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Análise multilocus de parâmetros populacionais, evolução molecular e diferenciação em espécies de moscas-das-frutas do grupo fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-08-31) Fernandes, Fernanda; Brito, Reinaldo Alves de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8253066295947754; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5794633609915764
The genus Anastrepha which is endemic to the Neotropical region has big economic importance to cause great losses in fruit production. We studied three species of the cryptic group fraterculus: Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. sororcula. Although no single marker is able to distinguish these species, some morphological and behavioral markers are able to distinguish them. There is evidence that these markers do not match the patterns of genetic variation and divergence of these flies. We investigated the role of genes related or not to reproduction in the speciation of these flies. We used a cDNA library of the reproductive tissues of females of A. fraterculus, to isolate expressed genes from those tissues. From a framework of divergence population genetics, we estimated relevant demographic parameters that reported the genetic architecture of speciation in this group. To study the separation of these species, we used gene trees as a framework to be compared and to infer eventual species trees. We amplified 12 genes isolated from the cDNA library. The analysis of population divergence and levels of polymorphism were made in DNAsp and showed high levels of polymorphism for the vast majority of loci. Neutrality tests reveal that only Fs Fu was significantly negative for the combination of species here considered. These results indicate a possible evidence of population expansion on this group of species. These data were corroborated by the values of ancestral and current theta estimated from the analysis undertaken on the software IMa2 program. These analysis also showed relevant levels of migration in some contrasts, but particularly among species which are more distant in the tree from the other two. However, the same analyses performed amongst species pairs fail to reveal high levels of migration rate among species, though t e theta values were close to those estimated in the analysis with all three species together. We also tested for the presence of selection at different loci, using the program PAML and obtained evidence of positive selection for three genes CG7203, CG8064 and MLC, whereas the gene CG7009 showed evolution by a mild purifying selection. The haplotype networks showed the grouping of haplotypes of the species for five of the 12 genes CG7009, CG8064, Elp, TCTP and Cyclophylin. CG7009 revealed possible species specific markers for A. sororcula. We carried out the deep coalescence analysis in the program MESQUITE, comparing gene trees simulated with real trees for each gene locus, placing the species as an outgroup for each tree model and obtained significant results, which would be compatible to simulated scenarios only for the genes V Cyclophylin and TCTP. The tree obtained by minimizing the deep coalescence estimated showed that A. sororcula is farther from the other two species of the genus Anastrepha. It is necessary, however, a larger investigation of different genes, particularly genes with higher evolutionary rates and an expansion of the samples of these species to consider geographical distribution and assist in studies of speciation of this group.
Investigação das propriedades magnéticas de amostras de IrO2 e Co:IrO2 sintetizadas via método de Pechini
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-08-31) Dreifus, Driele Von; Oliveira, Adilson Jesus Aparecido de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4640148190073166; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1847280941369286
In this work the magnetic properties of iridium oxide synthesized via Pechini s method and doped with different concentrations of cobalt were studied. The proposal was to investigate the possibility of applying it as a diluted magnetic oxide (DMO1). The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction to study the structural features by Rietveld refinement, which indicated that there is no inconsistency between the observed intensities and the calculated profile. The samples were characterized by magnetization measurements as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. A paramagnetic behavior was observed in samples doped with low Co concentrations. However, a small change in the magnetism appears in samples with concentrations up to 10 mol% of Co. A new metamagnetic phase was observed for samples with 25% and 30% in mol of Co.
Relações entre a formação e a prática do professor de língua estrangeira (inglês) para crianças
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-08-31) Rampim, Maysa Ferreira; Paula, Sandra Regina Buttros Gattolin de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9228036521343293; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5344116177615704
The present work describes a qualitative research on the training of teachers of English Language (henceforth EL) who deals with the Elementary School I. Initially, we intend to develop a historical background on the Postmodern Society on multicultural context. For this, there will be a brief history on the socio-cultural context of the child that is inserted in this society. After that, we will point to the importance of teaching foreign language for Children (hereinafter LEC), ie, the current reasons that have led to increasing numbers of children learning a foreign language (FL). Moreover, will be explicit the literacy teacher's LEC, in which the focus will be turned to the professional who teaches English classes in early grades. This route will remain to the desired skills that are expected from educators. Results of previous studies (Rocha, 2006; Santos, 2005) about teaching English to children point to the need to investigate more closely the skills of this professional, licensed by Modern Languages and Literatures programs. However, despite a degree in English during the graduation, the teacher receives the training to work only with elementary school students II. Moreover, the professionals of Education - enabled to work with children of elementary school I - are not trained in their graduation to teach foreign languages. Thus, both professionals - educated in Modern Languages and Literatures and Pedagogy - appear to be defective as regards their competence to teach English Language to children from 1st to 5th year. Thus, it was deemed important to monitor the work of three professors of LEC (English) in order to 1) identify the profile of the teacher who works with the teaching of English in the early grades, and, 2) investigate the process of teaching learning of Foreign Languages in Elementary School regarding the approach of the teacher who acts in this area. For data collection were selected two schools, one of the municipal and the other a private school had in it program the teaching of English for children from 1st to 5th year. In these schools, were investigated the work of three teachers, one educator and two graduates of Arts - Portuguese / English. Four instruments were used for data collection: observation of tuition through video recordings and audio, quizzes (with teachers) and interviews (with the coordinator and the teachers), to obtain data regarding the preparation of educators, as well as the goal pursued by the school to implement the teaching of English. Furthermore, were recorded daily research, aiming for better monitoring and observation of classes. Later there was a triangulation of data, which related to the literature, form the basis for the delivery of research.