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Busca heurística e inferência de parâmetros cinéticos de reações de hidrotratamento de óleo diesel a partir de dados experimentais escassos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Ferreira, Adriana de Souza; Giordano, Roberto de Campos
Currently, the amount of contaminants (such as sulfur, nitrogen and aromatics) in diesel oil is strictly controlled, due to their impact on pollutant emissions. The most important process used to meet fuel specifications regarding contaminants is the catalytic hydrogenation, specifically hydrotreatment (HDT). Optimization of the HDT process can benefit from reliable kinetic models of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions, among others. Modeling the HDS and HDN reactions is a complex task, as these occur in triphasic media and it is difficult to determine the composition of diesel oil. Fenomenological models demand a huge experimental effort on generation of data to estimate transport parameters or the utilization of empirical correlations, frequently developed under conditions dissimilar to those of an HDT process. Additionally, utilization of detailed kinetic models is unfeasible, due to the complexity of the reactional mixture. Consequently, pseudo-homogeneous models are largely employed, as they are simpler than heterogeneous models. The equations used to described HDS and HDN kinetics are based on power-law or Langmuir-Hinshelwood terms, Lumping of sulfur or nitrogen compounds into a single pseudo-component does not allow for extrapolation of a model adjusted to a given feed to other feeds, independently of the type of model (homo- or heterogeneous) and equation of reaction rate (power-law or Langmuir-Hinshelwood) employed. However, it is interesting to use a single heteroatomic pseudo-component in the models, as a reduced demand for experimental data enhances the potential for application of the models, given that the model-feed specificity is overcome. In the present work, generalization of pseudo-homogeneous models employing power-law based kinetic rates was accomplished through the inference of apparent kinetics parameters using seven macro-properties of the feeds, which were: density at 20oC; viscosity at 20oC; total sulfur concentration; total and basic nitrogen concentrations; total aromatics content; and temperature of 90% vaporization of the simulated distillation curve. Conventional artificial neural networks (feedforward multilayer perceptrons) performed the inference. Experimental data are scarce, mainly due to the high cost of experimentation, inducing the development of a methodology for dataset enlargement, based on statistical variability of the kinetic parameters and macro-properties. Dataset enlargement made possible the development of independent neural networks for prediction of each kinetic parameter, correctly capturing correlations among macroproperties and the parameters. Two different groups of neural networks were developed, one with higher complexity networks (expressed by a larger number of hidden neurons) and another with simpler ones (possessing fewer hidden neurons). Both were capable of capturing the aforementioned correlations, even though the simpler networks filter out the majority of the disturbances applied to the inputs.
Um estudo sobre trabalho e educação das crianças no setor de jóias e bijuterias em Limeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Locali, Tammy Ticiane; Bezerra Neto, Luiz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4809080593333472; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9518528174420877
Child labor has been often presented to society through family labor, being that, in the city of Limeira, it gained repercussion after the publication of the dissertation written by Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) entitled 'Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP', which denounced the existence of six thousand children between the ages of eleven and sixteen years old working in the sector. This situation has showed itself recurrent, mainly in families which have found themselves obligated to assign services to their children, so they can raise funds and meet at least their basic necessities. The investigation project 'Um estudo sobre a atividade das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira', aims to fill an existent gap in the educational area, due to the fact that there are not researches referring to the theme in the sector of semi-jewels in Limeira, county which is considered the Brazilian capital of veneers and being few the jobs which give emphasis to the symbolic, cultural and historical aspects of this type of research. In order to answer the leading questions, this work is based on a whole theoretical structure, coming from a literary background about the subject and having a more empirical character which will be verified by questionnaires with formal and informal questions, clarifying how the process of production of the pieces is given, besides semi-structured interviews with students from Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, located at the Parque Residencial Aeroporto in Limeira, school that assists children who work with semi-jewels inside their homes, in order to verify their labor conditions, searching for gathering as much information as possible about these conditions and the consequences of this labor inside and outside the classroom.
Integração de métodos in silico e in vitro para o planejamento de inibidores da enzima cruzaína
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Wiggers, Helton José; Montanari, Carlos Alberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9200533791228786; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5857639706993429
Chagas disease, caused by the flagellate protozoan of the family Trypanosomatidae Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America. The available drugs are ineffective and cause severe side effects. Therefore, it is necessary the discovery and development of new drugs for Chagas disease chemotherapy. The cruzain enzyme (EC 3.4.22.51) is expressed in all T. cruzi life cycle and represents a valid target against Chagas disease. The search for new cruzain enzyme inhibitors was carried out through the development of a new strategy using in silico methods, based on integrated ligand and target virtual screening. The consensus of different virtual screenings allowed the selection of 23 molecules for in vitro assays, from a virtual library containing approximately 8.5 million structures collected from the commercial database ZINC. The compounds were assayed against the cruzain and human homologous cathepsin-L and 12 presented inhibitory activity. The IC50 values ranged from 5.6 to 73.9 μM for cruzain and 8.6 to 89.1 μM for cathepsin-L. The apparent inhibition constant (Ki app) of the identified compounds ranged from 3.7 and 64.5 μM for cruzaínain and 3.8 to 87.1 μM for the cathepsin-L and showed competitive inhibition mechanisms. New molecular classes of non-covalent inhibitors of the enzyme cruzain were identified. Two substances were validated as inhibitors by evaluating compound analogs to establishing relationships between molecular structure and biological activity; a substance with the ligand efficiency of 0.33 kcal mol-1 NA-1 was identified. Two enzyme inhibitors showed trypanocidal activity against the Y strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes with potency comparable to the drug benznidazole®. The micromolar activity of the compounds against the cruzain enzyme and the confirmed activity against the parasite provide the opportunity for molecular optimization and improve the bioactive compounds design with known mode of action.
As mulheres trabalhadoras em luta pelos espaços de poder no Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Sousa, Juliana; Lima, Jacob Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9244132532446607; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8100211295859944
This study discusses the participation of women workers in the ABC Metalworkers Union, approaching the persistence of gender asymmetries in base metallurgic and in the trade unionism. For the development of research, we attended the 2nd ABC Metallurgical Women Congress, in March 2010, analyzed union items publicized and conducted interviews with the SMABC´s women militants. We observed claims for equality on labour conditions and wages between women and men, affirmative action policies aimed at increasing the number of women hired for more valued positions in companies category, incentives to greater participation of women in political education program and the developing of a gender policy, quota systems to ensure a greater presence of them in all the union spheres, especially in positions of power to decide. Besides, women militants life stories allowed us to verify the challenge to the women workers reconcile marriage with engagement in the trade unionism. Despite the traditional defense of labor rights and citizenship, SMABC does not take on the gender relations as a priority, showing that the metallurgic culture is very resistant to changes in traditional patterns of women and men coexistence.
Estudo das propriedades fotofísicas de molibdatos de estrôncio dopados com európio (III)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Tanaka, Marcos Takashi Santos; Rosa, Ieda Lucia Viana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8086262254116449; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5865707121138356
Study of the photophysical properties of strontium molybdates doped with Europium (III). In this project the strontium molybdates doped with europium were characterized using various techniques like X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and also the study of the behavior of luminescent inorganic materials. The materials were prepared by complex polymerization method. Analyses of X-ray diffraction powder were performed to determine the achievement of the desired phase in the oxides. The doped materials at different europium concentrations were heated to different temperatures. The emission spectra of europium were achieved exciting the synthesized samples at specific wavelengths. These spectra were analyzed and correlated with the thermal treatment temperature, as well as the concentration of Eu3+. The lifetimes of the europium 5D0→7F2 emission for all samples were evaluated. The emission spectra of the pure strontium molybdate matrix were also obtained and analyzed. These studies permitted to determine the maximum concentration of the soluble europium in the crystal lattice of strontium molybdate framework most favorable for the emission of europium.
The diatom assemblages as indicators of field and laboratory conditions in lotic systems: conservation and water quality management in São Carlos-SP catchment, Brazil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Bere, Taurai; Tundisi, José Galizia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5730659239785432; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6300712779475109
Comunidades perifíticas (especialmente diatomáceas) constituem um sistema rico em informações para o monitoramento ambiental, colocando-as entre os indicadores mais importantes das condições ecológicas em sistemas lóticos. Nesta tese, os estudos de campo e experimentos de laboratório foram realizados para esclarecer os confusos efeitos da seleção do substrato, eutrofização, poluição orgânica, força iônica, padrões de uso do solo e poluição por metais pesados nas comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas. Características das comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas em relação ao nível e tipo de poluição foram analisadas através de critérios gerais (clorofila a, peso seco, peso seco de cinza e densidade celular no caso dos experimentos de laboratório) e critérios específicos (método de valor de indicador, técnicas de análise multivariada e índices baseados nas diatomáceas). Para estudos de campo, as comunidades de diatomáceas epilíticas, epífitas, epipsâmicas e epipelicas, além das que crescem em tijolos e vidros, foram avaliadas, assim como a qualidade da água. Um gradiente decrescente da qualidade da água foi observado a partir da área agrícola/florestal até a área urbana. A estrutura da comunidade de diatomáceas refletiu este gradiente. Pontos em áreas de nascentes, com boa qualidade da água, foram caracterizados por espécies como Eunotia bilunaris, E. intermedia, Aulacoseira alpigena, Cymbopleura naviculiformis e Stauroneis phoenicenteron. Pontos em áreas urbanas, com média à baixa qualidade da água foram caracterizados por espécies como Frustulia rhomboids, Nitzschia linearis, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Pinnularia gibba e Achnanthidium minutissimum e os pontos em áreas urbanas próximo à jusante, com baixa qualidade da água, por espécies como Luticola geoppertiana, Nitzschia palea, Sellaphora pupula, Planotidium lanceolatum e Fallacia monoculata. Espécies comuns de diatomáceas não foram restritas em um único substrato, embora a preferência fosse geralmente alta para natural (especialmente macrófitas) em comparação com substratos artificiais. Os resultados da análise multivariada da qualidade da água baseados em diatomáceas amostradas em diferentes substratos demonstraram ser intercambiáveis. Variância nos dados das diatomáceas foi dividida entre dois conjuntos de variáveis exploratórias, ou seja, força iônica (26,9%), outras variáveis como, eutrofização e poluição orgânica (23,0%), variância compartilhada (11,3%) e variação não explicada (38,8%). Finalmente, 17 índices desenvolvidos em outras regiões provaram ser úteis para fornecer uma indicação da qualidade das águas estudadas. 4 Para os experimentos de laboratório, os efeitos do cádmio, cromo III e chumbo sobre as comunidades perifíticas naturais amostradas no rio Monjolinho, foram estudados. Hormese foi demonstrado com um EC50 de 0,077 mgL-1 Cd registrado. Boa capacidade de acumulação de metal (total e intracelular) pelo perifíton foi demonstrada, dependendo da concentração do metal e duração da exposição. Pb e Cr III diminuíram os efeitos da toxicidade de Cd em comunidades perifíticas sugerindo antagonismo. Finalmente, os efeitos combinados de freqüência, duração, período de recuperação, tipo de produto químico e tempo de pulsos com elevadas concentrações de Cd, Cr III e Pb em comunidades perifíticas foram avaliados. Quanto mais a freqüência e a duração do pulso se aproximam de uma exposição contínua, maiores serão os efeitos dos contaminantes sobre a vida aquática. Quanto maior a freqüência de pulsos de curta duração, mais provável é a produção de efeitos semelhantes aos das exposições de longa duração. A luminosidade mostrou ter um papel importante na modulação dos efeitos de toxicidade de metais sobre a vida aquática. Mudanças na composição de espécies (desenvolvimento de espécies mais resistentes como A. minutissimum e redução das espécies mais sensíveis, como Navicula viridula, Navicula cryptocephala e E. bilunaris), diminuição da riqueza e diversidade, alterações morfológicas (deformidade) das células de diatomáceas, aumento da concentração de metais, duração de exposição e diferentes cenários de exposição foram observados.
Projetos para produção de residências unifamiliares em light steel framing
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Vivan, André Luiz; Paliari, José Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9387796929252598; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7191823459864289
This work has the aim to propose guidelines for the preparation of designs for production with the construction of single family houses of Light Steel Framing. These guidelines involve considerations about the presentation of designs and assembly sequences on the main elements of a building in Light Steel Framing, promoting higher constructability on projects. Parallel to these guidelines were developed some graphical detail, with respect to the elements discussed, based on the concept of Design for Assembly. For this, have been used the information from the literature review, which deals with concepts such as Concurrent Engineering, Lean Design and Design for Production, and information gathered in structured interviews. The product of this work contributes to the advancement of studies about the design process of Light Steel Framing, besides promoting the use of concepts just discussed or used in Construction. Being a prefabricated building system, Light Steel Framing collaborates with the modernization of the processes involved in small works and facilitates the use of management principles such as Lean Construction and tools such as Design for Assembly.
Planejamento operacional para execução dos sistemas prediais hidráulicos, sanitários e de gás combustível
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Matos, Adriano Oliveira; Paliari, José Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9387796929252598; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2666970399979031
In an increasingly competitive civil construction market affected by the ever greater shortage of skilled construction labor, the correct calculation of work team size based on labor productivity data that are feasible and representative of each construction company is an important strategy for overcoming today s challenges. Construction work includes hydraulic and sanitary sewer systems and piped cooking gas installations for buildings, due to the fact that work team size is often calculated empirically. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a method to calculate the size of teams for the execution of these systems, based on goals of labor productivity and operational planning for the execution of these services, by allocating the members of the teams to the jobs programmed within the timetable foreseen in the work schedule. The proposed method is divided into three main stages: (a) diagnosis of current labor productivity; (b) calculation of work team size and planning at operational level, involving programming of the activities of each work team over the period stipulated for the execution of the work; and (c) control of productivity according to the established goals. The method was applied at a construction site, specifically during the execution of the cold water supply systems and the sanitary sewer systems located in the wet environments of two multistorey residential towers. The method produced satisfactory results, improving labor productivity in the execution of the cold water supply systems by 20.1% and in that of the sanitary sewer systems by 27.7%.
Imagens da pedofilia: uma leitura discursiva sobre os textos midiáticos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Pereira, Andreia Beatriz; Baronas, Roberto Leiser; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4613001301744682; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0648271921658968
The aim of this master's research is to understand the contemporary discourses on the subject of child sexual abuse. Building on the conceptual assumptions of Discourse Analysis, especially those developed by the French linguist Dominique Maingueneau, we try to understand the Discursive Formation constitution through texts of different genres and media. With the theoretical framework of the French linguist, was possible to follow some of the theoretical and methodological paths that led us to develop the desired study. Among these contributions, it is the concept of Constitutional Discourse, as it was the one in which self-legitimation and others ways of legitimation among discourses occur in the position by displacement and registration of their speakers in their act of stating this type of discourse. Besides, we mobilized the notion of Topic Discourse as one that can not give yourself a purpose of validation, constantly used in another discourses in order to legitimize itself, including the constituents. But the Non- Topic Discourse (Atopic) is the discourse without place, something on the order of the Paratopy (which belongs to the social space, but denies it), in which the production and circulation tend to be most often impassable. Although there is similarity in the way of belonging, it seems that, for this author, is more likely to find the Topic and Paratopic Discourses together on one side and the Non-Topic (Atopic) Discourse into another, as if we erased the existence of these discourses was made it impossible inside the first textuality discursive with the other two. Equipped with these concepts, we develop a first time reading of the corpus, in which we try to find the types of discourses marks in the texts that comprise it. From this methodological procedure, we selected the corpus in question some texts from the years 2002 to 2008, which was composed mostly as to what Maingueneau identifies as a Topics Discourses, and in this corpus we try to find regularities through which the discourses and Non-Topic (Atopic) constituents could subscribe to this. The recovery process of the Component Discourse by Topic Discourse could then be through the citation of voices in positions of authority. It was also possible to note that the Non-Topic (Atopic) Discourse even being denied as a discourse , can be reflected in the Topic Discourse and to give their brands through the images. So, to answer these hypotheses, from a discursive look, constituted the focus of this dissertation.
A medida das coisas: japonesidades e parentesco entre associados da Nipo em Araraquara
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Hatugai, Érica Rosa; Machado, Igor José de Renó; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4705450652848752; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7324088577711570
This research is an anthropological analysis of a Japaneseness developed within some families and their descendants who are part of an associative context of Japanese immigrants in the city of Araraquara, state of São Paulo. The comprehension of this Japaneseness is the result of an ethnography aimed at the constructs which formalized the native category of Japanese and the classifications resulting from it. According to the native knowledge of this category, the social relationships among the families and the individual and collective perceptions of the specificity of "Japanese neither constituted crises nor identity manipulations for the individiduals. The native theories shed light on the awareness of the "japanese" differences which constituted a "Brazilian Japanese" or "Japanese Brazilian" way, and exposed an associative language hinging upon the family and the notions of substances.
Sistema de suporte à decisão para gestão de áreas verdes de domínio público em áreas de preservação permanente de corpos hídricos urbanos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Bressane, Adriano; Salvador, Nemésio Neves Batista; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9930582531600560; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8959637559404206
Considering the significant and growing environmental degradation and the quality of life in cities, as well as the demand for systematization of information applicable to their control and recovery, this study aimed to develop a decision support system for management of public green spaces in areas of permanent preservation of urban water bodies. For its development were adopted as reference the guidelines of territorial scenario planning method through which main aspects were analyzed related to the problem and systematized actions concerning to the study and solution proposals. The main materials used correspond to the works of academic and technical literature and applied standardization, as well as the related court cases, raised through search terms in library collections and databases of legislation and jurisprudence. From the analysis of these materials, were studied the dynamics of the urban environment and degradation causes of its water bodies; discussed the effective functions of their permanent preservation areas and the intervening factors to their performance; as well as analyzed legal and related court aspects. As a result, were obtained a proposal of a structured key decision model for the evaluation and selection of locational alternatives and their functional-space aptitude for implementation of public green spaces, as a solution established by CONAMA Resolution n. 369 of 2006, which regulates the intervention exceptional cases in permanent preservation areas. Finally, the conclusion was that the achieved results can contribute as an important reference for this issue approach, however, further studies on the refinement of the proposed system are recommended, aiming at optimizations that improve its application and performance.
Avaliação do reprocessamento de copolímero SAN através de moldagem por injeção
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-30) Breda, Alcides; Hage Júnior, Elias; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1240692926327687
The main objective of this work was to study the reprocessing of copolymer SAN through injection molding and its influence on the mechanical, thermomechanical and optical behavior of that copolymer. Mechanical properties, measured by tensile and impact testing, and thermomechanical testing, measured through heat deflection temperature HDT and VICAT softening temperature were evaluated. In addition, yellowness index and optical properties, such as clarity and transparency, were observed for virgin SAN resin and its mixture with reprocessed SAN through injection molding in the form of cup of blender for 5 molding cycles. It was observed that the behavior of the reprocessed material has not shown significant changes through tensile, impact, HDT, and clarity properties. However, the VICAT softening temperatures and yellowness indices of the mixtures have suffered changes related to the SAN virgin grade. The chemical structure of multiprocessed SAN analyzed for FTIR has not shown significant changes, but the number average molecular weight of the copolymer has decreased, as verified by SEC. An increase in the MFI also has indicated chains scission.