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Empreendimentos econômicos solidários de catadores: cadeias produtivas de resíduos, processos tecnológicos e parcerias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Pepinelli, Rafaela Francisconi Gutierrez; Zanin, Maria
The solidarity economic enterprises of waste pickers are being created in several Brazilian municipalities as an alternative to humanization and formalization of the picker works at the waste collection systems, in which perform activities of collecting, sorting, processing and commercialization of solid waste. This study aims to identify the stage of development of solidarity economic enterprises of waste pickers in the productive chain of recycling and assess the extent of how support and encourage entities interfere with their progress. For this, we performed a multiple case study with five solidarity economic enterprises of waste pickers and a general characterization of the developments of waste pickers of the State of São Paulo from the survey of the database of the National Information System on Economy Solidarity. The enterprises studied had differential access to infrastructure and technology due to partnerships, especially with municipal governments. It was noted that for the enterprises moving forward on the productive chain does not necessarily have to own the technology to beneficiate the waste beyond the waste sorting and pressing of solid waste. The access to knowledge of the waste market, the ability to negotiate the cooperative's products, the expertise in sorting waste, the direct selling industry without the figure of the middleman, the amount of waste traded and access to technologies for collecting, sorting, pressing and marketing are factors that determine the progress of the solidarity economic enterprises in the production chain of recycling waste. We also observed that waste pickers relate themselves differently with the technology, seeking to adapt it to their own realities and everyday needs.
Aproveitamento da informação tecnológica em pesquisas acadêmicas: análise de citações de patentes em teses e dissertações da área de engenharia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Camargo, Juliana Ravaschio Franco de; Quoniam, Luc; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4754764003480925; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1849784689634722
It is believed that patents are not fully explored as documents that supply technological information, among companies, and by research institutions, universities, etc. In this context, this descriptive, quantitative and documental research aimed to check if the engineering students of the University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP) use patents as information sources in their academic researches. Five faculties were considered for this study: Chemical Engineering Faculty (FEQ), Mechanical Engineering Faculty (FEM), Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FEEC), Agricultural Engineering Faculty (FEAGRI) and Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture (FEC). Thus, the sample comprises 3045 dissertations and doctoral theses of the mentioned faculties, from 2000 to 2007. The data were collected through patents cited and referenced in academic papers, and to facilitate this process there was an attempt to automation using Adobe Acrobat Professional. It was concluded that patents are not widely used as sources of information in dissertations and doctoral theses by the Unicamp s students of engineering. In most of the items analyzed patents do not represent even 5% of the documents quoted. Moreover, it was not possible to realize a growth of quotations of this kind of document over the years, but only oscillations from one year to another. Regarding the use of patents by the five faculties studied, it was found that FEQ stood out compared with the others in this matter, with 3.15% works that have used patents in their citations. Following results are: FEM with 1.61%, FEEC with 1.25%, FEAGRI with 0.20%, and finally FEC with 0.16% citations. Although students of a particular faculty have cited more patents than others, it is evident that they do not make the most of this kind of document as information source. Also, it was not observed important differences in the use of patents from one faculty to another. Finally, it was found that the Engineering faculty, which produces and deposits more patents at the University is not the one that uses it at most as a source of information.
Sustentabilidade de uma propriedade rural de base ecológica: um estudo de caso no Sítio Oliveira em Rio Claro/SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Sasaki, Diana Leb; Valarini, Pedro José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9101386053957180; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6252725868653399
Most of the territorial space of a city is used for agricultural purposes like crops, livestock or forest and a considerable amount of ecological problems are related to such activities, which, as productive processes, are closely linked to the dynamics of ecosystems and certain social relationships of production. In agriculture, sustainability is a guiding element in the search for a new ethic in the relationship between man and nature. A major challenge for farmers and researchers is to know when an agroecosystems is healthy, how healthy is a system after conversion into an agroecological management and, more importantly, how to achieve a sustainable agroecosystem. Thus, studies that examine the sustainability of farms with ecological production systems, from the perspective of agroecology, through methodologies such as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Indicators of sustainability, are extremely important to verify the operation of these systems, their influence on the improvement of environmental resources and the dissemination and encouragement of more sustainable practices in food production and other products. In this study were used six tools of PRA: Semi-structured interview, Maps of the farm, Venn s Diagram, Agricultural Calendar with focus on gender, Commercial Flowchart and Problem Tree, which served as input for obtaining information with a high degree of relevance in the development of forty-four indicators of different dimensions of sustainability (environmental, socio-cultural and economic), which were grouped into four broad themes (Quality and use of land and water, Land use and conservation, Quality of life and Economic vulnerability). The Radar Chart made possible to plot the state of the elements of the ecosystem, promoting an integrated and systemic evaluation. There were an intense exchange of information and experiences in which the views of researchers and farmers complemented themselves and generated responses more suited to the local reality.
Construção e aplicação analítica de espectrômetro de emissão atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em filamento de tungstênio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Gonzalez, Mário Henrique; Nóbrega, Joaquim de Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8833989058164529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4080483059878501
This thesis has two lines of development based on measurements of atomic emission using a tungsten coil electrothermal atomizer. The first line dealt with the construction of a tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometer (WCAES) with a portable monochromator connected to an array of charge-coupled devices as the detection system. Afterwards, the measurement of atomic emission by clouds generated by electrothermal atomization/excitation in a tungsten coil was evaluated. Instrumental conditions for measurements of transient emission signals, such as the position of the coil related to the entrance slit of the monochromator, the transfer of emitted radiation by the decay of excited atoms, and the sensitivity of array detectors, were critically evaluated. After establishing the instrumental conditions, the measurements of transient emission signals for Co and Mn were studied and applied for the determination of these metals. In this step, the occurrence of interferences due to the non-isothermal character of the open atomizer was systematically evaluated. The limits of detection (LOD) were approximately 0.33 to 0.48 mg/L for different cobalt emission lines and relative standard deviations (RSD) typically varied from 4.3 to 6.5 %. Spectral interferences were observed in the presence of Ni. For Mn, the performance parameters were LOD 0.54 to 0.65 mg/L and RSD 5.9 to 6.5 %. Using a strategy based on the summation of signals, LOD was 0.17 mg/L and RSD 1.7 %. Spectral interferences were observed in the presence of Al, Ca and Na. The developed methods were applied for accurate determination of Co and Mn in medicines and industrial alloy samples. Accuracy was determined with two certified reference materials: San Joaquim soil (NIST 2709) and industrial sludge (NIST 2782). Results obtained by WCAES were in agreement with ICP OES at a 95 % confidence level. The WCAES is simple and low cost equipment for performing analysis based on emission measurements, but requires the development of tailored analytical procedures for controlling matrix interferences.
Complexos de Ru (II) com ligantes de interesse biológico: síntese, caracterização e citotoxicidade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Fleitas, Melina Andrea Mondelli; Batista, Alzir Azevedo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6469642481998660
Three new Ru(II) complexes where were synthesized and characterized. The formulas were [RuCl(dmpm)2NO], [Ru(dmpm)2(dppb)] and [Ru(pic)2(dppb)], where dmpm = 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine, dppb = 1,4- bis(diphenylphosphine)butane e pic = picolinate ion. The characterization data are in agreement with the proposed formulation and also crystals were obtained and solved by X-ray diffraction. The resolution of the crystal structures confirmed the proposed structures, and demonstrated that they present distorted octahedral configuration. For [RuCl(dmpm)2NO], 1H RMN showed two singlets, at 7,3 and 6,7 ppm assigned to the hydrogen of the aromatic ring, and two singlets at 2,5 and 2,3 ppm assigned to aliphatic hydrogen. This differences could be explained by evaluating how the intermolecular hydrogen bonds are affecting the aliphatic hydrogen atoms present in the molecule and in the nearest neiborhood this differences could be explained evaluating the hydrogen bonds between neighbouring molecules. The infrared spectrum showed very intense band in 1857 cm-1 assigned to NO+ group. The cyclic voltammogram of this compound showed processes assigned to the nytrosil group, and electrolysis was performed to promote the NO release from the compound, which was confirmed by the disappearance of the NO+ band in the infrared spectrum of the complex. The complexes [Ru(dmpm)2(dppb)] and [Ru(pic)2(dppb)] showed singlets in 31P{1H} RMN at 47,5 and 46,2 ppm, respectively, and the cyclic voltammetry showed one process attributed to Ru III/ Ru II. The citotoxicity was evaluated for these three complexes (cells HeLa, MDA-MB231, V79 and U251 cells), obtaining promising values for [Ru(pic)2(dppb)] and [RuCl(dmpm)2NO] when compared with cisplatin (reference drug). Although, for [Ru(dmpm)2(dppb)], the value of IC50 wasn t as good as was found for the previous ones.
De camponesas a operárias: experiências do transitar feminino
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Bueno, Juliana Dourado; Silva, Maria Aparecida de Moraes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6792025643983370; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9670686595047765
Influência de borda sobre vegetação e microclima no cerrado paulista
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Dodonov, Pavel; Matos, Dalva Maria da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4728734263109138; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9008153877455949
There is much variation in patterns of edge influence (EI) within a region due to factors such as vegetation structure, adjacent land use, orientation and edge contrast, and assessment of this variation is important for conservational planning. We studied EI on aspects of microclimate and vegetation in seven cerrado fragments in South-Eastern Brazil, sampling both savanna and forest vegetation. We located transects perpendicular to 14 cerrado edges adjacent to pastures, highways, sugarcane, silviculture, urban area, and forest roads. When significant, distance of EI varied from 15 to 80 m for temperature, 2 to 50 m for air moisture, 2 to 20 m for maximum vegetation height, 2 m for wind speed, 0 to 100 m for canopy cover, 0 to 20 m for exotic grass biomass, and 0 to 10 m for native grass biomass. The largest EI was observed in areas adjacent to pastures, but factors such as orientation, vegetations structure and land use were not sufficient to explain the observed variability. For conservation purposes, we recommend that buffers should be created between cerrado and the adjacent land use, especially in fragments adjacent to pastures and higways, in order to reduce EI.
Caracterização da força e resistência muscular inspiratória de pacientes pós-infarto do miocárdio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Neves, Laura Maria Tomazi; Catai, Aparecida Maria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5801652590531684; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4235603520707156
The dissertation consisted of two works. The aim of the first study was to evaluate respiratory muscle endurance (RME) in post myocardial infarction (MI) patients without respiratory muscle weakness [maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP)≥60% of predicted] and its correlation with exercise tolerance. Participated in this study ten recent post-MI (<1.5 month post-MI [RIG]), nine late post-MI (>6 months post-MI [LIG]) and twelve healthy (control group [CG]) middle-aged men. They underwent spirometric evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise test and two RME protocols (incremental [IP] and constant pressure [CP]). There were differences (p0.05) in endurance pressure (PTHMAX) between the RIG and CG. There was a positive correlation for RIG between PTHMAX and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) (r=0.67) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (r=0.59). We conclude that RME seems to be reduced and related to peak exercise tolerance in recent MI patients without inspiratory muscle weakness. Similarly, in the second study, with nine subjects in RIG, ten in LIG and ten in CG, the aim was to characterize the metabolic and ventilatory behavior during testing of RME with IP and CP. In 70 and 80% of MIP (IL) and in the middle and final of CP test, the RIG had lower MET and higher VE/VCO2 compared CG. At 90% of MIP (IL), the RIG had lower VO2 and MET compared to CG. Moreover, RIG achieved lower pressure and product pressure-time using a similar percentage of VO2peak and oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold (VO2AT) to sustain a 20% lower pressure than the CG. We conclude that the reduced capacity of RME in recent MI patients without inspiratory muscle weakness seems to occur due to lower ventilatory efficiency in the second part of the protocols, even in the presence of lower pressure overload.
Dinâmica do banco de sementes de áreas de cerrado com distintos históricos de incêndio em São Carlos, SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Xavier, Rafael de Oliveira; Matos, Dalva Maria da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4728734263109138; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0431645383441703
In heterogeneous communities both in time and space, the most important strategies and processes are successfully evaluated by long-term studies. For studies of the effects of disturbance in the seed bank function and formation, are necessary many samplings, sites and measures of biotic and abiotic variables. In this study, we aimed identify fire effects on the seed bank structure in different areas of cerrado sensu stricto in terms of structure and history of disturbance, in the campus of the Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, São Carlos. One of these areas was burnt in 2006 , while the other burnt in 2009. Both in dry and wet season, we sampled the seed bank, since fire occurrence until the dry season of 2010. In 2007 and 2008 we collected soil samples only from first 4 cm depth, while in 2009 and 2010 we included the litter layer and from 5-8 cm depth. We estimated the number of viable seeds by the germination method, and used univariated and multivariated analysis of variance in PERMANOVA to perform the analysis of main effects of fire, year, season and depth, and all interactions. The seed bank was more abundant and diverse in the more preserved sites, and the most frequent species were Miconia albicans, Tibouchina stenocarpa e Panicum campestre. Otherwise, the seed bank of invaded sites was dominated by Melinis minutiflora and Urochloa decumbens. Fire effects decreased seed abundance in the soil. The abundance of U. decumbens e P. campestre increased soon after the fire in burnt sites, while M. albicans responses were slow but continuous. Although the seed banks of M. albicans e P. campestre were persistent through the soil profile, the soil seed bank of all sampled sites are small and poor to promote natural regeneration of the vegetation. As the impacts on this fragment, probably non-natural fires, are expected to continue, exotic grasses will expand toward more preserved. In this case, this fragment of cerrado sensu stricto 4 would be converted in grasslands dominated by the exotic M. minutiflora and U. decumbens.
Ensino e aprendizagem significativa do conceito de ligação química por meio de mapas conceituais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Trindade, José Odair da; Hartwing, Dácio Rodney; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0463797377184284
As a consequence of student difficulties related to concepts of greater abstraction of Chemistry, the concept of Meaningful Learning according to the theory of Ausubel was used in this work. From it, the twodimensional diagrams Conceptual Maps intend to represent the relationships among concepts, through propositions, in a particular topic. They can be used as teaching, assessment, and study strategies among others. In order to minimize the mentioned difficulties, we organized a short course relating to Chemical Bonds that were applied in a class of high school first year in the State of Minas Gerais. In classes, students came into contact with diversified educational strategies: computer-related activities (virtual reality-3D, animation, video), modeling (plastic models, balloons) and instructional material (book) organized from the theory of Ausubel. As a way of learning assessment, we used the preparation of conceptual maps. Upon completion, students answered a Questionnaire evaluating the teaching methodology. The major difficulties were related to the absence of examples in the maps and the correct construction of propositions, supported by appropriated linking words. With this study, we found that the strategy of Conceptual Maps is a valuable resource to probe in depth the limitations and potential for students learning, even in very arid field, dominated by a lack of motivation for learning meaningful and the absence of material resources. On the other hand, there was a wide acceptance by students of information technology and models, but lower for the preparation of maps. It is possible that this resistance is a consequence of the good results in previous approaches to learning by memorization, because students become unsafe for the strategies for change in Meaningful Learning, when considering a challenge to take responsibility to build their own meanings, though rewarding for some apprentices.
Avaliação da atividade catalítica de óxidos cerâmicos na conversão de óleos vegetais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-04) Libanori, Gabriela Santilli do Nascimento; Oliveira, Cauê Ribeiro de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5321313558714462
Organic pollutants are one of the major problems related to water and environmental pollution. Nowadays, vegetable oils represent a considerable source for water contamination. The search for new strategies to provide an appropriate treatment to organic effluents must be considered as a priority in the water decontamination, since it is predicted that the world is about to face scarcity of water resources. Along these lines, this work presents a detailed investigation on the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles of semiconductor oxides on the conversion of vegetable oils. Firstly, studies concerning the photocalyitic activity of TiO2 have been performed, since it is the most used semiconductor oxide used on photodegradation processes. However, our experiments have shown that TiO2 nanoparticles are not an appropriate photocatalyst to the conversion of refined corn oil using ultraviolet radiation (200-280nm). Alternatively, additional investigations on the use of the transesterification reaction as a potential route for the conversion of vegetable oils were carried out. For this study, acid and basic semiconductor oxides, such as SnO2, TiO2, ZnO, CaTiO3 and CaO, have been synthesized through the polimeric precursor route and their photocatalytic activity were compared to commercially avaliable oxides. The conversion of corn oil was then assessed by means of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). The results revealed that basic oxides, such as CaO and ZnO are the most efficient in the photodegradation process. Since CaO was just detailed studied regarding its activity in transesterification, a detailed study about ZnO in this process was done. In order to verify the influence of the synthesis method on the photocatalytic activity, a detailed study was performed by comparing ZnO obtained by different chemical routes, namely solvothermal, hydrothermal microwave and polymeric precursor methods, to the commercially available ZnO, supplied by Synth. The results showed that the synthesis method does not play a significant role on the ZnO photocatalytic activity. However, it has been demonstrated that the photodegradation process can generate both short- and long-chain esters, depending on the concentration of hydroxil groups on the oxide surface.