylene felt presented the highest removal tension values followed by the acrylic and polyester felts; and that the higher the removal tension values the lower the values obtained for the effective separation distance between particles.
Influência das frentes frias nos mecanismos de funcionamento da represa da UHE Carlos Botelho (Lobo/Broa) Itirapina SP, dos pontos de vista químico, físico e biológico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Passerini, Mariana Duó; Tundisi, José Galizia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5730659239785432; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1982495528270707
In Brazil there is a numerical predominance of river systems, which favors the construction of reservoirs. These reservoirs have great ecological, economic and social significance, so, the management, conservation and recovery of these systems are of fundamental importance with repercussions on the economy, social work and the uses of aquatic systems. Climatological phenomena, such as the passage of cold fronts, are important factors that influence the water quality of reservoirs. Given this, this work aimed to study the influence of cold fronts in the mechanisms of function of the hydroelectric reservoir of Carlos Botelho (Lobo/Broa), the change in the phytoplankton community, in the destratification of the water column and the change in chemical and physical composition of the reservoir, thus contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of global circulation of aquatic systems, especially in shallow reservoirs. Two samples were collected for this work, one in the dry season and another in the wet season. The environmental variables were collected in the water column, resulting in the vertical profile of the reservoir. The results show that before the passage of the cold front, during periods of low wind speed, we could see the stratification formed in the water column. During the passage of the cold front, the stress of wind increase and the solar radiation decrease and temperature decreases, promoting vertical mixing of water, resulting in the destratified water column and thus providing homogeneity of physical and chemical variables and the resuspension of nutrients and diatoms that were dormant in the sediment and their rapid multiplication in the water column.
Estudo da fauna de Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em áreas de cerrado no estado de São Paulo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Pinto, Clóvis Sormus de Castro; Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1027467404762561
The Hymenoptera parasitoids are a key group in establishing priorities in programs aimed at conservation, given the high proportion of the diversity of insects. The parasitoids have great importance in maintenance of the environmental balance in population control of various species of hosts. This paper proposes a faunistic survey of the material deposited in the Coleção Taxonômica do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (DCBU). Samples were collected in 11 municipalities of São Paulo, each with a collection point, except the municipality of São Carlos with 6 points. For the capture of insects, were used: Malaise trap, water-pan trap, light trap and "sweeping" of the vegetation. We studied Doryctinae 2.031 individuals distributed in 36 genera described valid. The municipality of San Carlos had the highest number of Doryctinae obtained from 865 individuals and frequency of occurrence of 42.61%. Santa Rita do Passa Quatro was the location that showed the greatest wealth of genres, 22 in all, and also the largest number of genera exclusive to the location (4) in the study. Heterospilus Haliday was the dominant genus with almost 80% of the total specimens collected (1.603). Most Doryctinae studied were collected by sweeping the vegetation with 61% of the total Doryctinae collected by this technique (1.239). Although about half of the biome has been destroyed or turned into various types of land use, and rather fragmented, the Cerrado in São Paulo had become very abundant and rich in genus of the Doryctinae. Was described 3 new species and recorded 3 new genera for the Cerrado.
Observação versus relato de mães e professoras sobre competência social e comportamentos problemáticos em pré-escolares
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Dias, Talita Pereira; Del Prette, Zilda Aparecida Pereira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8113238388739093; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0097014291170034
The literature has produced evidence that: (a) the early assessment and intervention in social skills can prevent and overcome problematic behaviors; (b) in the case of assessment, there are limits and advantages to different procedures generally used as well as a consensus about the importance of the multimodal design; (c) studies that investigate the relation among data obtained using different procedures, such as observation and informants reports are still scarce, mainly, with preschoolers; (d) analyzes of convergences and divergences between informants reports and between different procedures can produce important information to plan intervention to promote social skills and reduce problem behaviors in the childhood. In this way, the present study had as objectives: (1) To verify similarities and differences in the assessment of social competence with comparisons among four groups of children (with good social skills repertoire - SSB; with internalizing problematic behaviors - IPB, externalizing - EPB e mixed - MPB) in each kind of assessment (mother s report, teacher s report and observation) and comparing the three kinds of assessment to each group; (2) To characterize convergences and divergences between different informants and procedures, with comparisons among groups and intragroups. Based on a sample of 152 children evaluated by Preschool Kindergarten Behaviors Scales (PKBS), 26 children were selected and distributed to each one of the groups. These children participated in five structured situations that were recorded and analyzed by judges previously trained. In the interviews, mothers and teachers reported how the children s performance in each structured situation would have been. The data were analyzed by descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. The results indicated that: (1) to each group, the evaluation of social competence by mother s and teacher s reports and by observation were consistent; (2) only the teacher s evaluation differentiated the groups - the children of CHS group presented the best scores of social skills and the CPI group, the worst scores; (3) the convergences between report s data and of observation, in general, were the highest in the CHS group and the lowest in CPI group, except to comparison between mother report and observation, with the most convergence to CPE group. Possible reasons to explain the lowest convergence in the group CPI are highlighted, and methodological, clinical and educational implications are discussed, suggesting plans of intervention based on these results.
Efeitos de um treinamento físico sobre o equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de mulheres idosas residentes na área de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família de São Carlos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Aveiro, Mariana Chaves; Oishi, Jorge; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1417328590472858
IBGE estimative for relative Brazilian elderly participation was 9.49% in 2008 and 29.75% in 2050. However, the country has been organized to define public policy to elderly people. Health Family Program has been presented as a strategy to consolidate this policy. Physical therapy participates of this system with a different perspective. It is also performing prevention and health promotion practices. If it‟s known functional mobility and fall risks between among elderly people, could contribute for a health diagnostic that direct decisions related to therapeutic projects in Health Family Unit with the purpose of falls and disability prevention. Despite of it has been established that different training exercise programs could be efficient to prevent falls and disability, it is not known the effects of a low-intensity resistance, balance and coordination program with great adhesion among community-dwelling elderly women. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the mobility and risk for falls in elderly people living in Health Family program area and to analyze the effects of a group-based low intensity exercise training program for mobility, postural control, isometric torque, isokinetic torque, power and time acceleration and quality of life among community-dwelling elderly women. Methods: Initially, elderly from Health Family Program area were evaluated through Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and answered about fall events in the last year. After, elderly women were invited to a group-based low intensity exercise training program for 12 weeks. Women that consent to participate were randomized through sealed envelopes. Training group performed stretching exercises, ankle and knee muscle strengthening and balance training for 12 weeks, two days per week under the supervision of a physiotherapist. Participants in the control group did not undergo any training and were instructed to maintain their usual level of physical activity. 28 community-dwelling elderly women completed the study. They were evaluated through isometric peak torque and isokinetic peak torque, power and time acceleration 60 e 120/s; postural control at stable force platform BERTEC at bipodal stance with eyes opened and closed and unipodal and tandem stance; mobility by Timed Up & Go test; functional balance by Berg Balance Scale; and, quality of life by World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire abbreviated version (WHOQOL-bref). Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney U, Wilcoxon and Chi-square tests. The level of significance used for all comparisons was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Participants who had suffered at least one fall in the last year presented the worst value in the TUG when compared to non-fallers (p<0.001). Women prevalence were higher for fallers (p<0.001). No significant association was found between falls and cognitive impairment by MMSE (p=0.11). TUG performance presents significant difference for different elderly age groups (p<0.001). Training group presented a significant improvement to Psychological Domain after 12-week training. Control group presented a significant impairment for General Score and Physical and Psychological Domais. Training group also presented a significant increase to isokinetic peak torque at 60/s for knee flexors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors; power at 60/s for knee extensors and knee flexors, ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. It was also observed a significant increase to isokinetic peak torque at 120/s knee flexors and extensors; power at 120/s for knee flexors and extensors. Time acceleration presented a significant decrease for knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors at 60°/s and knee extensors at 120°/s. Furthermore, training group presented a significant improvement to performance at TUG that was maintained after 12 weeks that the training finished. Conclusion: Low-intensity group-based exercise training program may be efficient to improve knee isometric peak torque and knee and ankle isokinetic peak torque, power and time acceleration and performance at TUG.
Regra e criatividade no comportamentalismo radical de B.F. Skinner
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-08) Ferreira, Paulo Roberto dos Santos; Rose, Julio Cesar Coelho de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3386857761295187; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4219517905281426
Through a critical reading of Skinner s works it was intended to clarify ambiguitiesconcerning scientific and philosophical communities regarding the concepts of rule and verbalstimulus. It was also sought an appropriate statement of creative behavior and thoughtconcepts according to Skinner s Radical Behaviorism. This research had, therefore, a twofoldobjective which was to identify: (1) Skinnerian interpretation of creative behavior and thoughtand (2) Skinner s conception of rule and rule-governed behavior. The steady relation pointedout by B. F. Skinner among the concepts of verbal stimulus, rule and creative behavior and, atthe same time, the controversy spread out by Skinner s commentators and scientists, seeking asufficient and non-ambiguous definition of rule, mainly justifies this study enterprise. Usually, these commentators treat verbal stimulus and rule concepts as identical, being thisidentity a satisfying condition for a definition of the latter as a corollary of the statementsrelating to the Verbal Behavior matter. Moreover, commonly Skinner s work reviewersdefine creative behavior as a variation or unit recombination, which implies supposing thatcreative behavior does not differ from other emissions of operant behavior, since the variationis a ubiquitous characteristic on behavior emissions according to Skinnerian model ofselection by consequences. Part of this study consisted in demonstrating how an explanationof the distinctions existing between verbal stimulus and rule can collaborate with a preciseand productive definition of complex and creative human behavior without losing sight of thebehavioral interpretation object s inherent characteristics. Aiming these goals, the course ofresearch went the following route: (1) identification, in texts by the author, of the conceptsunderlying behavioral interpretation; (2) a systematic analysis of the verbal stimulus concepton its possible behavioral functions and, thus, also its relation to the rule concept; (3) theformulation of an alternate interpretation of creative behavior and rule-governed behaviorbased on Skinnerian explanatory system. Finally, there was a brief foray into formulations ofDewey and Wertheimer on creative behavior and thinking in order to, thereby, outlinepossible convergence on interpretative perspectives brought by the three authors. Among themost important results, it was demonstrated that: (1) simply presume variability does notexplain creative behavior, not only from B. F. Skinner perspective, but neither from JohnDewey s and Max Wertheimer s; (2) four Skinner notions are fundamental in a conceptualrelation between behavioral analysis and interpretation: strength, property, continuum andcomplexity; (3) rule is not defined as verbal stimulus and neither it is a conceptual subcategoryof this kind of stimulation; (4) creative behavior is necessarily complex andorganized, and its structure is functionally defined; (5) rule is one of the creative complexbehavior elements; and (6) rule is a new complex discriminative stimulus with a functionalcomplication typical of a creative emission, although it is not restricted to this behavioralcontext.