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O Sistema de Ensino Belas-Artes no Curso de Arquitetura da Ècole des Beaux-Arts de Paris em sua tradição e ruptura: legado de saber e de poder
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Malacrida, Sérgio Augusto; Silva Junior, João dos Reis
The Fine-Arts Teaching System, founded by the École des Beaux-Arts of Paris in its Architecture Course, which lasted from 1671 to 1968, is considered to be a supreme asset of cultural and symbolic importance in which the traditional school, related to the French capitalist state, was expressed. Furthermore, it is also understood to be cultural capital which merits preservation. The history of the École, the world's most famous institution for the teaching of art and which has influenced the installation of ramifications of its model in various countries, reveals a series of crises which culminated with the final catastrophe in 1968, when the Architecture Course was closed and the competition for the Great Prize of Rome was discontinued. Throughout its history the École always maintained its base in relationships with powerful groups related to the nobility and influenced by prestige, status, pleasure and knowlege. These facts serve to explain the political and cultural processes which have preserved the important relevance of the Fine-Arts Teaching System. Power is an intrinsic factor of art and of the understanding of its essence, originality and knowledgepower, and this is evident and explicit in the formation of the systematised enlightenment of Graeco-Roman classicism conceived in the neoclassic style and practised rightly by the famous French school. The "rigid"classic rules, on being systematised, became powerknowledge to benefit primarily the aristocracy, the monarchical State and afterwards the interests of an authoritarian State regime. The closure of the Architecture Course and the extinction of the Great Prize of Rome Competition , while confirming the phenomenon of genealogical power, exposes the problem of non-flexibilisation of Education in the political and cultural areas in order to defend, above all, the knowledge-power of art in the classic model of Fine-Arts. The industrialisation and growth of the cities and the emergence of new social and political structures, together with their "utopias", are facts which have changed the positive power of classic works to that of technology and of engineering, thus giving origin to modern archtecture. These developments were not considered in relation to the principles of Graeco-Roman culture, which were founded in humanism as represented in the poetry of expression of sensitivity and of emotion. In this respect research indicates defence of the educational principles of a school interested in art and archtecture and focused on the potential it has for the communication of knowledge. In such connection, it should be remembered that schools in general, obsessed as they are by the spirit of commercial objectivity, tend to favour the power-knowledge attitude. Nevertheless, the knowledge-power of the Fine-Arts Teaching System can be saved and should be appreciated as the basic teaching value of a school disinterested in power without knowledge, which is to say power that is not intrinsically art.
Produção de cefamicina C por Streptomyces clavuligerus em batelada e batelada alimentada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Bellão, Carolina; Badino Júnior, Alberto Colli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9638894751959867
Cephamycin C (CephC) is a natural antibiotic produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus that presents β-lactamases resistance, enzymes that clives β-lactam of antibiotics. The aim of present work was study cephamycin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in batch and fed-batch cultivations, in order to define important parameters as culture medium and carbon source feeding conditions for the purpose of maximize the CefC production. First the methodology of analysis of CefC was tested. Due to standard unavailability for analysis of CefC in the fermentative broths, it was evaluated the sensibility of microorganism test (Escherichia coli ESS) face other standards. It was verified that E. coli ESS strain presents super sensibility to penicillin G and cephalosporin C. Due to the presence of clavulanic acid (CA) in the both, a β-lactamase inhibitor, it was evaluated the influence of the sample treatment (acid and basic hydrolisis) on penicillin N hydrolysis by penicillinase. For an adequate CephC analysis, the results showed that both clavulanic acid and cephamycin C were degraded in acid and alkaline medium, with higher degradation was in alkaline pH. The results show that the samples should be treated only with penicillinase for the correct CephC analysis by elimination of intermediates compounds the CephC biosynthetic pathway. For the evaluation of the CephC production, firstly different culture media proposed in the literature were tested with S. clavuligerus ATCC 27064 strain in bench scale bioreactor. The best result in terms of cellular growth and CephC production (374.8 mg.L-1 em 66 h) was obtained in batch cultivation that utilized starch and cottonseed meal as carbon and nitrogen sources. The influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on CephC production was then evaluated utilizing two Streptomyces clavuligerus strains, ATCC 27064 and DSM 41826, a natural mutant indicated as higher CephC producing by literature. Glycerol and soy bean meal have showed more suitable as carbon and nitrogen sources for CephC production due probably to slow and gradual availability of nitrogen from protein hydrolysis of soy bean meal (insoluble nitrogen source). In the fed-batch cultivation utilizing glycerol or starch as carbon source, the best result in terms of CephC production (566.5 mg.L-1 in 108 h) was obtained in the fed-batch cultivation with glycerol feeding at volumetric flow rate of 0,01 L.h-1 and concentration of 177 g.L-1. In the experimental conditions tested in the fed-batch cultivations, ranging carbon source and feeding conditions, it was not possible visualize the dissociation between clavulanic acid and cephamycin productions. The higher CephC in medium with glycerol is probably associated to its favorable energetic balance and metabolization rate in relation to starch.
Processamento e caracterização de ligas amorfizáveis TiCuNiZr e TiFeCoZr
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Medeiros, Bruno Bellini; Bolfarini, Claudemiro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9231627080617037; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6045536501621727
Searching the development of bulk metallic glasses the research takes two directions, the development of alloys with a high glass forming ability and development of new processes or improving existing processes. In this context, the present study aimed at to evaluate the solidification processes suction and centrifugal casting, both using copper moulds. The alloys Ti34Cu36Ni8Zr22 and (TiZr)80Co12Fe8 were investigated. Fully amorphous melt spun ribbons were produced presenting good thermal parameters. However, the production of bulky samples by the foregoing processes showed that the alloys have low glass forming ability. The centrifugal casting process, despite the high cooling rate have failed to keep the chemical composition, presented turbulent filling and was unable to prevent heterogeneities that are carried from the crucible into the sample. The suction process showed high cooling rate with a good combination of appropriate mould filling, maintenance of chemical composition and to avoid the presence of heterogeneities in a satisfactory manner. Both processes kept the oxygen level at satisfactory values, below 1000 ppm. Comparing with the arc melting process using copper crucible, the suction casting process decreased slightly, in average, the oxygen levels. On the other hand, the centrifugal casting process increased slightly the contamination by oxygen.
Otimização dinâmica do cultivo semi-contínuo de Pichia pastoris recombinante para produção das enzimas heterólogas alfa amilase e penicilina G acilase
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Montaño, Inti Doraci Cavalcanti; Giordano, Roberto de Campos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8547423775951223
This master's thesis project aims at studying the dynamic optimization of the operation of a bench scale (up to 5L) automated, agitated and aerated bioreactor, where the semi-continuous cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris is run. This yeast was cloned using the PGK1 promoter, which precludes the use of methanol as inducer, expressing constitutively the enzyme penicillin G Acylase (PGA) from Bacillus megaterium. While the group of molecular biology of DEQUFSCar is working on cloning the PGA, d P. pastoris expressing the enzyme - amylase from Bacillus subtilis was cultivated. This clone, provided by prof. Fernando Torres, UnB, uses the same construction and, therefore, its kinetics of growth and production should be very similar to the PGA s. Cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris was performed in flasks (skaker) using standard culture medium, aiming at obtaining kinetic data, which are the starting point for the escalation to a benchtop bioreactor. Following that, tests were performed in a 5L bioreactor in batch and fed batch operation modes. With the bioreactor data , kinetic parameters of growth, to be further used in the simulations, were estimated, using a hybrid algorithm (which combines the global method Simulated Annealing, with the local one Levenberg- Marquardt). This algorithm, is implemented in Matlab and available in the software library of Ladabio (Laboratory of Development and Automation of Bioprocesses ). From these data, models of microbial growth and of production were developed, following a classic approach (unstructured, non-segregated). Computer simulations using different feeding strategies and employing these models allowed mapping the dynamics of the system. From this information, optimal control strategies were proposed to define optimal feeding profiles. Cellular concentrations of 5.4 g/L (dry weight) were reached in shaker (20h of cultivation, when glucose is exhausted), expressing 218 U/mL of -amylase, compared to 11.4 g/L (dry weight) that were achieved in cultures in a bioreactor in batch simple (10h of cultivation, when glucose is exhausted), expressing 156 U/mL of -amylase In fed-batch cultures, cell concentrations of up to 45 g/L were achieved, expressing up to 260 U/mL of - amylase, with a productivity of 5.2 U/mL/ h. In fed-batch cultures of P. pastoris expressing PGA, cell concentrations of up to 35 g/L were achieved. Enzyme activity was not detected in the culture broth due to the effect of glycosylation. Immunodetection reaction confirmed the expression of the recombinant enzyme. Four specific growth rate equations were adjusted, with different types of inhibition by one product, detected at significant levels by liquid chromatography highperformance, but not yet identified. This metabolite was added as an inhibitor in kinetic models, using the peak areas, normalized as a pseudoconcentration. The best fit to the experimental data were the Monod kinetic model with non-competitive inhibition. Typical values obtained for the maximum specific growth and glucose/ cell conversion factor in bioreactor were max=0,24 h-1 and YX/S = 0,48. Algorithm for optimal control in open loop was developed and successfully implemented, providing a robust profiles of great power, whose validation is proposed as a continuation of this work.
Catalisadores bimetálicos Pt-Fe/CeO2 para a reação de oxidação preferencial do CO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Mattos, Luciana Vieira; Assaf, José Mansur; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9563312407691130; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8138348622472033
The objective of this work is to study the preferential oxidation (PROX) of carbon monoxide in H2-rich feed streams over Pt-Fe/CeO2 catalysts in a feed gas composed of 3% CO, 1.5% O2, 80% H2, and N2 (for balance). The temperature effect (in the 100-300ºC range) and the Pt and Fe load ones were also analyzed. In order to further understand those catalysts performance, a study comparing them to the monometallic Pt/CeO2 and Fe/CeO2 catalysts, both prepared identically with the same Pt and Fe loading, was conducted. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and the support by the hydrothermal method. The solids were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), B.E.T Surface Area and Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). The catalytic reaction experiments were conducted under atmospheric pressure. The results pointed that the activity and selectivity curves of the Pt/CeO2 catalysts showed a decrease on the 100 -200ºC temperature range. Conversely, both curves of conversion and selectivity became increasingly above 200ºC, suggesting the occurrence of the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). The 0.6% Pt/CeO2 catalyst was not only the most active at 200ºC but also the most selective in the whole temperature range for the PROX reaction. Furthermore, an increase in CO conversion was shown by all promoted catalysts, in which the 3% Pt catalyst presented the strongest promoter effect, with a significant increase on both CO conversion and selectivity.
Distribuição espacial de insetos predadores em riachos da região norte da Serra do Mar, Estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Vilardi, Gabriel Cestari; Strixino, Susana Trivinho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1804083229761186; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9911642960012466
This study aimed at determining whether environmental factors as vegetation, environmental integrity, water flow, water velocity and physical and chemical characteristics of the water (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity) can predict the richness, abundance and faunal composition of predator insects which live in bedrock of Atlantic Rainforest streams. The collecting of fauna has been carried out in streams located in the Núcleos Santa Virgínia and Cunha-Indaiá, both located in the Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, São Paulo state, in October 2006 and October and November 2007. In each stream was selected a stretch of about 50 meters. The fauna associated with 25 cobble type rocks was collected with the aid of a hand net with a mesh of 0.25 millimeters. Were collected 779 individuals in 17 taxa. The most abundant taxa were Anacroneuria, Limnocoris, Neotrephes and Argia. The Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) showed a cluster of sampling points according to the scale of the vegetation cover. The graphic representation of similarity matrix Morisita- Horn by UPGMA revealed the formation of clusters consisting of the fauna collected at sites with different water flows, but with similar vegetation cover. The Mantel Test showed a significant relationship of the predatory insects fauna in the vegetation cover (r = -0.189, p = 0.017 for 5000 permutations) and water velocity (p = 0.05 and r = -0.3 for 5000 permutations). The partial coefficients estimated from multiple linear regression showed that the flow has significant influence on the analyzed entomofauna.
Otimização do cultivo de Bacillus megaterium recombinante em bateladas alimentadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Suarez, Carlos Alberto Galeano; Giordano, Roberto de Campos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5911055089145779
Penicillin Acylases are enzymes of great industrial importance, being used mainly for production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, 6-APA from penicillin G. In the late 90's, its use for synthesis of β-lactam semisynthetic antibiotics began on an industrial scale, an alternative in the context of "green chemistry" to the chemical synthesis of high environmental impact. The aiming thesis was to evaluate the influence of the growth media on the strains of Bacillus megaterium that will be used in the cloning of the gene pac in own B. megaterium, aiming at a larger number of copies of the gene, thus increasing the levels of expression of the enzyme penicillin G Acylase (PGA). It was determined the main metabolites produced by strains ATCC 14945 QB 1551 and PV 361 (the latter given by Professor Patricia Vary, corresponding to the wild QB 1551 with all megaplasmids deleted, which will be cloned with enzyme PGA). Evaluated medium has some influence on the metabolism of the organism, in order to optimize the production of the enzyme in cultures of high cell concentrations. The analysis of experimental data showed the strain PV 361 reached the highest cell concentration 16,6 g / L (dry weight), in fed-batch cultivation with the SNB medium with cheese whey (10,0 g / L), compared with 12,5 g / L without the presence of whey and 9,6 g / L in the LB-B medium. In cultures in SNB medium with whey the concentration of lactic acid reached 22,1 g/L, compared with 13,2 g/L in the absence of whey. However for the LB-B medium, the main product was acetic acid with a concentration of 6,7 g /L. Kinetic parameters were calculated as μmax, Yx/s, during the fed-batch cultivations in a bioreactor in stirred tank and aerated in a bench scale (5 L and 2L). The kinetic model for growth and production of metabolites was defined from the test phase in bioreactor batch. The operation of fed-batch culture and pH control were not effective for improving the production of biomass, because it had a high lactic acid production (up to 8 g / L in phase with the batch means SNB) and acetic acid (above 6 g / L at the end of the batch with LB medium-B), concentrations that led to the inhibition of growth of the microorganism and induced its sporulation, biological phenomenon that once started is difficult to reverse and that hinders the production in high cell density (HCDC).
Estudo da compressibilidade de tortas de filtração de gases em filtros de tecido
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-03-31) Fargnoli, Amélia Giovana; Aguiar, Mônica Lopes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0431688649128529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4923501286554930
A study on the compressibility of gas filtration cakes through their porosity investigation is presented in this work. The experimental unit consisted of a circular filter with a filtration area of 249 cm2 and a data acquisition system; mass flow rate and relative air humidity were controlled. The filter media used were a polyester felt (weighing 600 g/cm2) and an acrylic felt (weighing 550 g/cm2). A phosphate concentrate phosphate (ρp = 3.20 g/cm3 and dSt = 5.6 μm) and a magnesium silicate (talc) (ρp = 3.09 g/cm3 and dSt = 2.5 μm) were used as powder materials. Superficial filtration velocity was kept constant at 10 cm/s during phosphate concentrate filtration trials and five maximum pressure drops were set (100, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 mmH2O) at constant mass flow rate. Superficial filtration velocity was kept constant at 10 cm/s during talc filtration trials and four maximum pressure drops were set (300, 600, 900 and 1200 mmH2O) at constant mass flow rate. Trials at different filtration velocities (7.5 cm/s, 10 cm/s, 12.5 cm/s and 15.0 cm/s) were also performed. Initially, porosity data as a function of pressure drop per time were obtained. Each cake underwent a process to acquire the necessary resistance to be cut and embedded and then analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscope. The obtained images were treated and analyzed in an image analyzing software which provided cakes porosity values. Afterwards, the influence of gas superficial velocity on average porosity was evaluated for cakes formed by talc powder. The porosity values obtained with the SEM images were compared to those obtained with equations found in the literature. A difference of 20 to 48% between experimental average porosity and estimated porosity was found for the phosphate concentrate cakes and of less than 13% for the talc cakes obtained at constant velocity. The average porosity values found for talc cakes were higher than those found for phosphate concentrate cakes, which was probably due to the fact that talc particles shape is extremely different from the spherical shape. A compressibility behavior for cakes of the two materials was possible to be observed. Talc cake porosity decreased with the increase of superficial filtration velocity.