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Influência de um fragmento florestal sobre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados de um córrego tropical degradado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-07-05) Suga, Cristiane Midori; Tanaka, Marcel Okamoto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2768658925977757; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7179411082479987
Land use changes have resulted in large environmental impacts, and in agricultural landscapes sometimes only forest fragments remain. However, riparian forest remnants can influence positively stream water quality, and serve as refuge to aquatic species sensible to deforestation. We evaluated if the presence of a riparian forest remnant influences the structure and composition of macroinvertebrate communities in a rural stream in southeastern Brazil. We sampled three reaches upstream (within abandoned sugarcane cultivation), one at the edge and nine downstream the remnant edge, until 600 m inside the forested area, using leaf litter bags. The abundances of Elmidae, Chironomidae, and total macroinvertebrates increased along the forest remnant, whereas the abundance of Baetidae, proportion of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT), EPT/Chironomidae ratio, and taxon richness and diversity decreased. EPT taxon richness and abundance did not vary along the forest remnant. Reaches upstream the remnant have herbs and grasses that increased microhabitat availability and, consequently, the diversity and taxon richness in this degraded areas. Increases in abundances of Chironomidae and total macroinvertebrates within the forested area can be related to moderate increases in nutrient concentrations or availability of high quality leaf litter patches. Forest remnants can influence macroinvertebrate communities, although variation in their responses can be related to local agricultural practices and land use at the watershed scale. Forest fragments are important in maintaining water quality in agricultural landscapes, deserving special attention in watershed management projects and more commitment from the authorities to comply with environmental laws, aiming to protect and recover permanent preservation areas (PPA) in irregular situation.
Áfricas: processos educativos presentes no terno de congada chapéus de fitas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-07-05) Souza, Tatiane Pereira de; Silva, Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3454749523832801
This study, entitled, "Africas: educational processes present in ―Terno de Congada Chapéus de Fitas‖ seeks to identify and understand the educational processes that are own of olders and youngers` participation in Terno de Congada Chapéus de Fitas, located in the city of Olympia-SP. These objectives are guided by the following research question: What learn from each other youngers and olders practitioners of Congada? Theoretical references which explains the ways and understandings in this research are located in a sociopolitical context: the African World - Africa and the Diaspora - and Latin America, not excluding the possibility of dialogue with other world views and perspectives, such as indigenous, European and Asian matrix. Theoretical discussions addressing insights and understandings about: social practices and educational processes; contributions to understanding the culture - the culture of African origin - interculturality, identity and ethnic-racial belonging, education of African origin, and its consequences on learning-teachinglearning -teaching as an ongoing process of educating themselves and educating between people. This study was conducted through a qualitative research approach, adopting the comprehensive observation and in-depth and individual conversations as methodological procedures, organized and analyzed with the phenomenology principles. The analysis and interpretation of data were made in the form of comprehensive description, revealing the educational processes that involve the faith, devotion, strength, respect for the older, family, inspiration, strength, identity, sense of belonging, joy, spirituality, the experience of the sacred, the collaborative partnership, ways to resist and survive the hardships, discrimination and prejudices, learning and teaching between older and younger that are useful as ways of living and living in the Congada and in the society. Therefore, the social practice of Congada not only celebrates the sacred, ancestral, but also teaches to celebrate life.
Topografias de controle de estímulos e equivalência de estímulos : variações paramétricas do procedimento de máscaras
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012-07-05) Arantes, Ana Karina Leme; Rose, Julio Cesar Coelho de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3386857761295187; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1785475312488456
Stimulus equivalence literature has shown robust data, but with some result variability between participants, with some forming classes promptly and others who do not demonstrate the expected class formation. Matching to sample (MTS) is the commonly used procedure to verify these relationships formation. However, a situation involving experimental MTS is rather complex regarding the number of potential relationships, so that the participant can form classes based on different equivalence relations that those manipulated by the experimenter. For example, responses that are counted as instances of the same relationship may include different control topographies, some responses controlled by relations of selection (when control of the participant's response is given "selecting" the correct stimulus in the presence of a particular model) while others are controlled by rejection (when there is a "rejection" of a incorrect stimulus in the presence of a particular model). One possibility to check and monitor the different control relations during the baseline training is to use special procedures to induce and identify it. One of these procedures is the blank procedure in which a black square is gradually introduced over attempts conditional discrimination baseline so as to occlude participant s sight of it. This way, separately topographies of selection and rejection can be checked, as well as differences in the formation of equivalence relations. AB, BC and CD relations trainings were programmed, each set with three different stimuli (eg: A1, A2 and A3; B1, B2 and B3, etc.). Control only for rejection or only by selection in baseline training conditional relations BC were planned in one of the trainings, and results compared with another training in which all relations were taught either by selection or by rejection. Other parametric variations (nodal distance increase and extensive pre-training role in positive equivalence results using the mask) were also investigated to advance understanding of the variables that may be related to the equivalence formation. The results indicate that learning BC relationship with only one control relation is not sufficient for the equivalence classes ready formation. These are not guaranteed even if only selecting topographies are learned. Have the whole training - ensuring that the participant learns the relations either by rejection or by selection - assures equivalence formation in much more training opportunities. The results indicated that the extensive pre-training was useful to install some prerequisites behaviors required in the task pairing. Participants who passed the pre-training before starting the experiment were partially successful in achieving the criteria for baseline conditional relations learning training, but the generalized conditional responding did not occur as readily as expected, although it seems to have occurred faster for participants who had gone through extensive pre-training.