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A natureza jurídica dos certificados de emissões reduzidas (CERs) e seus efeitos legais no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Brunetti, Anderson Ivanhoé; Kerbauy, Maria Teresa Miceli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4762029784021248; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9007544791030014
The objective of this research is to contribute to the study of the legal definition of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) and its legal implications for contract negotiation and local sales tax. These definitions will provide greater transparency and legal certainty for negotiations in the carbon market defined by the Kyoto Protocol. The methodology used in the study was to analyze the current National Legislation, literature from government sources and international research organizations. The study showed that the most viable legal classification for CERs is intangible, because the certificates can be equaled to a right which the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) certificate holder has after its approval. From the understanding of the legal nature of CERs as intangible, we performed an analysis of contractual arrangements applied during the negotiations of the licenses and taxes that could be incident on the certificates. The contract type that was the most appropriate for the negotiation of licenses was the promise to transfer or assignment of future intangibles. In relation to taxation, taxes were the main Income Tax of Legal Entities and the Tax on Financial Operations. However, a full tax exemption could attract interest from new investors in CDM projects, which would result in a more sustainable environmental and socioeconomic development.
Das escolas isoladas ao Grupo Escolar : a instrução pública primária em Mariana - MG (1889-1915)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Vieira, Lívia Carolina; Bittar, Marisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0765100136177086
This dissertation is inserted in the area of foundations of Education of the Program of Post- Graduation in Education of the Federal University of São Carlos. A study of the field of History of School institutions, which has the object of study Mariana-MG Primary School (a public and primary school). The period chosen has beginning in 1889, to monitor the first initiatives of the government republican of the city in relation to primary public education, and extends until the year 1915- year in which José Ignácio has left the direction of the Group and moved to Ituiutaba-MG. The motivation for the installation of the Group, teachers, students and curricula were observed. Show how was the public education and primary schools in the municipality in the period before the creation of the Group, in calls Isolated Schools, was also a concern of the dissertation. For such was been consulted different archives: Archive Public Miner, Archive of the Municipal Council of Mariana, Acquis of the State School Dom Benevides and newspapers. Tried to relation the particular context The School Group of Mariana- a wider context of the state scenario and, in some moments, nationally. The conclusions pointed to the fact that education carried out in the Group School of Mariana was elitist. It studied mainly the children of declared "republicans" with good financial conditions, while in isolated schools were the poorest and residents of districts and parishes of the city. The quality and the structure of the place of teaching were much better in the Group. The results allow the beginning of a construction of the history of the same, bringing together various documents, which may assist other researchers interested in studying the primary education in the period of the First Republic, and even the School Group of Marian and/or the isolated schools that still has much to be studied.
Processos de inovação tecnológica para a glicerina produzida no processo de obtenção de biodiesel no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Pinheiro, Rafael Sanaiotte; Batalha, Mario Otávio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1015001063418091; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3068545049049467
Biodiesel is considered as a viable alternative to partially replace fossil fuels. The manufacture process of biodiesel produces approximately 10% glycerin, the main byproduct. Due to the growth of the biodiesel industry in Brazil and abroad, the high volumes of glycerin become a bottleneck in this chain, given that currently use the glycerin market serves a very narrow and specific. Many efforts have been directed to find strategic alternatives for the sustainable use of biodiesel derived glycerin. The competitiveness of the production chain, which originates with the glycerin byproduct of the manufacture of biodiesel, has as one of its determinants identifying technological routes and products to intensify the consumption of this product. In this dissertation, the goal was to determine how it is being done to manage technological innovation and progress in the identification and discussion of the influence which the glycerin is delivering on the biodiesel production chain, seeking possible ways to increase both competitiveness of Brazilian production chain glycerin and biodiesel. To achieve this, interviews were conducted with biodiesel producers, producers and consumers of glycerin and laboratories and research institutes. These interviews were conducted with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire. A documentary analysis on patents involving the object of study was also performed to verify the main uses found for glycerin. With this, through a chain mapping of glycerol, was described and analyzed the dynamics of their operation and also identified the players who participate directly and indirectly, as well as the productive chains of biodiesel and glycerin are dealing with the management technological innovation aimed at the production thereof. By analyzing the factors of firm strategy, industry standard, technology transfer, leadership, opportunity, appropriability and cumulative, and also with the emergence of new businesses and new markets for the sector was possible to identify a great technological potential for the sector of glycerin. However, due to technological challenges still exist in the production process of biodiesel, this biofuel industry is not focused on these new opportunities.
Metátese de fechamento de anel: espiro-anelação estereosseletiva / Reações multicomponentes de Diels-Alder na síntese de compostos tricíclicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Pereira, Fabiana Massarente; Brocksom, Timothy John; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7055452150201902; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1007568361975622
In this work, a study of different synthetic ways was made in order to obtain spiro compounds starting from R-(-)-carvone, getting to the formation of cycloheptenone as an intermediate, which undergoes two consecutives alkylations to the formation of a bis alkylated compound which would be submitted to a ring closing metathesis and consequently reaching the spiro compound. The synthesis of the cycloheptenone was started using R-(-)-carvone as starting material through three different routes (Scheme I), obtaining better yields when the third route was used, where the Nozaki reaction is responsible for the ring expansion. Besides that, this route was faster because it has only two steps. Having synthesized cycloheptenone, the first alkylation of this molecule was tested with allyl chloride and potassium terc-butoxide in terc-butanol yielding mono-alkylated product. The second alkylation only yielded the product when the solvent was substituted for dimethylsulfoxide, instead of t-BuOH, using 3-chloro-2- XX methylpropene as alkylating agent. Although the formation of bis-alkylated product was confirmed, the yields were low. Trying to obtain other bis-alkylated products, reactions with 2,3-dichloropropene and 2,3-dibromopropene were tested. Having the bis alkylated product obtained using 3-chloro-2- methylpropene as reagent, the ring closing metathesis (RCM) with first generation Grubbs catalyst 3 was tested. However, after 24 hours, the formation of the desired spiro compound didn t happen under these conditions.
Influência do peso adicional nos chutes de lactentes de um a quatro meses de vida
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Landgraf, Jocelene de Fátima; Tudella, Eloisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3207258034860219
This study aimed to describe the method used for the kinematic analysis of kicking movements in infants and to determine the effect of additional weighting in the pattern of the kicking movements of infants in the first four months of life. For this, two studies are presented. The first study describes the method used for the kinematic analysis of kicking movements in infants. In the study, four infants were longitudinally videotaped at ages from one to six months and analysis was performed on the Dvideow system. It was verified that the use four video cameras was required. Moreover, six plumb lines were used to calibrate the system and ensure an accuracy of 2 mm. It was concluded, based in the first estudy that the use of the Dvideow system to perform kinematic analysis of the kicking movement in infants proved to be appropriate and feasible. The second study aimed to verify the influence of weights of 1/10 e 1/3 the mass of lower limb in the pattern of the kicking movements of infants in the first four months of life. Fourteen healthy infants participated in the study, longitudinally videotaped. Kicking frequency, foot/panel contact frequency, intralimb coordination pattern, movement time, average speed and straightness index were analyzed. Comparing the ages, we found differences in the kicking frequency, foot/panel contact frequency, movement time, and average speed. Comparing the weighting conditions, we found changes in the kicking frequency and foot/panel contact frequency; the kinematic variables remained unchanged. Therefore, we suggest that during the first four months of life, infants change the kicking frequency according to their ages, the intra-session training and additional weighting. These features are probably the result of intrinsic factors such as increased mass and muscle strength, behavior status of infants, maturation of the Central Nervous System and extrinsic factors such as the weight and the interest in the environment and in performing the proposed task.
Coesão relacional e mecanismos formais e informais de coordenação em redes de supermercados de pequeno porte no estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Garcia, Luciano Mitidieri Bento; Paulillo, Luiz Fernando de Oriani e; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9919942357089937; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4451454529202953
In the supermarket segment, which is in a growing process of concentration, there are small businesses, mostly on the periphery of cities and dealing with the treatment of lower income populations. These independent businesses have faced their challenges through cooperative actions in the form of central business. Initially focused on the increased bargaining power with suppliers through joint procurement, the central business begin to generate other benefits for its members as an exchange of information and experiences and for synergies through shares in other business areas such as selection, training and human resource management, accounting, marketing actions, etc.. The central business of small supermarkets can be defined as horizontal interorganizational cooperative networks whose effectiveness was associated with the operation and strength of its formal and informal mechanisms of coordination and relational cohesion among its members. This work aimed to study and analyze a group of these networks located within the state of S. Paul compared in terms of its effectiveness, relations between members and the mechanisms through which they coordinate their activities in each network. It was also made an analysis of the dynamic effects of a merger between two networks occurred recently. It was found that, for the networks studied, concerning the aspect of its operations and its process of formation and consolidation, there is evidence of similarities between them in setting up an isomorphic process and the interaction between formality and informality. Moreover, there remain some differences in coordination and cohesion that would be associated.
A atividade orientadora de ensino como mediação no desenvolvimento de um jogo computacional
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-22) Prates, Uaiana e Silva; Sousa, Maria do Carmo de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6637658562543505; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9860390024436310
This study aims to examine to what extent the teaching oriented activities can contribute to the development of an educational computer game with the participation of students in the sixth year of Elementary Education. The teaching oriented activities were developed at first on paper in order to take into account oral and written elaborations of the students while the game was being "gestated". This strategy is based on current methodologies adopted in Computer Science, to build software or computer games that take into consideration the participation of users in the development process, such as "participatory design" or "user-centered design ". To utilize these methodologies we took into account some necessity encountered in the classroom by the actresses and actors of the research (teacher, student, programmer and researcher). The concern with educational computer games in the classroom is inspired on current pedagogical practices, where technology is increasingly being used and in some cases do not cause "real" changes in the traditional methodological approaches in the classroom. The construction of the data occurred in a public school in the inland of the state of São Paulo. The research question was defined as: to what extent the teaching oriented activities of geometric concepts can contribute to the development of an educational computer game with students in the sixth year of elementary school? The research was qualitative and the data analysis was constructed from the organization, reading and analysis of "teaching episodes." Such reviews are based on written and oral elaborations of students, identifying those that can assist on the development of educational computer game. We also intend to understand how such a process takes place, regarding the interaction among students, teacher, researcher and developer. As main findings we highlight the contribution of teaching oriented activities in the reveal of some unexpected situations throughout its development, which allow a special look as for some pedagogical aspects of the game. However, we emphasize a need to discuss some aspects that go beyond pedagogical issues, such as a necessary reconfiguration of the school aiming to promote dialogue with students of the twenty-first century. This reconfiguration is in the sense of conceiving a school that takes into consideration aspects of current society such as the networked information, its nonlinearity, as well as a school that prioritizes creativity and autonomy in educational processes.