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Software para análise da cinética do consumo de oxigênio durante exercício moderado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Beltrame, Thomas; Trevelin, Luis Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5082419783043736; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0045363023998833
The characterization of behavior of some biological variables in the transition restexercise (on-transition) seems to help understand how the organism adjusts some physiological systems in the beginning of physical exercise. Among these variables, the kinetics of oxygen consumption (VO2) is widely studied and can add information about physical fitness. The objective of this study was to develop new software that facilitates the characterization of the VO2 kinetics in on-transition of constant work load exercise. Some tests with the software, performed in ten healthy male subjects, showed no statistical differences between the values of the kinetics´ s parameters found by the new software and the parameters obtained by SigmaPlot software. Additionally, the Interface facilitates analysis of the kinetics of VO2. The conclusion from this study shows that this new software may be used as a simple tool to characterize the behavior of VO2. Now, the use of VO2 kinetics can be used by a larger number of health care professionals who aim to this type of analysis.
Ensino de universitários para o uso de procedimentos computadorizados de matching-to-sample no ensino de leitura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Oliveira, Marileide Antunes de; Goyos, Antônio Celso de Noronha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3407008711535651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2491638004798825
Stimulus equivalence research uses matching-to-sample (MTS) tasks to establish conditional stimulus relations. Using these tasks to teach language and academic repertoires, such as reading, in applied settings is a current issue. This paper investigated different methods in the development of an approach to teach individuals on the use of automated MTS tasks to teach reading through two studies. In Study 1, four participants were assessed on the extent to which whether, after being taught to: (1) arrange, and (2) apply MTS tasks comprising AB relation (dictated words-pictures); and 3) analyze student data report using three words, they would show repertoire generalization to novel words. Teaching comprised demonstration and instruction to follow demonstration. During tests, novel words were used. Results showed that all participants learned to implement computerized MTS tasks and showed repertoire generalization. In Study 2, two packages a manual and manual + CAPSI were compared to teach individuals to conduct MTS training to teach reading. Participants were four university students randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups, two in each group. During baseline participants were assessed in their skills in: (1) arranging four MTS tasks AB (dictated wordspictures), AC (dictated words-printed words), BC (pictures-printed words), and CB (printed words-picttures) using the words bed, bee, and cat; (2) evaluating reading repertoires; (3) conducting teaching sessions using AB and AC MTS tasks; and (4) conducting testing sessions using BC and CB tasks. During teaching the participants in the control group were given a manual on the use of MTS training to teach reading and the participants were given the manual and wrote online tests on CAPSI. All the participants were given three weeks to complete the VIII teaching in the place of their choosing. The post-training was conducted as described in baseline. Baseline and post-training combined scores for control and experimental groups were 72.5% and 100%, and 72.7% and 95%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the improvement from baseline to post-training for both groups was significant; however, the difference between posttraining performances for the control and experimental groups was not significant. Taken together, the results of studies 1 and 2 suggest that the methods that were investigated are promising in the transfer of knowledge from basic research to applied educational settings such as classroom and to be delivered to teachers working with children with reading learning difficulties.
A influência do envelhecimento sobre a antropometria e a postura dos pés: um estudo longitudinal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Aurichio, Thaís Rabiatti; Rebelatto, José Rubens; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1684247449456330; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6238432716592204
The foot and ankle joint complex comprising an adaptable to external and internal influences, being able to tolerate and compensate for deformities or misalignment of the lower limb. Shoes are an important addition to the human foot. However, if used improperly interfere in gait, cause pain and foot deformities. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of aging on the anthropometric and postural foot of the elderly, through Manuscript I. As well as pointing out the consequences and the factors associated with the use of inappropriate shoes for a period of four years, through the Manuscript II. For this purpose, 164 elderly patients with mean age of 73.7 (± 5.86) years were evaluated in 2006 and 2010, as the anthropometric and postural foot (Manuscript I), and asked about falls, shoe model used, pain during the use of footwear and options to buy it (Manuscript II). The paired t-test was used in the first study to point out possible differences in anthropometric variables over time. In the second study, subjects were classified among those who remained inadequate lengths of wearing shoes and those who remained using appropriate footwear, excluding the subjects who changed their behavior in the period in question. A multiple logistic regression model and the observations of the odds ratio evaluated the impact of independent variables in the classifications of this behavior. In all statistical tests, was considered a significance level of 5%. The results of study I showed a decrease of the angles of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and increase the values of arch index during the study period. The perimeters, heights and widths, and the postures of the feet showed no changes during the study period. The results of study II show that the foot length and males are the main factors associated with persistence of misuse of shoes over the years, and the shoes too long in relation to the feet of individuals. Other variables, such as falls, shoes models, pain, width, perimeter and height of the feet, or even the posture of the feet showed no association with this behavior. The study period may not have been enough to point out significant changes in other variables, and longer studies are needed to state the possible occurrence of these changes. Still, it is possible to ensure the importance of these findings for better understanding of the complex biomechanics of the feet of the elderly, planning strategies and guidelines for the elderly to help prevent the installation of deformities and limitations.
Terapia laser de baixa intensidade a 808 nm reduz a resposta inflamatória e favorece a regeneração muscular
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Assis, Lívia Ribeiro de; Parizotto, Nivaldo Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5527703735628408; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7935480743466626
Muscle regeneration is a complex phenomenon, involving coordinated activation of several cellular responses. During this process, oxidative stress, and consequent tissue damage occur with a severity that may depend on the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response. Among the therapeutic approaches to attenuate inflammation and increase tissue repair, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may be a safe and effective clinical procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LLLT on oxidative/nitrative stress and inflammatory mediators produced during a cryolesion of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in rats. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=20): control (BC), injured TA muscle without LLLT (IC), injured TA muscle submitted to LLLT (IRI). The injured region was irradiated daily for 4 consecutive days, starting immediately after the lesion using an AlGaAs laser (continuous wave, 808nm, tip area of 0.00785 cm2, power 30 mW, application time 47 s, fluence 180 J/cm2; total energy 1.4J; irradiance 3.8 mW/cm2). The animals were sacrificed on the fourth day after injury. LLLT reduced oxidative and nitrative stress in injured muscle, decreased lipid peroxidation, nitrotyrosine formation and NO production, probably due to reduction in iNOS protein expression. Moreover, LLLT increased SOD gene expression, and decreased the inflammatory response as measured by gene expression of NF-kβ and COX-2 and by TNF-α and IL-1β concentration. These results suggest that LLLT could be an effective therapeutic approach to modulate oxidative and nitrative stress and to reduce inflammation in injured muscle and could therefore help muscle regeneration.
Respostas cardiorrespiratórias promovidas pela ativação de receptores glutamatérgicos e purinérgicos no núcleo do trato solitário
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Fávero, Michele Thaís; Paula, Patrícia Maria de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0201361251312074; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5516825233637271
The central nervous system (CNS) has an important role in maintaining the composition and volume of body fluids for the appropriate tissue perfusion. An important area of the CNS that receives cardiorespiratory afferents is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that has several types of neurotransmitters, includingL-glutamate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Neuroendocrine changes that occur during sodium depletion could change glutamatergi c and purinergic neurotransmissions into the NTS. Thus, in this study, we investigated : 1) the effects of sodium depletion on cardiorespiratory responses before and after injections of L -glutamate and α,β-methyleneadenosine 5′-triphosphate (α,β-methyl ATP, a selective P2X purinergic receptor agonist) into the NTS of unanesthetized and sodium depleted rats; 2) the cardiorespiratory responses of the injection of α,β-methyl ATP before and after the blockade of P2 receptor purinergic antagonist with suramin (non-selective P2 purinergic receptor antagonist) into NTS of unanesthetized and normovolemic rats and 3) to describe the autonomic components involved with the cardiovascular responses after injection of α,β-methyl ATP into the NTS. Male Holtzman rats with a cannula implanted into the NTS and catheters inserted into the femoral artery and vein were used. Ventilation (VE) was measured by whole body plethysmograph method. In relation to objective 1, the cardiorespiratory parameters were measured in normovolemic (before sodium depletion), depleted (24 h after sodium depletion) and repleted rats (two hours after free access to 0.3 M NaCl and water). Sodium depletion was induced by the treatment with the diuretic furosemide (20 mg/kg of body weight) injected subcut aneously (s.c.) followed by 24 h of sodium -deficient diet. Sodium depletion did not modify baseline MAP (104 ± 4 mmHg, vs. normovolemic: 105 ± 4 mmHg) or HR (334 ± 20 bpm, vs. normovolemic: 379 ± 13 bpm) but increased the VE (708 ± 107 ml/min/kg, vs. normovolemic: 478 ± 60 ml/min/kg). This effect was due to increase on tidal volume (VT, 7 ± 0.6 ml/kg, vs. normovolemic: 5 ± 0.4 ml/kg) without effect on the respiratory frequency (fR, 99 ± 8 cpm, vs. normovolemic: 85 ± 6 cpm). In repleted rats, VE did not return to normal level (640 ± 33 ml/min/kg, vs. normovolemic: 478 ± 60 ml/min/kg). Unilateral injections of L-glutamate (1 and 5 nmol/100 nl) into the NTS produced pressor response (17 ± 3 and 36 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, vs. saline: 3 ± 1 mmHg), bradycardia (-130 ± 15 and -169 ± 10 bpm, respectively, vs. saline: -13 ± 6 bpm) and the hyperventilation (233 ± 44 and 495 ± 114 ml/min/kg, respectively, vs. saline: 32 ± 26 ml/min/kg). Sodium depletion reduced pressor responses (4 ± 3 mmHg and 13 ± 4 mmHg, respectively) and hyperventilation (-112 ± 112 and 7 ± 115 ml/min/kg, respectively) and did not change bradycardia (-116 ± 30 and -156 ± 18 bpm, respectively). Unilateral injections of α,β-methyl ATP (2 nmol/100 nl) into the NTS also produced pressor response (36 ± 5 mmHg, vs. saline: 3 ± 1 mmHg), bradycardia (-194 ± 18 bpm, vs. saline: -13 ± 6 bpm) and did not change VE (54 ± 96 ml/min/kg, vs. saline: 32 ± 26 ml/min/kg). Sodium depletion reduced pressor response (24 ± 5 mmHg), VE ( -147 ± 184 ml/min/kg) and did not change bradycardia (-168 ± 22 bpm). In relation to objective 2, the results showed that injection of α,β-methyl ATP (2 nmol/100 nl) into NTS produced pressor response (24 ± 4 mmHg e -187 ± 39 bpm, respectively) and these responses were reduced 15 min after injection of suramin into NTS ipsilateral (13 ± 2 mmHg e -80 ± 18 bpm). Injection of α,β-methyl ATP into NTS produced no significantly change in VE. In relation to objective 3, the results showed that injection of α,β-methyl ATP (2 nmol/100 nl) into NTS promote pressor and bradycardic response (32 ± 5 mmHg and -183 ± 21 bpm). The pre-treatment with the alpha1 -adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (1 mg/kg bw, i.v.) attenuated the increase in MAP (+10 ± 3 mmHg) without changing the bradycardic response (-192 ± 21 bpm) evoked by injection of α,β-methyl ATP into NTS. The pre-treatment with the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, methyl-atropine (1 mg/kg bw, i.v.) did not changed the pressor response (+31 ± 6 mmHg) and abolished the bradycardic response (+21 ± 6 bpm) induced by injection of α,β-methyl ATP into the NTS. The results suggest that neuroendocrine changes produced by sodium depletion (increased level of circulating ANG II, aldosterone and the desactivation of the volume receptors and baroreceptors) may change the glutamatergic and purinergic neurotransmissions into the NTS. Furthermore, activation of P2X receptors in the NTS activates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system to produce pressor and bradycardic responses, respectively, without changing ventilation
Avaliação do dano por choque térmico em concretos refratários via espectroscopia acústica ressonante não-linear
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Pereira, Antônio Henrique Alves; Rodrigues, José de Anchieta; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4000441989868775; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2291835400598420
In this thesis the Non-linear Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy Technique used to evaluate the mesoscopic non-linearity was incorporated into the Impulse Excitation Technique, which is extensively applied to the evaluation of thermal shock damage of refractory castables by the characterization of dynamic elastic moduli. The motivation for this thesis was the mesoscopic non-linearity detection in refractory castables and the interest for more sensitive techniques for thermal shock damage assessment, as well as detecting cracks and microcracks. An experimental apparatus able to evaluate the non-linearity was developed, which allowed the simultaneous characterization of the dynamic elastic moduli and damping with different amplitudes of excitation. The apparatus error was evaluated using the characterization of synthesized signals and it is lower than 0.05 % for frequency, 3.3 % for damping and 2 % for amplitude. The technique association was applied to the evaluation of thermal shock damage resistance of refractory castables made with white fused alumina aggregates of 2.4 mm maximum size (A2) and of 8.0 mm maximum size (A8), and of a refractory castable made with tabular alumina aggregates of 3 mm maximum size (AT). The A2 castable showed similar thermal shock resistance to the AT one due to the configuration of cracks and microcracks, which occurred in the matrix. The technique association was also used to evaluate different thermal shock types and the moisture influence. The results showed that the primary source of damage is the thermal shock of cooling and that the moisture has a significant influence in the elastic property characterization (up to -9.4 % for the Young's modulus and +35 % for damping). The information provided using the non-linearity characterization was similar to the retained Young's modulus, however regardless of previous characterizations. This allowed a more accurate assessment of the damage than using the Impulse Excitation Technique alone.
Fabricação e caracterização de filmes nanoestruturados de nanotubos de carbono e polianilina para aplicação em sensores ambientais na detecção de 2-clorofenol.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Santos, Juliana de Souza; Ferreira, Marystela; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4714185516263478; Constantino, Carlos José Leopoldo; Simões, Fábio Ruiz
Organochlorine compounds exhibit high toxicity, environmental persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. This pollutant can spread through the air and water, affecting humans and the environment. In this context, this study aimed to develop an environmental sensor capable of detecting organochlorine compounds through nanostructured films fabricated from the layer-by-layer technique. The sensory units were composed of bilayers formed from Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), alternated with Polyaniline (PAni). This study was divided into two main stages: the first was the fabrication and characterization of thin films and the second was the application of the film as sensor for environmental control of 2-chlorophenol. In the first stage individual films were fabricated with PAni and CNTs alternated with polyelectrolytes Poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS) and Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), respectively, and mixed film of CNTs/PAni. The films were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the second stage sensory units were immersed in a liquid system containing 2-chlorophenol at different concentrations for characterization by means of electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The results of the film of CNTs/PAni showed good performance as electrochemical sensors for organochlorine compounds, since using the technique of square wave voltammetry detected the presence of 2-chlorophenol concentration from 2 ppm to the current intensity increased in about the film in individual CNTs.
Perda de originalidade e extinções simuladas de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas de cerrado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-03-02) Rosatti, Natália Bianca; Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3172690993468313
Originality measures how different a given species is from all other species regarding either their phylogenetic history or functional traits and may be used to assign conservation priorities. This dissertation is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, we introduced and defined the phylogenetic and functional originalities, which are still underused. We discussed the advantages of using this approach and showed how it could be used in conservation plans. In the second chapter, we analysed the relationships between phylogenetic, and functional originalities, their relationships with the environment, and their losses under extinction scenarios based on species abundance, fire tolerance, and habitat preference. We placed 100 plots in a cerrado reserve located in central Brazil, sampled all woody plants within the plots, measured 14 functional traits, and measured soil, topography, and fire. We assembled a phylogenetic tree, and a functional dendrogram, with which we calculated the originalities. Phylogenetic- and functional-based originalities were correlated, and both increased towards harsher environments. However, the loss of functional originality was different from random extinctions on the abundance and fire tolerance scenarios, whereas the loss of phylogenetic originality was not. Functional originality seemed to be a better surrogate to be used in conservation strategies, because it was sensitive to differences in species abundances and fire tolerance.