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Gestão e desenvolvimento em fatores humanos na segurança de voo: estudo na manutenção aeronáutica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Zamprogno, Cristiano Formoso; Hoffmann, Wanda Aparecida Machado; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7609135667093837; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1475152630453460
This paper discusses the structure and systematic procedures practiced by Brazilian aircraft maintenance centers and related to human factors. To survey and analysis of information, exploratory research techniques were employed, looking for an overview on the subject through interviews with people responsible for the area of human factors in the participating aircraft maintenance centers. A descriptive study was conducted through a questionnaire which was answered by twenty employees with different occupations. The main objective was to analyze the practices covered by each participating organization in relation to eight aspects relevant to the prevention of human errors in aviation maintenance: 1) Error Management, 2) Training in Human Factors, 3) Fatigue Management, 4) Pro-activity of the Organization in Support Human Factors, 5) Motivation for the Program of Human Factors and Safety, 6) Metrics for Human Factors 7) Support of State Regulatory Aviation and 8) Policies of the Organization. To allow a comparative analysis, the standard questionnaire used was similar to that employed by the board of American aviation FAA - Federal Aviation Administration in an applied research involving aircraft maintenance centers in several countries. The results showed that the national service centers have greater disabilities when related to aspects of error management, fatigue management and support of aviation regulators. The better results were found in the aspects of human factors training. It is expected a contribution, by making suggestions and recommendations, for the safety of aircraft maintenance activities in order to prevent incidents and accidents caused by human error.
Biomarcadores do metabolismo da cartilagem e sua relação com as alterações morfológicas, inflamatórias e funcionais: um estudo sobre a lesão condral secundária em joelhos humanos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Franco, Renata Nogueron; Rosa, Stela Márcia Mattiello Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1406279816228350; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7411522889447437
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease, is one of the most frequent causes of pain in the musculoskeletal system and of the inability to work in Brazil and the world. It is a multifactor, chronic disease, leading to progressive functional inability. It can arise as a result of injuries to structures such as the anterior crossed ligament and/or meniscus (post-traumatic OA), which, in this case, can affect individuals in any age range. The development of osteoarthritis includes multiple changes in the extracellular cartilage matrix, altering the normal morphological configuration of the joint involved, leading to a lack of equilibrium between the synthesis and degradation of products in this matrix. Although OA is not considered primordially as an inflammatory disease, inflammation of the joint has been shown to be a potential amplifier of the degenerative process. Thus the objective of the present study was to analyze potential biological markers in the serum and synovial fluid, and then correlate them with one another and with the morphological, inflammatory and functional alterations found in individuals with chronic injury of the anterior crossed ligament (ACL). The following techniques were used in the study: zymography, to determine the activity of the metallopeptidases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9); an immune-enzymatic assay (ELISA) to determine the presence of systemic and local cytokines; and a manual count of inflammatory cells (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear) by optical microscopy and spectrophotometry, in order to analyze for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The results indicated joint and systemic inflammation in chronic injury of the ACL by the detection of systemic and local cytokines, by the activity of MMP-9 and by the inflow of neutrophils. There were interactions between systemic and local cytokines, in which a cytokine did not always exert the same function in the serum as in the synovial fluid. The interleucines (IL) connected to degradation of the cartilage in chronic injury of the ACL were IL-12, IL-6 and IL-8, and those connected to pain and loss of function were IL-6 and IL-9. In counterpart, MMP-2 showed a negative correlation with the damage to the cartilage. It was concluded that the molecules studied had potential as biomarkers, since alterations were suggestive of injury and degradation of the cartilage. In addition, after the traumatic event resulting in rupture of the ACL, the ambient remained chronically inflamed and this inflammation was crucial for the high index of posttraumatic OA.
Sustentabilidade em empreendimentos autogestionários no Brasil: análise de duas experiências no ramo têxtil em São Paulo e Minas Gerais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Dias, Marcos de Carvalho; Eid, Farid; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3801390508603950
The self-management enterprises represent in Brazil, especially in the 80 s and 90 s, an alternative to workers who lost their jobs due to closure of businesses in this period, a result of the new foreign trade policies adopted by the federal government. Such enterprises, which are organized in the form of commercial companies or civil self-managed, have brought important individual and collective benefits, including job creation and income. However, the main feature of this type of development is related to its sustainability, or the possibility of maintaining a perennial way as an alternative to the conventional production, because they must not only meet the current needs of their members, but also future ones. But the relations of these enterprises with their own socio-labor relations are different from conventional business and thus the sustainability of these enterprises should be treated differently when compared to conventional developments due to its peculiarities in relation the form of production organization and labor relations. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze the sustainability of projects, considering the specifics of these, through the theoretical approach to the subject and study of two cases arising from new developments bankrupt textile companies, and noted that such enterprises have different results in terms of performance production and revenues, despite serving in the same market and are subject to the same level playing field (so the market conditions do not represent a factor that directly influences the sustainability of self-management enterprises). In both there was a lack of adoption of a new technical base to produce specific self-management, as well as an educational policy aimed at selfmanagement principles and production organized collectively by the workers. It is also notable in these developments the absence of effective relations of partnership with other cooperative enterprises or joint production chain. As for the elements perceived differently in the projects, there are links in one of participation, cooperation, democracy and accountability in the domestic sphere of production and labor relations, which are perceived poorly in another venture, which has hurt the organization production and work. We concluded that the elements that make up the principles of self-managed production, the effective participation of its members in the cooperative management of a democratic, cooperation in the production environment and collective responsibility over the fate of the enterprise are explanatory factors of sustainability in self managed enterprises.
O assentamento Dezessete de Abril e seu projeto de escola integral para o campo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Vale, Samila Bernardi do; Bezerra Neto, Luiz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4809080593333472; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9481497245317569
The present work has how I aim to investigate the implementation of the project of school of full time, in the school daily life of the EMEIF Leonnor Mendes from Clays. So, this one investigates if it proposes accompanying the development of this project and checking which type of education has been offered for the pupils who frequent it, which or which the conception of education is behind this project and finally, to check if this education has been contributing in the formation of these pupils. Due to the fact of the school to be located in the rural environment we look to discuss the necessity or not of an education special for the population of the field, from the discussion the rural Brazilian again , of the formulations that the social and intellectual movements tied to same carried out on a proposal of Education of the Field and of the conception of Marxist education. Embasados for these formulations about the reality of the rural way and of the education offered to this population looks to do an analysis of the project of education of full time of the EMEIF Leonnor Mendes from Clays, of like the children who study in this school they can be benefited, or not, by the project.
Pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana de açúcar com amônia aquosa para a produção de etanol
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Silva, Gislene Mota da; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4547105802022244
The aim of this work was evaluated the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pretreatment by aqueous ammonia, an alkaline method. Samples of SCB (in natura and steam exploded unwashed) were pretreated with ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH) at 1:5 solid-liquid ratio (by weight), in a bench scale. Preliminary assays were carried out employing NH4OH solution (28% w/w) at room temperature 24 ± 3 ⁰C by 7, 15 and 30 days. In these experiments, it was observed that the pretreatment was selective in removing lignin and hemicellulose. New experiments were carried out using at 50⁰C and NH4OH 15% during 30, 60 and 90 minutes. In these pretreatments the same behavior was observed. In the next assays, it decided to fix the reaction time in 60 minutes and the temperature in 100⁰C. Samples of in nature and steam exploded SCB were pretreated at diffent NH4OH concentrations (4 to 15%). Enzymatic hydrolysis assays were carried out in Erlenmeyers flasks (50⁰C, pH 4.8 and 250 rpm) using 30 FPU/g bagasse (Accellerase 1500, Genencor) and 5 CBU/g bagasse (BG, Genencor). Experiments were carried out employing in natura SCB (pretreated conditions 4, 10 and 15% NH4OH solution, 60 min., 100⁰C) with 3% of solid loading. A glucose conversion of 64.2% was reached in the best condition (10% NH4OH solution). Experiments were carried out employing steam exploded SCB (5, 10 e 15% NH4OH solution, 60 min. and 100⁰C) with 5% of solid loading. A glucose conversion of 79.9% was reached in the best condition (15% NH4OH solution). Hydrolysis experiments using higher solid loading (5% for in natura and 10% for steam exploded) and 30 FPU/g cellulose (Accellerase 1500) were carried out. A glucose conversion of 69.6% for in natura and 82.2% for steam exploded SCB were obtained. Fermentation assays (250 rpm, 30⁰C) employing commercial and industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae were conducted, in a rich and poor medium. A theoretical fermentation yield up to 78% was found for the poor medium and around 88% for the rich medium. The industrial S. cerevisiae shows a value of yield slightly superior to those of commercial strain. Samples of SCB (before and after pretreatment) were analyzed by scanning electron micrograph (SEM).
O desenvolvimento da prática pedagógica de alunos professores de espanhol como língua estrangeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Infanger, Graziele Estefânia; Paula, Sandra Regina Buttros Gattolin de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9228036521343293; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7696364616109299
El proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de español como lengua extranjera (E/LE) pasa por cambios y testes. En 2005 se promulgó la Lei Federal 11.161, de acuerdo con esta, todas las instituciones de enseñanza secundaria brasileñas tendrían el plazo de cinco años para que se hiciera obligatoria la implementación del estudio de español como lengua extranjera. Algunas fueron las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno federal, como el programa de distribución de libros didácticos apertura de concursos para contratación profesores de cursos de licenciatura en letras español y enseñanza secundaria y creación de nuevos cursos de formación de profesores de E/LE. Se observa que en las medidas mencionadas, las preocupaciones fueron en relación a la cantidad de profesores graduados, a fin de suplir la demanda, sin embargo no se notó interés por la calidad obtenida por los futuros profesores Para Fernández F. (2005) la formación de profesores de lengua española es una de las deudas del gobierno brasileño adquiridas con su sociedad . Basándonos en esas lagunas el objetivo de ese estudio es investigar el proceso de formación de un grupo de alumnas profesoras, observando cómo la relación entre la teoría y práctica es construida en un curso de formación de profesores de español como lengua extranjera. Para el desarrollo de esa investigación, interpretativa y cualitativa, los datos fueron recolectados en un curso de licenciatura en Letras (Portugués-Español) de una Institución de enseñanza superior particular del interior del estado de São Paulo. Los instrumentos utilizados a la recogida de datos fueron entrevistas realizadas con las alumnas profesoras, antes que tuvieran contacto con las teorías que se refirieran a la enseñanza aprendizaje de lenguas, con la finalidad de identificar cuáles las representaciones tenidas por ellas sobre ese proceso; diarios reflexivos, desarrollados por las alumnas profesoras con el propósito de observar como reaccionaban a las teorías; y, finalmente, observación, por medio de grabaciones en vídeo, de las clases ministradas por las alumnas profesoras, para que se pudiera averiguar cómo las teorías, las que tuvieron acceso durante el curso de Letras, son reflejadas en su práctica.
Enzimas e bactérias lignocelulolíticas do trato digestivo de larvas de Stenochironomus (Diptera:Chironomidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Koroiva, Ricardo; Gessner, Alaíde Aparecida Fonseca; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8465752836529703; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3262687790057613
The presence of a lignocellulolytic enzyme complex and/or symbiotic microorganisms in the invertebrate guts is an indicative of its ability of using wood as energy source. Despite the microbial involvement in the cellulose digestive processes of some species of aquatic insects, there is a lack of information regarding the importance of microorganisms in the digestive capacity of chironomid larvae. This research focuses on the analysis of the activity of enzymes responsible for cellulose and hemicelluloses digestion and the cultivable bacterial community capable of hydrolyzing wood compounds in the digestive tract of Stenochironomus larvae Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae). This is a cosmopolitan genus characterized by mining larvae of submerged decaying branches. Two larval morphotypes were studied. The results of enzymatic analysis in the larval digestive tract, performed by quantification of reducing sugars, showed limited ability of both morphotypes in the degradation of cellulose, but indicated capacity to hydrolyze xylan. There were isolated thirty-one types of colonies during the characterization of bacterial communities, of which nineteen strain responded positively into the ability to hydrolyze at least one of the four substrates used as the main carbon source in the culture media. Degradation capability was assessed using colorimetric tests. The bacteria were classified using 16S rRNA gene analysis. No bacteria capable of degrading lignin were isolated. Pseudomonas was highly richness, Bacillus showed the greatest capacity for degrading different substrates and Sphingobium was present in both Stenochironomus morphotypes. The results obtained in this research emphasize the participation of microorganisms in the degradation of the wood consumed by the Stenochironomus larvae. This is the first report of lignocellulolytic bacteria and lignocellulolytic enzymes in the gut of wood-mining chironomid.
Helena Antipoff, as Sociedades Pestalozzi e a educação especial no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Rafante, Heulalia Charalo; Lopes, Roseli Esquerdo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1507752191797249
In this study we analyze Helena Antipoff s trajectory in order to understand her participation, as well as that of institutions created by her, in the construction of Special Education in Brazil. We investigate everything from the first specialized educational establishments to the creation of the National Center for Special Education (CENESP) in 1973, and present the context in which Antipoff s ideas and practices were introduced in the national scenario, as well as the conditions that led to their continuation. This is a research based on documentary sources where we deal with Special Education, taking as reference both education in general and the different historical contexts in Brazil, with their social, political and economic particularities. To start with, we present the trajectory of the Russian psychologist and educator Helena Antipoff, highlighting the theoretical and methodological principles of her education and what brought her to Brazil in 1929. In the second chapter, we deal with the history of Brazilian Special Education, where we present the first institutions created; the influence of the movements of the New School and Mental Hygiene in the configuration of demands for special education; and also, the main actions directed to "exceptional" children in the first four decades of the twentieth century. In the third chapter, we relate Antipoff s actions in Minas Gerais with the Brazilian historical context in the 1930s and 1940s and assess the motivations that led the educator to create institutions that met the needs of "exceptional" children. In the fourth chapter, we investigate the factors that led Helena Antipoff to go to the National Child Department in the Federal District in 1945; her performance in that department; and the creation of the Pestalozzi Societies of Brazil (1945) and of the State of Rio de Janeiro (1948). In Chapter V, we analyze the issues of the proceedings Seminars on Exceptional Children, coordinated by the Pestalozzi Societies (1951, 1952, 1953, 1955), in order to understand the spread of the educator s ideas throughout the country. In the last chapter, we focus on the initiatives by the federal government in the 1960s and early 1970s related to Special Education in order to identify the impact of Helena Antipoff s propositions in that respect. We conclude that the actions taken by her in Brazil with the creation of the Pestalozzi Societies in the several States (1932 - MG, 1945 - DF, 1948 - RJ; 1952 - SP 1954 - BA, 1955 - GO), were crucial in bringing about the problematics of education of "exceptional" children. These institutions acted by informing the public about the types of "abnormalities" and their possible care, by training specialists in the field, and also by claiming public funds to finance programs pertaining to the area. This process culminated in the four proceedings Seminars on Exceptional Childhood, whose developments influenced the federal government to establish: (a) The National Campaigns of Education, introducing the theme of education of "exceptional" children; (b) the inclusion of Special Education in the Guidelines and Bases of National Education Law (no. 4024/61); and (c) the institutionalization of the National Week of Exceptional People (1964). This scenario depicts a concrete demand for the institutionalization of Special Education at the national level, which was not materialized in an autonomous way for Education in Brazil until the early 1970s. It was only in the wake of the implementation of Law number 5692/71, whose goal was the universalization of education, in general, from 7 to 14 years of age, that Special Education was included in the Sectorial Plan of Education (1972-1974), through Priority Project number 35. This project was developed under the influence of what was being done in the field of Special Education in Brazil, mainly by the Pestalozzi Societies, but also received significant influence from the MEC-USAID agreements and determinations by the UN for this sector. It was in order to run this project that CENESP was created.
Desenvolvimento e efeito do peso adicional no comportamento exploratório manual de lactentes pré-termo tardios
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Soares, Daniele de Almeida; Tudella, Eloisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3207258034860219; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9965031852918633
Background: During the first year of life, the human infant learns fundamental behaviors, such as reaching and manipulating, which will be extensively performed to explore objects. This exploration is performed by means of diversified manual actions, which may be influenced by organic immaturity, such as late prematurity, and by external perturbations, such as addition of weight load on upper limbs. Objective: This work had as general aim to verify the manual exploratory behavior in late preterm infants and full-term infants from 5 to 7 months of age, with and without additional weight load on wrists. Methods: Nine low-risk preterm infants (5 male) with minimal and maximal gestational ages of, respectively, 34 and 36 weeks and 6 days (M =35.6 ± 0.5) and mean birth weight of 2.960±0.25 kilograms, and 10 healthy fullterm infants (4 male) with minimal and maximal gestational ages of, respectively, 38 and 42 weeks (M =39.0 ± 0.73) and mean birth weight of 3.363 ± 0.14 kilograms, participated in this research. The infants were evaluated longitudinally at 5, 6 and 7 months of age (corrected to the preterm infants). The infants were placed in a baby chair reclined 50º from the horizontal and were tested in two experimental conditions: without the use of weight load (A) and with the use of weight load (B). During condition A, an attractive, silent and malleable rubber object, unfamiliar to the infants, was presented by the examiner at the infant s midline for 120 seconds. The infant could freely explore the object by up to 20 seconds or up to drop it. During condition B the same procedure conducted during condition A was carried out, however a bracelet weighting 20% of total arm mass was attached to the infant's both wrists. The evaluations were recorded by three digital cameras and analyzed frame by frame. The manual exploratory actions were coded as Fingering, Mouthing, Waving, Banging on the Object, Banging the Object, Transferring, Rotating, and Alternating. Results: The age of 7 months seemed to represent a gain in frequencies of actions Fingering, Waving, Banging-the-object and Rotating in preterm infants. They performed a lower frequency of action Mouthing compared to full-term infants at all ages (p<0.05). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between conditions A and B in any studied variable, regardless of group or age. Conclusions: There were a decrease in the frequency of Fingering and an increase in the frequencies of Waving, Banging the Object and Rotating in both groups in the studied age. Although the preterm infants have seemed to mouth the object less than the full-term infants, in general the manual exploratory behavior was similar between the groups. Furthermore, the somatossensory and mechanical stimulus provided by the weight load was irrelevant to the frequency of performance of the exploratory actions, presenting a stabilizer effect on them in both studied groups. The late prematurity did not interfere in the infants motor responses as a function of the additional weight load at the studied age.
Gestão educacional pós-municipalização: práticas patrimonialistas, poder e outros desafios na ótica dos gestores
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Oliveira, Beatriz Alves de; Riscal, Sandra Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1140464050197785
This work aims to study the social representations of municipal education, in 7 cities of the southern coastal state of Sao Paulo, from which the goal stands analyze and understand the changes in power relations inside the school, and the relationship with the governing bodies, for the Municipal Education after the process of centralization (1996-2008). It uses the following concepts as categories of analysis: patrimonial domination, legal domination rational bureaucratic autonomy, choice and democratic gestion. The research enabled inventory strategies, as well as the set of concepts used by managers to define their role with the school community and with the secretaries of education, or in order to understand the processes of meaning negotiation, identifying the forces that contribute to maintenance of representations and that suggest possibilities for change. The empirical basis for this study are semi-structured interviews with principals and vice principals enrolled in the Long Island Campus of the course on the "Programa Nacional Escola de Gestores da Educação Básica ". The theoretical framework of this research draws upon the main ideas of Max Weber in relation to issues of power, domination, legítimacy and bureaucracy, the contributions of Cleiton de Oliveira about changes caused by the process of decentralization and the concepts and analysis of Moscovici, Jodelet and Geertz for the understanding of social representations. From these assumptions it appears that although the educational administration has changed its discourse in the quest for greater democracy in school, the power remains in the practices and amalgamated in the hierarchy of the institution and in relations with the higher institutions. Thus, although a new name has taken place, remain the patrimonial and clientelist practices, often guiding the actions, whether imposed or decided "democratically".
Contribuições dos movimentos sociais na democratização do acesso à educação: a luta do MST em São Paulo pelo acesso à educação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Chaves, Rodolfo de Jesus; Bezerra Neto, Luiz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4809080593333472; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9447556494121191
Works on the organization, forms of struggle and reproduction of social movements have taken steam in recent years. Among the movements that advocate land reform, there is the MST (Movement of Landless Rural Workers) which has changed the reality of peasant populations who joined the ranks of the Movement to win their rights. That these rights are not limited only to the conquest of land to work, as we observe the movement has diversified its set of demands, so try to secure rights such as labor, health, education, etc.. From this perspective, this study aims to investigate the contributions of the MST in the struggle for access to school education for rural workers. As resources to achieve this goal, we mobilized a large bibliography on the subject, visited rural settlements of the Movement to meet the socio-educational and interviewed by collecting data that were helpful to the writing of this work. While we value the entire history of organization and struggle of rural workers, our study was devoted to the most recent period of history which will re-democratization of Brazil in 1980 until the last years of the 2000s.
Mudanças nas transações entre produtores de verduras e grandes empresas supermercadistas: um estudo de caso
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Bonfim, Renato Manzini; Souza Filho, Hildo Meirelles de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7350574267072069
Leading supermarkets have developed the category of Fruits, Vegetables and Greens (FVG) as a strategy of differentiation. Some companies are promoting changes in the way they source, decreasing the spot market purchase and seeking greater proximity to the productive sector. In operational terms, is highlighted by the use of own distribution centers and tools for performance evaluation. Commercially, the strategy turns to direct relationships with farmers. This process has brought new demands for rural production: economies of scale and scope, regularity and quality of products, adoption of more efficient technologies of production, reorganization of suppliers, etc., especially for small and medium farmers. This process of change has been supported by an expansion of areas of contact, encouraging communication and exchange information, underpinned by the adoption of information systems. Existing studies of transactions between supermarket companies and producers don´t explore the dynamics of changes in transactions and governance relating them to advantages and disadvantages that they entail. Thus, the present work describes the changes in the supply of a large supermarket company, the reflections on the transactions and adjustments made in the structure of governance, while also addressing the advantages and disadvantages for the greens producers and for the company. Primary data were collected from interviews with the company and the suppliers of supermarket responsible for supply stores in São Paulo with fresh greens. Data were analyzed qualitatively. As a result, it was found that changes in the supply structure altered transactions and the organizational form adopted to coordinate them. The approach of the supermarket sector has enabled control over production, driving actions for improvement. For this, the company made use of training programs, auditing and performance tracking tools, elements necessary to supplement the contract that formalizes the transaction. Were found elements of hybrid governances, with predominance of strong leadership from the supermarket company in the adequacy of the productive sector, providing greater adaptability to the agents facing the demands of market. The adoption of a hybrid structure has brought advantages and disadvantages for agents. Access to market information and training programs were among the highlights advantages to the producer. The weakening of the supplier's trademark was a disadvantage identified. For the supermarket company, advantage in controlling the supply was identified. On the other hand, high cost of the control structure was the greater disadvantage. In the perception of agents, advantages outweigh disadvantages. The process of change involved selection of suppliers, excluding those who could not meet minimum requirements. However, informal organizational arrangements have been building among producers and have enabled the inclusion of other actors in the transactions. The study contradicts assumptions that the requirements imposed by supermarket companies are factors of exclusion of suppliers, and highlights its importance in driving positive change in the supply chain of fresh greens.
Variação genética em Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795) e em Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758). Uma contribuição para a conservação dessas espécies
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Vecchia, Ana Carolina Dalla; Galetti Júnior, Pedro Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7398754661670478; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8311668356550205
The tayassuidae family, order Artiodactyla, occurs exclusevely in the American continet and has three extant species: Tayassu pecari, the White-lipped peccary, Pecari tajacu, the collared peccary, Catagonus wagneri, the chacoan peccary. The existence of a fourth species in the family, Pecari maximus, recently discovered, is being discussed. White-lipped peccaries occur from southern Mexico through northern Argentina, while collared peccaries have a wider distribution: from southern United States through northern Argentina. Both species play key roles in the ecossystem, being part of the trophic chain and acting as seeds predators and dispersers. They are hunted in various levels throughout thier range and suffer with habitat changes provoked by humans.Microssatellites are short repetitive sequences of DNA found all over the genome and present a high degree of polimorphysm, codominance and are selective neutral, therefore being considered a ideal molecular marker for populational studies. The flanking regions of these microssatellites tend to be conserved among related species, wich makes possible the cross amplification.The aim of this work was to describe and charaterize microssatellite loci for Tayassu pecari and to test their aplicability to population studies of Pecari tajacu. A partial enriched genomic library was constructed through the DNA cleavage with restriction enzymes, hybridiztion of the fragments with repetitive biotinilated probes and magnetic recovery of hybrids with streptavidincoated magnetic beads. Among 192 recombinant clones that were sequenced, 60 repetitive regions were obtained. Design of primers was possible for 19 of them and they were tested in 30 individuals from a wild population of White-lipped and 23 from a captive population of collared peccaries. 13 loci amplified in the White-lipped peccary population and ten of them polimorphyc. The genetic diversity in this population was considered moderated, two loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in response to the presence of an homozygous excess caused by null alleles. The genetic diversity found in the collared peccary population was slightly higher, probably due to the mixed origin of the animals. This difference may also be a result of different patterns or reproduction in the two species: while White-lipped herd seem to function as a relatevely closed reproductive units, the social flexibility of collared peccaries that occurs in the wild may favour the genetic diversity in the species, so when a captive population is established, its genetic diversity, as a reflex of the total genetic diversity, is also higher. There were more related individuals in the White-lipped population than were found for the collared population, which might be a consequence of the reproductive patterns of the two species. The genetic markers described here can be used in for popualtion studies in both species, and may base future managment and conservation programs for the maintaince of the peccaries.
Análise de fragilidade ambiental com métodos multicritério - críticas e proposta metodológica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Cereda Junior, Abimael; Röhm, Sergio Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7332654261230826; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1042428262927249
The attempt to understand the environment through techniques for posterior modifications and interventions is a fact that, for some researchers, made man, human. The understanding on which surrounds a group of individuals can lead, however, to a deterministic reading or even to a superposition, lacking criteria, of the elements in consideration, which leads to distortions in understanding the complex system called environment. Therefore, it s not enough that the gathering of data, and its simple overlap exists, and for spatial data, the accumulation of maps. There is the need of, technical, social and economical criteria to improve understanding, as well as a conceptual-methodological discussion regarding the representation of the Geographical Space. Throughout methodological theories and orientations, such grasp can be achieved by the understanding of, not only one component, but the integration of all components, like in Synthesis Cartography. So, the methods are necessary for the reorganization, transforming data in information (and information onto knowledge), allowing that managers and population can think, analyze and act onto the Space they are inserted in. Thereunto, the multi-criteria methods allows breaking with the statistical representations of the environment, overcoming the inventory paradigm, been that one of the purposes of the present theses, from assumptions of the Environmental Fragility and the utilization of multi-criteria methods of Weighted Linear Combination and Ordered Weighted Averaging, which generates the Map of Environmental Fragility for part of the watershed of Monjolinho River in São Carlos - SP, anchored on the Eco-dynamical approach. Likewise, besides the cartographical product which can subsidize actions from the public power, it was possible the verification of hypotheses that the introduction of one of these methods, from its correct understanding and articulation, allows it to step up to the main purpose of Synthesis Cartography and Planning, be it urban or environmental: the re-integration of variables that concretize territorially in a unison an non-isolated manner, which throughout the Ordered Weighted Averaging method can lead to the transfer of collective technical intelligence, to a Geographic Information System.
O teste do degrau de seis minutos avalia a capacidade funcional aeróbia de pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica?
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Takara, Glaucia Nency; Jamami, Maurício; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4274129560250050; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0574115282252013
Objective: To assess the six-minute step test (6MST) in terms of its ability to evaluate the aerobic functional capacity of COPD patients. In addition to compare, correlate and verify if there is an agreement between the metabolic (oxygen uptake-VO2), ventilatory (minute ventilation-VE) and cardiovascular variables (heart rate-HR), and perceived exertion of the 6MST and the incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (ICPET). Methods: Metabolic and ventilatory variables, heart rate, dyspnea and lower limb (LL) fatigue were recorded from 18 COPD patients (five had mild COPD, five moderate, six severe and two very severe) performing the 6MST and the submaximal ICPET on cycle ergometer (work rate was increased by 5-10 watts) on different and not consecutive days. Results: There were no significant differences between VO2, HR, VE, dyspnea and LL fatigue mean values at the peak of both tests. Moderate correlations were found between the 6MST performance and ICPET s VO2 (r=0.49;p=0.05) and performance (r=0.63;p=0.005), high correlations were found between both VO2 (L/min and mL/kg/min) (r=0.76 and r=0.77;p=0.001), and moderate correlations were found between HR (r=0.68;p=0.002) and LL fatigue (r=0.59;p=0.011) between the tests. There was no agreement between VO2, HR and LL fatigue values between the tests. Conclusion: The 6MST has the ability to assess aerobic functional capacity and presents cardiorespiratory responses and perceived exertion similar to the ICPET in magnitude, however it cannot replace the ICPET, since the 6MST assesses and demands greater and more localized work from peripheral muscles, thus not reflecting the same ICPET cardiorespiratory capacity.
Questões de identidade lingüístico-cultural e sua relação com a oralidade em LE (Inglês): percepções de aprendizes em nível intermediário
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Paschoal, Luciane Cristina; Paula, Sandra Regina Buttros Gattolin de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9228036521343293; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6272014067298383
When learning a foreign language, more specifically English, it is common that students report that speaking is the most difficult skill to be developed. This difficulty may be related to the lack of a critical view about identity and culture and, hence, students may not value their culture and language. Some students may consider the foreign language superior (RAJAGOPALAN, 2003) and, therefore, may not take risks during oral practice in classroom, which might influence the development of oral competence. It is possible to notice the need of a critical literacy on foreign language, whose objective is to empower students to reflect about their identity and analyze their learning process in a critical way. Based on critical applied linguistics (PENNYCOOK, 2006), this research has the objective to verify how critical literacy may help learners develop a critical view about their culture and language and to analyze if reflections about identity might help students in the development of their oral competence of English as a foreign language (EFL). To answer the following research questions What is the initial perception of students about their culture and about foreign culture? ; Does critical literacy foster awareness about their language and culture? ; and How can the process of (re)construction of identity influence the perception of orality in EFL? , a qualitative (ERICKSON, 1984) interpretativist research (HOLMES, 1992; MOITA LOPES, 1994) was carried out. Data was collected and recorded through individual interviews and focus groups during the first semester of 2010. Analyses were developed through data triangulation (VIANA, 2007) based on theories about identity (BHABHA, 2003; RAJAGOPALAN, 2003; HALL, 2006), EFL learning (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2002) and critical literacy (BARTON, 1994). The results show that critical literacy was important to empower students and to improve the development of oral competence.
A colonização de uma área por espécies de abelhas sem ferrão. Um estudo de caso: Partamona helleri (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera : Apidae: Meliponini)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Ferreira, Kátia Maria; Del Lama, Marco Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7198095288825585; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4837147817191478
Bees are obligatory floral visitors and are considered the main pollinators of angiosperms. The increasing interest in the services of bees has led to efforts to develop management strategies for conservation purposes. The sustainable use of pollinators requires knowledge on the regional diversity of floral visitors obtained from the identification of the agents responsible for the effective pollination of crops. Furthermore, understanding the reproductive biology and population structure of these species as well as the factors that enable the colonization of certain areas by a species of bee are necessary requirements to designing management and conservation strategies. To test the hypothesis that a certain area may be colonized by a small number of maternal lineages of female founders of a species of stingless bee, samples from 73 nests of Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) located on the Brazilian campuses of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar, n = 34), Universidade de São Paulo in São Paulo (USP-SP, n = 14) and Universidade de São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto (USP-RP, n = 25) were analyzed for two mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (cyt b) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) in order to determine the number of different haplotypes. A fragment of the cytochrome b (485 bp) and cytochrome oxidase (611 bp) genes was sequenced for all nests sampled. The analysis of nucleotide sequences identified only one cyt b haplotype in samples from UFSCar and a second haplotype, distinct from the former by a base substitution, in samples from USP-SP, while samples from USP-RP exhibited three distinct haplotypes, one of which was shared by the samples from UFSCar. Among the nucleotide substitutions, some resulted in amino acid changes in the product of the cyt b gene. A similar result was observed with the COI gene. Fst values estimated for the mitochondrial DNA from the cyt b and COI genes were 31.8% and 36.1%, respectively. The estimated rate of nucleotide substitution for cyt b was higher than that found for COI. Thus, the former gene was found to be less conserved than the latter in stingless bees. The larger number of haplotypes observed in the samples from USP-RP may be due to the introduction of colonies from other regions of the country. To determine the occurrence of population structure for nuclear genes, the samples were also examined for several microsatellite loci. Among the 18 heterologous microsatellites loci tested, only four Mbi215, Mbi278, Mbi232 and Mbi254 exhibited genetic variation. The prospection of species-specific microsatellite loci for Partamona helleri using the enrichment method for the construction of DNA libraries allowed characterizing seven new loci. Samples from 73 nests (two workers per colony) were analyzed for eleven microsatellite loci. The populations exhibited significant differentiation (Fst = 0.129, P = 0.000). Fst values estimated for mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes (microsatellites) were compared to establish whether there is evidence for differential male and female dispersal ability in this species. No evidence was found of sex-asymmetrical dispersal (colonizing females are colonizers; males are dispersers). Analysis of phenotypic segregation in the progenies of several nests revealed the occurrence of monandry in the species studied and, consequently, a simple sociogenetic structure monogyny/monandry. The presence of 'foreign' workers was rarely observed in the nests analyzed.
Padrão espacial e temporal das mudanças de uso da terra e sua relação com indicadores da paisagem. Estudo de caso: bacia hidrográfica do médio rio Mogi Guaçu Superior (SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Fushita, Angela Terumi; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570
The human activities are continually altering the ecosystems constituting an important environmental modifier agent, promoting changes in balance and dynamics of the landscape pattern and process. There are several examples of this interference, however the understanding of dimension and effects of human activities and the measures to aid in decision make are still incipient. In that sense, the watershed basin has been used as a physical-temporal component for natural resources planning, being supported by the use of landscape indicators, that has been proposed for better understanding the human activity influence in the ecosystems dynamics. This work analyzed the physical, socioeconomic and biotic factors interaction, in the integrity of the landscape, in the context of the watershed basin through indicators, between 1989 and 2009. The study area was the Medium-Superior Mogi-Guacu river watershed basin, inserted in the northeast area of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This area was sub-divided in three geomorphological units (Cuestas Basalticas, Depressao Periferica and Planalto Ocidental) and in 12 geopolitical units, referring the municipal districts of its inclusion. It was proceeded the landscape environmental characterization and the use of the following indicators: topographical characteristics; landscape pattern; landscape structure (Landscape richness, Landscape diversity; Landscape naturalness (Urbanity and Hemeroby); landscape fragmentation, and the Index of Human Appropriation of the Liquid Primary Productivity (HANPP), considering the total area of the watershed basin (UGB), the geopolitical units (UGP) and thegeomorphological units (UGM). The data acquisition happened for field risings, bibliographical and of official documental sources. It was used LANDSAT TM-5 1989, 1999 and 2009 satellite images for land-use mapping, that subsidized the analysis of the landscape indicators, following specific literature. The correlation among the indicators was tested by models of linear regression and validated by Bootstrap method. It was observed a positive relation between HANPP and hemeroby; a weak positive relation between HANPP and urbanity and HANPP and steepness; a tiny positive relation between HANPP and slope orientation; a weak negative relation between HANPP and net road influence, and between HANPP and distance from highways; and tiny positive relation between HANPP and distance of urban settlements. The smallest values of HANPP were obtained in 1999 for all the landscape units. The landscape metric didn't show a significant correlation with HANPP, however, flotation of the values is verified among the years and between the units. For 1999 and for UGP-7 (municipal district of Luis Antonio) and UGP-11 (Santa Rita do Passa Quatro) registered the metric values that allow to infer better.
Avaliação do esquema corporal em crianças com cegueira congênita : um estudo exploratório
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Oliveira, Patricia Santos de; Munster, Mey de Abreu Van; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7861049737421476; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6758413394621683
Body scheme is very important in the human development once the body is the center of integration and relationship with the world. A blind child, when not properly stimulated, may show alterations related to the structuring of the body scheme. Therefore, an early evaluation diagnosing alterations related to the psychomotor development of the child is extremely important. Several instruments evaluate the body scheme. However, most of them use visual information, which is hardly understood by a blind child. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elaborate and validate an instrument of evaluation of Body Scheme which is adequate to blind children. As methodological procedures, 5 children aged between 6 and 9 years old with congenital blindness, but without any other associated symptoms, and regularly enrolled in a specialized institution for visually impaired children were selected. This study was developed in three steps. The first one corresponds to the phase of construction of the instrument; the second one concerns the process of validation of content where the instrument has gone through and analysis of a committee composed of seven judges; the third one corresponds to the application of the instrument. Therefore, a version of the instrument composed of 4 items was elaborated. This version was sent to the committee who analyzed each item based on clarity of language, theoretical pertinence, viability of application and adequacy of construction. Item 1 Exploring the body obtained 80% agreement; item 2 Playing getting dressed received 70% agreement; item 3 Imitating gestures 60% agreement; item 4 Puzzle 75% agreement. The criterion of permanence of an item was a minimum of 80% agreement among the judges and this way, only item 1 remained as it was in the first version; item 2 was excluded and items 3 and 4 were modified. Based on the suggestions of the judges and the rate of agreement, a second version of the instrument composed of three items was elaborated and was applied as a pilot to the aforementioned population. The percentage of right responses of the five children was of 82%, 74%, 90%, 53%, 93% respectively. Through the observations made, some modifications related to the methodologies of applications have been proposed. Therefore it is possible to consider that the initial objective of the study has been achieved, once it has been possible to elaborate the instrument and validate its content by verifying its adequacy to blind children.
Relação ecológica entre as comunidades fitoplanctônica e zooplanctônica em reservatório eutrofizado durante período de pluviosidade atípica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-02-28) Câmara, Fabiana Rodrigues de Arruda; Chellappa, Naithirithi Tiruvenkatachary; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1365437036105422; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3752890824802280
The study of the plankton community provides better understanding of trophic relationships through their responses in relation to environmental variables of freshwater ecosystems. These responses include the organization of the structure and species composition both in spatial and temporal scale. The study much more important in water scarce northeast Brazil where reservoirs are the main source of potable water supply. This thesis examines aspects related to the ecological relationship between phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in a eutrophic reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte State. The study was conducted during a period significantly affected by climatic change as a consequence of La Niña event (2008-2009), causing heavy rainfall in certain regions. Samples were collected monthly in the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir (ARG), Assu, RN, during two distinct phases: Hydrodynamic Instability ( I e II) and Stability. The seasonal relationships between phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were analyzed from the data of morpho functional species data, their biomass, composition, frequency, diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance index. These biotic variables are tested to environmental variables such as water temperature, transparency, turbidity, conductivity, pH and total and inorganic nutrients (nitrate-N, Nnitrite, ammonia-N and Soluble Reactive Phosphorus, total Nitrogen and Phosphorus), measured in situ or by spectrophotometric methods, according with specific methodologies. In addition to descriptive aspect, experimental approach was used to explain certain biotic relationship found in descriptive study. The results demonstrate significant environmental variations and planktonic compositional changes, which are mediated by hydrodynamic forces such as atypical high rainfall, greater influx of river water, water turbulence and complete mixture of water column and heavy nutrient suspension. Phytoplankton species composition was classified according to morphofunctional characteristic and the succession of phytoplankton revealed how the composition and density of cyanobacteria altered during stable and unstable periods. The results also showed considerable reduction in the cyanobacteria biomass and concomitant increase in phytoplankton diversity. During the second period of hydrodynamic instability of planktonic species composition was shifted in favour of predominant species of non-toxic cyanobacterial, followed by members of Chlorophytes and Bacilariophytes along with the higher biomass of copepod nauplii, juvenile copepods and Cladocera. The presence of Chlorophyte and Bacillariophyte species with juvenile copepods and cladoceran indicate the features of better water quality in the ARG reservoir. During the study, we observed a negative correlation between zooplankton groups and Ostracods Calonoid Copepods. The results indicate the predominance of Physiocypria schubarti (Ostracod) over subdued Notodiaptomus cearensis (Clanoid Copepod) in the midst of filamentous cyanobacteria suggesting a mere co-existence of species without competition for food. Moreover, the high abundance of Ostracods in the water column is not a relevant factor that determines a reduction in the biomass of Calanoid Copepods. On the other hand, we can infer that the toxicity of filamentous cyanobacteria may affect some individuals in the population of Calanoid Copepods.