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Geometria, modelagem e código de barras na construção de luminárias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Fernandes, Estela Aparecida
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Soares, Márcio de Jesus
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3273672989988386
The presented work aims to allow students to infer about the different concepts by building Mathematicians luminaire. For this, occur following the development of a didactic, teaching methodology that consists in presenting the project to the students who undergo an initial production or initial assessment - production of texts, conversations, problems - from which different activities are performed, worked in modules on the topics. It is then rated the performance obtained through the production end. This methodology was applied to two classes of 2nd year of high school in a public school. The first step began with a presentation of the sequence followed by initial production, which allowed students to exhibit their knowledge of mathematics involved in the production end (luminaire). The proposal focuses on various topics from basic mathematics possible, through different methodologies, the resumption of constant content addressed thus enabling advances in the teachinglearning process. The topics taken up are observed in the plane geometry, which underlies the study of Space Geometry. The practice of mathematical modeling is used to rescue the concept of function with real meaning to students. The news was on account of the discovery of mathematics Barcode. And finally, the closing of the work took place with the presentation of the final production performed by students.
Influência da linhagem da levedura e das condições de cultivo no processo de isomerização e fermentação simultâneas da xilose
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Moraes, Guilherme Silveira
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Zangirolami, Teresa Cristina
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4546701843297248
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9013240485281830
The conversion of the hemicellulosic fraction in ethanol is a factor that impacts on the economic viability of the second generation ethanol production process from sugar cane bagasse. Hemicellulose from bagasse is a heteropolymer constituted by pentoses and glucose, being xylose the predominant sugar (~ 21 %). Among the available technological alternatives for ethanol production from xylose, SIF process (Simultaneous Isomerization and Fermentation), consisting of xylose conversion to xylulose by glucose isomerase (GI) enzyme and xylulose fermentation by the yeast S. cerevisiae, is considered a promising alternative. The main objectives of the present work were: i) evaluate the performance of different S. cerevisiae strains towards xylulose intake and ethanol productivity; ii) assess the influence of cultivation conditions (temperature, oxygen availability and initial xylose concentration) upon ethanol and xylitol production by the selected strains; iii) define the operation conditions for the continuous SIF process, using a system of fixed bed reactors associated in series. Preliminary experiments were conducted in 50 mL flasks, containing 4 g of pellets with a load of 20 % of immobilized GI, co-immobilized with yeast (load of 10 %) in alginate gel. For the screening of yeasts showing better performance on ethanol production from xylose, two commercial baker´s yeast strains (Itaiquara® e Fleischmann®), three industrial strains (BG-1, CAT-1 e PE-2) and one lab strain (CEN.PK113-7D) were evaluated. These experiments were performed at 35 oC, using a medium composed by xylose (60 g/L), urea (5 g/L), CaCl2 (1.9g/L) and several salts, at initial pH of 5.6. Additional SIF studies were carried out with the selected yeasts Itaiquara®, BG-1 or CEN.PK113-7D under different temperature conditions (40 oC), aeration (15 mL flasks) and initial xylose concentration (130 g/L) for comparison with the results obtained at the standard conditions. For SIF cultures, samples were withdrawal and the concentrations of reducing sugars were determined by DNS method while xylose, xylulose, ethanol and by-products (xylitol, glycerol etc) concentrations were assessed by liquid chromatography. Cell viability was also measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. When comparing the different yeasts, Itaiquara® strain presented the best performance, reaching ethanol concentrations of 22.4 g/L, with a productivity of 2.1 g/Lh. The conversion of xylose was similar for all studied industrial strains as well as among the baker s yeast and lab strains. Concerning the group of additional experiments, at 40 oC, a decrease of viability and ethanol selectivity was observed for Itaiquara®, whereas productivity and selectivity for CEN.PK113-7D. was improved. For the studies conducted under semianaerobic conditions, the yeast BG-1 showed an increase in selectivity and yield. However, the reaction time increased to app. 45 hours. On the other hand, the performance of strain Itaiquara® was not altered by the lower level of oxygen tested. In the experiment with 120 g/L of xylose, more than 40 g/L of ethanol was obtained in 24 hours of cultivation. Thus, we conclude that the SIF process proposed in the present work is a viable alternative for the production of ethanol from xylose or lignocellulosic residues. For the operation of the continuous system composed by fixed bed reactors associated in series, the recommended conditions include the Itaiquara® yeast with a temperature no higher than 35 oC, keeping the total residence time around 10 hours for a feeding supply containing 60 g/L of xylose.
Produção de ácido glucônico e xarope de frutose a partir de sacarose catalisada por enzimas em reator airlift
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Mafra, Agnes Cristina Oliveira
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Tardioli, Paulo Waldir
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6868423702339380
The sugarcane sugar (sucrose) is a raw material produced in abundance in Brazil, being attractive to produce high added-value by-products. The gluconic acid (GA) can be obtained by multienzymatic conversion of sucrose, using three enzymes. Invertase, responsible for the inversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose, glucose oxidase (GOD) responsible for the glucose oxidation and catalase (CAT) responsible for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. In multienzymatic process fructose is obtained as a byproduct, also of great interest to the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In this study, the production of GA from sucrose in airlift reactor is evaluated. Temperature and pH of maximum activity were determined for the enzymes invertase, GOD and CAT , as well as the thermal stability in the absence of substrate. Invertase enzymatic activity was quantified by formation of reducing sugars on a 200 mM sucrose solution at 30 ° C, and pH 4.8. The enzymatic activity of GOD and the CAT were determined by monitoring respectively the formation of H2O2 from a solution of glucose 1 g/L, 25°C, pH 5.0 and the decomposition of H2O2 from a solution of H2O2 35 mM, 25°C, pH 7.5. Invertase showed maximum activity at 45 ºC and pH 5.0; GOD at 55ºC and pH 6.0 and CAT at 25 ° C and pH 8.0, respectively. From the activity profiles as a function of temperature and pH, the operational conditions of 50, 45 and 40°C at pH 5.0 and 6.0 were pre-selected for the multienzymatic process. It was found that the best half-lives times of the soluble enzymes, invertase, GOD and CAT, occurred in the condition of 40°C and pH 6.0, respectively 137, 105 and 98 h. A kinetic study was carried out at 40°C and pH 6.0. The kinetics of the enzyme invertase showed a behavior best predicted by the model of substrate inhibition. Michaelis-Menten model (MM) was fitted to experimental data of GOD and substrate inhibition model best predicted the kinetics behavior of CAT. The proposed kinetic models were used to estimate enzyme/substrate ratio (w/w) used in the production of GA in agitated and aerated and airlift bioreactors. On the other hand, in the batch assays conducted in airlift bioreactor were obtained AG real yields of 80.38 ± 5.69% and global yields of 103.20 ± 13.96% and conversion of sucrose of 98.86 ± 0.97%; obtained after 5 h. A new set of kinetic parameters including volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) was based on the experimental data from tests in airlift bioreactor. These showed that Bi-Bi Ping-Pong model both with or without product inhibition correspond satisfactorily to the tendency of the experimental data.
Avaliação experimental da fragmentação do hábitat em comunidades de macroinvertebrados associados a macroalgas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Daunt, Ana Beatriz Pierri
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Tanaka, Marcel Okamoto
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2768658925977757
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8306035178191448
Habitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity loss, so understanding the effects of habitat fragmentation on the structure and dynamics of natural communities is very important to biodiversity conservation. This study evaluated whether habitat fragmentation affects the structure of macroinvertebrate communities associated with macroalgae in the sublittoral of a protected shore in the northern coast of São Paulo State. First, we carried out an experiment to evaluate the colonization of the aquatic fauna to substrates with different structural characteristics after two and four weeks for colonization (Chapter II). Our results showed that the tubular plastic net exposed to four weeks of colonization would be efficient to the execution of the fragmentation experiment (Chapter III). Then, we built artificial landscapes that formed large patches, which were later fragmented to analyse the development of communities relative to position within the patches (edge vs. interior) and resulting patch size . Higher taxon richness and gastropod abundance were recorded in the patch edge, but no significant differences were found among patch sizes. We found a significant effect of fragmentation, with lower abundances of Gammaridea (the dominant taxon), Ophyuroidea and Pycnogonida after the experimental fragmentation. Edge environments may shelter higher richness and abundance of organisms due to higher inputs of food and organism settlement. The lack of experimental studies in this systems makes it difficult to determine the appropriate spatial scale to study and to interpret patch size differences. Our results support the importance to preserve seaweed beds for the conservation of macroinvertebrate diversity, independently of patch sizes. Thus, these results can help to understand the effects of habitat fragmentation in marine systems, supporting management actions for biodiversity conservation.
Utilização de mensagens criptografadas no ensino de matrizes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Oliveira, Reinaldo Donizete de
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Soares, Márcio de Jesus
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3273672989988386
The present work aims at showing the development and implementation of a Didactic Engineering on the use of encrypted messages in teaching matrices to students who are attending the second high school year at Esmeralda Soares Ferraz School in the City of Ourinhos-SP. This work begins with a question related to the discouragement and apathy of students in studying mathematics and suggests, taking the teaching of matrices through encrypted messages by transposition of letters, a different approach from those commonly applied, through which, the student eager to solve them, will get engaged and interested in learning, in a simple way, the concepts of matrices and transposed matrices, being protagonist of his/her search for knowledge.
Desenvolvimento de eletrodos de carbono vítreo modificados com nanotubos de carbono para a determinação de analitos de interesse farmacêutico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Oliveira, Geiser Gabriel de
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Fatibello Filho, Orlando
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9859737944357808
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6504190570083114
In this work, the development of electroanalytical methods for the determination of methotrexate (MTX), propylthiouracil (PTU), propanolol (PROP) and verapamil (VPM) in pharmaceutical formulations is described. In these methods it was employed a glassy carbon electrode (GC) modified with dihexadecyl hydrogenphosphate (DHP) or polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) film containing immobilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Initially, the electrochemical behavior of each modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry at different scan rates for a 1.0 × 103 mol L1 potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) in 0.1 mol L1 potassium chloride solution. Applying the Randles-Sevcik equation, it was observed an increase of the active area of MWCNTs-DHP/GC and MWCNTs-PAH/GC electrodes of 1.5 and 3.1 times respectively in comparision with the GC electrode. The square wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry parameters were studied and optimized for each analyte and then it was selected the best technique for the development of the analytical method. In the developed method for MTX determination in pharmaceutical formulations, it was used the GC electrode modified with MWCNTs and DHP (MWCNTs-DHP/GC), employing differential pulse adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (DPAdASV) technique after the optimization of experimental conditions. The analytical curve obtained was linear in the MTX concentration range from 5.0 × 10-8 to 5.0 × 10-6 mol L-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 × 10-8. The MTX was quantified in commercial samples and the results compared with an HPLC method, and the relative errors ranged from -4.0 to 4.0%. An analytical method for determination of PTU in pharmaceutical formulations was also developed using a modified GC electrode with MWCNTs within a PAH film (MWCNTs-PAH/GC) and linear sweep adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (LSAdCSV). After the optimization of experimental conditions, the analytical curve was linear in the PTU concentration range from 5.0 × 10-6 to 5.8 × 10-5 mol L-1, with a LOD equal to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1. The PTU was quantified in commercial samples and the results were compared with those results obtained using the British Pharmacopoeia method. The relative errors obtained were between -1.0 and 2.0%. Using DPAdASV technique and a MWCNTs-PAH/GC electrode, PROP was determined in pharmaceutical formulations. The analytical curve was linear in the concentrations range from 7.5 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 PROP, with LOD equal to 6.3 × 10-8 mol L-1 and the results were in close agreement whit those obtained using the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia method at a confidence level of 95 %. The relative standard deviation ranged from 2.5 and 1.2%. Finally, as a fourth electroanalytical method, a square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (SWAdASV) was proposed for determination of VPM in pharmaceutical formulations using a MWCNTs-PAH/GC electrode. The analytical curve was linear over the VPM concentration range 5.0 × 10-9 - 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1, with an LOD of 3.6 × 10-9 mol L-1 . The VPM was quantified in pharmaceutical samples and the results compared with results obtained using the method of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.
Recobrimento de sementes silvestres em panela rotatória
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Rosso, Giovana Américo
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Sartori, Dermeval José Mazzini
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3207012091734322
In order to minimize the effects caused by the development of Brazil, such as the suppression of riparian forest, one has searched for tree species that have the characteristics needed for the recovery of degraded areas. Given this, studies focus on higher plants of encapsulated wild fruits, especially the Mabea fistulifera Mart. Considering that M. fistulifera reproduces through embryonic units that need to be treated, this study aimed to evaluate the drying of wild fruits with explosive dehiscence and the coating "in natura" seed with gel mixture via coating pan, as well as evaluating the tolerance of embryos related to the immediate effects of the processes. Thus, the experimental procedure consisted of the collection of capsular fruits and extraction of seeds of fruit by drying so were analyzed drying methods via radiation, natural convection, forced convection and coating pan. It was considered for the drying methods analysis the opening fruit speed and seed vigor. Thus, all processes allowed physiological recovery of embryos, but the extraction method via pan promoted the highest opening speed of the fruits. Once performed the extraction, the seeds were separated from the inert material obtaining pure batches of seeds. There were also characterizations of size, shape and specific mass obtaining the results (0,78±0,05) cm, (0,67±0,04) cm and (0,59±0,04) cm for Dmax, Dmédio and Dmim, respectively, form factor (0,75±0,01), specific mass of (1,20±0,01) g/cm³ and apparent mass of (0,82±0,01) g/cm³. Analyzes were also made for chemical seed yielding (82,93±0,11)% of dry matter (19,03±0,78)% crude protein, (1,18±0,11) g/kg calcium (0,65±0,03) g/kg magnesium (0,58±0,04) g/kg phosphorus (13,45±0,33) g/kg potassium (0,70±0,03) g/kg of sulfur. The process of coating seeds, through reaction between sodium alginate gel and calcium chloride salt at different angles of inclination and rotation speed of the coating pan, was also analyzed. Thus, it was found that to achieve the coating of the particles it was necessary to prepare the particle surface by chemical scarification, in order to increase the surface roughness of the seed, followed by rehydration with saturated calcium chloride. This way, it was found that the angle of 25° and speed of 25 rpm generate the greatest quantity of mass adhered on seeds. In addition, tests were performed to verify the efficiency of the coating process, and with the lowest angle set in experimental design was found higher values of efficiency. In tests of particle growth was evaluated that the process time was approximately 8 seconds. Finally, the analysis and processing of data obtained through statistical techniques and equations from literature were performed. In this way, the results contributed to improvements in drying processes of wild fruits and the coating of seeds of the pioneer species M. fistulífera.
Relações entre ambiente, traços, composição e funcionamento de comunidades vegetais de cerrado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Carvalho, Gustavo Henrique de
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Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0896575446907453
Identifying the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic factors to the assembly of local communities has been tagged as one of the fundamental questions ecologists need to answer. Niche-based theories predict that the subset of species from the regional pool that occur in a local community presents a trait distribution that has been shaped by biotic and abiotic factors. The neutral theory, on the other hand, predicts that the species that compose the regional pool are functionally equivalent. Local communities formed from stochastic processes would, thus, present abundances not significantly different from those in the species pool. We collected traits on all woody individuals in 100 25m2 quadrats to test if we could predict local abundances using a pool of species and traits. We combined plots into large scale, intermediate scale, and fine scale samples. We used random sampling, spatial distance, soil characteristics, and fire to assemble species in different scales and environmental gradients. In the Brazilian cerrado, fire and nutrient-poor soils are likely promoters of habitat filtering. To test if traits improved the predictions generated by the information present in the pool, we used maximum entropy models coupled with permutation tests. We could accurately predict local abundances of the 73 species in the pool. Dispersal limitation was the main factor assembling communities at all the scales we studied, but the effects of stochasticity became more important as the scale became local. Traits explained little of the uncertainty present in local abundances, but coupled with pool frequencies they yielded large coefficients of determination.
Análise estatística do modelo de Nelson e Siegel
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Brocco, Marcelo Bertini
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Diniz, Marcio Alves
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8948404469003829
The present paper studies the yield curve, an important tool for financial decisions, due to its fundamental role in the implementation and evaluation of monetary policies by the central banks. It also shows market perspectives in relation to the future development of interest rates, inflation and economical activities. Using an adequate model and a reasoned assessment of its parameters enables us to adjust the curve as far as possible to the real curve and hence obtain most precise and trustful results. These results were acquired by studying a model which was developed in 1987 by Nelson and Siegel and used to draw up the yield curve. Considering the model s limitations, diferent methods were used to attain the estimated parameters, such as Ordinary Least Squares, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference in the static version. The Nelson-Siegel model is widely used in Brazil and in the rest of the world, due to its economical idea, easy implementation and eficient adjustment into diferent formats that the yield curve is able to deal with. By considering the restrictions of the model, we found estimations for the parameters of the model safer than other and besides, the main point of this work is an estimation form of parameters of time together with others parameters of the model without considering one fixed value for it.
O ensino de probabilidade com o uso do problema do jogo dos discos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Lima, Felipe Mascagna Bittencourt
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Paterlini, Roberto Ribeiro
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6240750958932738
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3446336830903679
In this work, we present a didactic proposal which aim is to introduce Probability to students of Basic Education. This proposal consists in a sequence of classes that is based on the Game of Discs Problem, which goal is to determine the diameter that a disk must have so that when launched randomly on square tiles, has a certain probability of intercept their separating lines. This problem was put to students from three classes of third year of a state high school in a contextualized form and before introduction of Probability by the teacher. The idea was that the students should try to solve the problem in groups and with a minimal help from the teacher. Even with students having difficulties, it proved possible, and they solved the problem using a concrete experimentation of the game. For this, they approximated the probability of winning with a certain disc to the win percentage in the experimentation and, through graphical modeling, they achieved the desired answer. The motivation to this teaching propose was the observation by the author that the way that Probability has been traditionally teached has proven ineffective. Moreover, it can be saw that several Brazilian official documents, such as the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN) and Curricular Proposal of the State of São Paulo, as well as other researchers, suggest that concrete experimentation should be performed for a effective teaching of Probability. With the results obtained, presented in this dissertation, we conclude that our didactic proposal is efficient, bringing motivating classes and providing an environment in which students, besides learning Probability, could exercise their creative capacity.
O estado enquanto acionista : a atuação da BNDESPAR no capitalismo brasileiro contemporâneo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-21)
Desiderio, Wellington Afonso
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Grün, Roberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6028266827740491
In the last two decades there has been a lot of changes in organizational dynamics in Brazil, because the principles of financial capitalism went into effect on the national economy. The starting point of these changes were the mergers and acquisitions that occurred in the 1990s. Through these ones, international companies came to Brazil and brought with them financial principles that dominated the international economy. Among these principles, the Corporate Governance and Industry Venture Capital (venture capital and private equity) are outstanding. In this new Brazilian scenario an actor of extreme relevance is the State; it acts directly on financial markets through BNDESPAR, which is a subsidiary of the National Development Bank (BNDES). This action occurs through industry venture capital (venture capital and private equity), and its goal is to promote the development of domestic enterprises. The empirical data of this study indicate that BNDESPAR can act in Brazilian companies through venture capital industry due to corporate governance, this tool enables the monitoring of BNDES subsidiary in corporations which it owns. Thus, the Corporate Governance being a tool that attends to the interests of the State, it is disseminated via BNDESPAR in Brazilian companies. For BNDESPAR, promoting the company in the segment of venture capital involves raising it to go public on the stock exchange. On the other hand, through the private equity segment, it involves establishing the main indices of corporate governance in the investee companies. It also verified the performance of the actors responsible by BNDESPAR. The data indicate that these actors have primarily political experience and expertise in finance. We analyzed also the actors who occupied the positions of elite at BNDES in the last 10 years, it was mainly realized that these actors, in fact, after they have passed through the state bank, they are founded private equity funds or they are acting as CEO on boards of companies.
Natriorexigênese paradoxal: núcleo parabraquial lateral e mecanismos centrais, sistêmicos e comportamentais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
David, Richard Boarato
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Luca Júnior, Laurival Antonio de
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0339253755971890
Sodium intake is induced by facilitatory signals, like angiotensin II and aldosterone Cell dehydration, a classical inhibitory signal for sodium intake, may also induce paradoxical sodium intake if the sodium intake inhibition by the ocitocinergic hypothalamic mechanism or by the lateral parabraquial nucleus (LPBN) is absent. Thus, the LPBN deactivation could modify the activity of hypothalamic oxytocinergic pathways or the gastric emptying control system, another inhibitory system, as well as facilitatory areas and the reward system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LPBN injections of methysergide (4 μg/0.2 μl, serotonergic antagonist) in cell dehydrated animals on: activity of brain areas involved in ingestive behavior by measuring c-Fos protein immunoreactivity and tissue levels of dopamine, serotonin and metabolites or plasma hormone levels; pre-systemic satiety involving gastric emptying; selectivity of paradoxical sodium intake. The effect of disinhibition of the natriorexigenesis on the reward system was tested by repeated deactivations of the LPBN with muscimol (2 nmol/0.2 μl; GABAA agonist) and its effect on ingestive behavior sensitization and water deprivation with partial rehydration followed by sodium access (WD-PR protocol) on the lateral hypothalamus self-stimulation (LHSS). Holtzman or Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320 g), intacts or operated (femoral vein cannulation and/or guide cannulas implanted in direction to the LPBN or bipolar electrode implanted in the hypothalamus), were used in the experiments. Animals treated with methysergide and hyperosmotic by gavage of 2 M NaCl (2 ml) compared to the control treatment (vehicle) showed: (a) increase in ir-Fos in the area postrema and intermediate nucleus of the solitary tract, subfornical organ and non-oxytocinergic neurons of the ventral portion of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; (b) increase in tissue levels of dopamine in the amygdala, but not in the accumbens; (c) unchanged activity of oxytocinergic system (ir-Fos in oxytocinergic neurons and oxytocin plasma levels similar to control group). Hyperosmotic rats (iv infusion of 2 ml of 2 M NaCl) treated with methysergide and a gavage of 0.3 M NaCl (3 ml) showed a hypertonic gastric and intestinal content similar to the control group (vehicle) after gavage. In hydrated animals with a history of two previous treatments of muscimol into the LPBN, the hypertonic NaCl intake induced by muscimol was higher than the control animals pretreated with vehicle. The LHSS was not altered at any stage of WD-PR protocol, as well as in cell dehydrated animals in comparison with hydrated control group. The results demonstrate that the deactivation of the LPBN enhances specifically the intake of solutions containing sodium and suggest the involvement of the brain stem and the amygdala during the appetitive phase of the paradoxical sodium intake, while the deactivation of other inhibitory mechanisms (oxytocin and gastric retention) seems not to be essential. Furthermore, the repetition of LPBN deactivation sensitizes hydrated animals for sodium intake. Removing the inhibition of sodium appetite by partial rehydration in WD-PR does not change the LHSS reward.
Linguagem matemática e jogos: uma introdução ao estudo de expressões algébricas e equações do 1º grau para alunos da EJA
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Flores, Sharon Rigazzo
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Caetano, Paulo Antônio Silvani
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0370219014539994
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4258975625167199
The student education of youth and adults (EJA) lives in general, a history of exclusion, which limits their access to cultural goods and materials produced by the society, causing many difficulties even before elementary buildings. With schooling, he seeks to build strategies that allow you to reverse this process. On the other hand the teacher receives a special audience in a course with limited time and lack of specific teaching materials. Thus, this study brings premised contributions to assist the difficulties of elementary students EJA regarding the initial concepts of expressions and equations of the first degree, while it increases the teacher's teaching practice through teaching two pillars, the namely: a comparison between native language and mathematical language, and the use of recreational activities in the classroom.
Estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado em Picramnia bahiensis e Thyrsodium schomburgkianum inseticidas, fungicidas e microencapsulação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Kitamura, Rodrigo Ossamu Saga
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Fernandes, João Batista
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2691336077459602
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4898021981240464
The leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are considered between the most important plagues in agriculture, grassland and reforestation program, due the great amount of leaves cut which the plants are submitted. The factors such as natural resources abundance as food source, scantiness of natural enemies and competitions among others species, promote the attack and, consequently, damages to the plantation, generating serious economic damages, since the density of the nests of leaf-cutting ants can increase 5 to 10 times in relation to a nest in natural environment. The Sapindales order is composed by the families Staphyceaceae, Melianthaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Akaniceae, Sapindaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Aceraceae, Burseraceae, Anacardiaceae, Julianiceae, e Zygophyllaceae. Several compounds with insecticide and antifungal activities have been gotten from these families. In this context, the present work aimed as main objectives the bio-monitored phytochemistry study of Picramnia bahiensis and Thyrsodium schomburgkianum to obtain natural insecticides against Atta sexdens rubropilosa and/or fungicides against the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus and, specially, the study of methodologies to apply them to their control. The phytochemistry study of these plants allowed the isolation and identification of 24 compounds, acids and esters that have long chain, anthraquinones, steroids and terpenoids, many of them were identified using the Mass Spectrometry technique (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS), being that the substances 11 and 12 are previously unpublished in literature. Among these substances, chrysophanol, isolated from the roots of P. bahiensis, stand out to have potential insecticide and fungicide activities against the leaf-cutting ants. Furthermore, the study was extended with similar commercial compounds, leading to the compound menadione, also with both potential activities. This fact led to development of formulations through the nanoencapsulation process in order to, besides to obtain highly active compounds, develop an application methodology of them, thus providing an insecticide and fungicide that is viable to use in the leaf-cutting ants control. Therefore, these insecticides have been nanoformulated first time in the literature by the nanoencapsulation technique, evaluating properties such as, for example, the delay activity compared to the free compounds, increasing their effectiveness. Additionally, the analytical method was validated via HPLC, following the ANVISA rules, aiming, mainly, reliability of the quantification results for comparison with traditional standards of baits in the market.
Efeito do treinamento resistido sobre a atividade enzimática da MMP-2 e antioxidantes no ventrículo esquerdo de ratos obesos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Lino, Anderson Diogo de Souza
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Duarte, Ana Cláudia Garcia de Oliveira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1996950253264696
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2943529942419256
Obesity is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in the myocardium and an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage, which can lead to several cardiovascular risk factors including heart failure, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The ONOOin conjunction with normal intracellular levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), are responsible, among other factors, to activate the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are important in mediating the deleterious effects of cardiovascular diseases. The unregulated activity of MMPs, such as MMP-2, may promote the development of heart disease. Resistance training (RT) can mitigate or even reverse the obesity, prevent against lipid peroxidation, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk and reduce the concentration of fibrosis and dysregulation of MMP-2. Purpose: To analyze the effects of RT high intensity on ladder associated with high fat diet on the activity of MMP-2 and antioxidant enzymes (SOD Total, Mn-SOD, CAT, GPx), GSH and lipid peroxidation, related to left ventricle remodeling in rats. Methods: 60 rats Wistar were used in this study, which was divided into three phases: 1) three week period of obesity induction, control group fed with standard diet (CT-S n = 30) and control group fed with high fat diet (CT-H n = 30); 2) effect of fat diet for eight weeks, sedentary standard diet group (SED-S n = 10) and high fat diet sedentary (SED-H n = 10), 3) effect of high-intensity RT on ladder for eight weeks associated with high-fat diet, RT standard diet (RT-S n = 10) and RT high-fat diet RT (RT-H n = 10). Results: The three-week obesity induction was effective in promoting the group CTH increased body mass (p <0.05), LV mass (p <0.05) and activity of MMP-2 (p <.001), TBRs (p <0.03) and decrease the citrate synthase activity (p <0.05). After eight weeks of high fat diet, the SED-H group had a higher body mass (p <0.02) compared to SED-S. The volume LV for SED-H group was higher compared to that of CT-H (p <0.001), but did not change when compared to SED-S. There was a lower activity of MMP-2 (p <0.05) in SED-S compared to CT-H. Lipid accumulation was observed (p <0.007) in the LV of SED-H group compared to CT-H. The longer life associated with high-fat diet promoted suppression in the enzymatic activity of SOD Total (p <0.01) and Mn-SOD (p <0.002) (SED-H), and increased activity of GSH (p <0.004). The RT was effective in attenuating the gain body mass in RT-H group compared to SED-H, even though higher compared to RT-S (p <0.005). In the group RT-H of MMP-2 activity was higher (p <0.03) compared to RT-S, but lower (p <0.04) compared to SED-H. The RT promoted greater citrate synthase activity (p <0.03), SOD Total (p <0.001) and Mn-SOD (p <0.03) and lower activity of GSH (p <0.01) in RT-H. There was no significant increase in TBARs level in the VE of the RT-H group. However, we observed increased lipid content (p <0.04). Conclusion: We conclude that high intensity RT, in obese rats, could be a pharmacological tool able to positively modulate the activity of MMP-2 and some antioxidant enzymes such as SOD Total, Mn-SOD and GSH. These effects are important for the maintenance of heart health, relieving the deleterious effects on obesityrelated of the left ventricle remodeling, so experiment.
Perspectiva de movimentação : emigração valadarense e metáforas espaciais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Stabelini, Fabio
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Machado, Igor José de Renó
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4705450652848752
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1702419547695309
This research is a gathering of meaning lines for the consolidation of an anthropology of the city of Governador Valadares / MG, Brazilian emigration center. The main focus is on the emigrant population of the city that experienced project emigration-to-the-return. The proposal is a more detailed study of the buildings / homes of these returned migrants or return paths. In this way, ethnography then tended to peripheral dynamics, the production of kinship and the prospect of living the new residence. However, even in its historical and geographical features, identified an appreciation of movement idea, physical and social. Thus, I want to give voice to the space with which the valadarenses think their lives. Some of these significant lines will be gathered in a reflection on the drover beans, recurring option in the food court of the city, both in the center as well as in the periphery. To establish a more specific logic, it was necessary to relativize the concept of identity, as a tool to understand the dynamics of moving populations. Moving perspective is the area for which are indicated all the lines presented in this work.
Síntese enzimática de ésteres catalisada por lipases imobilizadas em diferentes suportes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Lima, Lionete Nunes de
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Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7869709047931585
Lipases are enzymes of great biotechnological relevance. Besides its natural function (hydrolysis of triglycerides), they are capable of catalyzing regio- and enantioselective hydrolysis and synthesis of numerous esters. Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (LPF) was immobilized on different supports and with different methods and was applied on the synthesis of compounds of industrial interest. The efficiency of these syntheses with the biocatalyst PFL-octyl-silica, PFL-XAD 7 HP and PFL-polystyrene were used on the production of ethylic biodiesel from babassu oil. The best yield (100% within 24 h) was obtained with PFL immobilized on octyl-silica (PFL-octyl-silica). This derivative and commercial immobilized lipases (Candida antarctica lipase, CALB IM; Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase, LTL IM) were used on the production of ethylic biodiesel from soybean oil, showing similar yields within 48 h of reaction time (80%). On the synthesis of aromas, the biocatalysts PFL-octyl-silica, CALB IM, LTL IM and LPF IM (commercial immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase) presented similar performance (yield above 90% within 24 h of reaction time). Yields of about 95% were obtained within 12 h of reaction time with the biocatalysts PFL-octyl-silica and CALB IM, being able to be reused in eight successive batches. CALB IM produced fructose oleate (55 ºC, 24 h, oleic acid:fructose molar ratio 1:2) with 96% yield, whereas the derivative PFL-octyl.-silica yielded 57% (45 ºC, 72 h, molar ratio 1:1). PFL immobilized on octyl-agarose and octadecyl-Sepabeads presented an immobilization yield of 99%, rendering hyperactivated derivatives (150% and 300% of recovered activity, respectively). The monomeric form of the enzyme could be immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose at 25 ºC, pH 10.5 (100 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer), however, in the presence of a surfactant (Triton X-100 0,5% v/v). On the hydrolysis of (R,S)-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, PFL immobilized on octylagarose (open conformation) and on glyoxyl-agarose (in the form of bimolecular aggregates) showed a higher enantioselectivity (E > 100) than PFL immobilized on monomeric form on glyoxyl-agarose (E = 27.9). PFL immobilized on octadecyl-Sepabeads and glyoxyl-Sepabeads produced benzyl oleate with 85% yield via olive oil and benzyl alcohol transesterification in cyclohexane. These results show that the activity, stability and enantioselectivity are catalytic properties of lipases which could be modulated via immobilization on activated supports which allows the enzyme orientation on the support by different region of its surface and with different structural conformation. In general, the biocatalyst prepared on this work (PFL-octyl-silica) presented a great performance on esterification and transesterification reactions, as well as good operational stability, rendering it competitive to the commercial immobilized biocatalysts.
Filtragem de ruído em imagens tomográficas com baixa taxa de contagem utilizando uma abordagem bayesiana contextual
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Salvadeo, Denis Henrique Pinheiro
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Mascarenhas, Nelson Delfino d'Ávila
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0557976975338451
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1475921082905793
Computed Tomography (CT) images, in many cases, need to be acquired with low photon counting due to low exposure time to the rays of the CT scanner to reduce the radiation doses to the maximum possible (in Medicine, the ALARA principle As Low As Reasonably Achievable) or even for reasons of cost, obtaining projections corrupted by Poisson noise. Invoking the Central Limit Theorem, the reconstructed images tend to be corrupted by Gaussian noise. Moreover, it was observed that this noise remains signal-dependent after the reconstruction. Thus, this work proposes to denoise the reconstructed images (post-filtering), by adopting an a priori contextual model by using Markov Random Field (MRF), to improve the visual quality of the image. Basically, for contextual filtering two approaches were considered. One uses iterative algorithms for combinatorial optimization such as ICM (Iterated Conditional Modes), GSA (Game Strategy Approach) and MPM (Maximizer of the Posterior Marginals). And the other uses variations of the Wiener filter by considering Fisher Information, Separable MRF and Isotropic MRF. Also, to address the issue of signal-dependent noise, three new methods for its local variance estimation, as well as ways to consider this model in both iterative and those based on Wiener filter methods were investigated. The proposed methods were applied to simulated and real CT images that were reconstructed by Filtered Backprojection (FBP) and Projections Onto Convex Sets (POCS) algorithms. Furthermore, the use of Non Local Means method has been proposed for a better estimate of the noise-free image. Finally, several experiments were conducted and the results were compiled and presented comparing the various methods, including the state-of-the-art Non Local Means method, showing that the context and the consideration of signal-dependent noise can contribute to CT denoising by improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio and therefore allow a reduction in the radiation dose.
Efeitos da terapia LED (Light-Emitting Diode) de baixa potência sobre o desempenho funcional de jovens atletas de futebol
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Maldonado, Thiago
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Bagnato, Vanderlei Salvador
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4947860249518663
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0391976015080650
Context and Objectives: Nowadays, phototherapy has been used to enhance physical performance and to accelerate recovery after exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LED therapy (850 nm) and low power (50 mW) on the physical performance of soccer players after 6 weeks of soccer training. Study design/materials and methods: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo study was conducted. Sixteen soccer athletes aged between 14 and 16 years participated in the study. The athletes were randomly allocated into 2 groups: (i) training group associated with the LED therapy (LEDT) and (ii) training group associated with the placebo LED therapy (placebo). LED therapy or placebo were applied on the quadriceps, hamstrings and sural triceps immediately after training, twice a week during 6 consecutive weeks (12 sessions of therapies). The LED device (850nm, 50 mW, 30 s on each muscle group and energy of 75 J) was used for phototherapy. The functional performance was evaluated through the jump platform (vertical jump) and photocells (10 and 35 meter races) in the period pre and post training plus LED therapy or placebo therapy. Results: the LEDT Group significantly increased the height (cm) of vertical jump (from 36.02±3.95 to 39.20±4.52; p<0.001) and the muscle power (W) (from 382.62±31.82 to 417.62±31.19; p=0.003) in this same test. The LEDT showed significant increases for the average speed (m/s) at 10 m race (from 5.94 ± 0.35 to 6.13 ± 0.45; p<0.001) and 35 m (from 7,43 ± 0,32 to 7.51 ± 0.32; p=0.003). The Placebo group showed significant increases only for the height of vertical jump (from 36.25±4.55 to 37.38±4.26; p=0.017). Conclusion: LED therapy applied after physical training can improve functional performance of soccer players, evidenced by improvements of the jump height, muscle power and speed racing.
Influência da composição corporal na capacidade funcional e efeitos do treinamento de alta e baixa intensidade na musculatura inspiratória em indivíduos com DPOC grave e desnutridos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-03-22)
Ruas, Gualberto
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Jamami, Maurício
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9918106413874214
The thesis consisted of two studies described below. The study I, entitled: "The influence of body composition measured by dual-energy absorptiometry functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", aimed to analyze the influence of body composition assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry on functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We Eleven male patients with COPD (COPDG), 7 presenting moderate obstruction and 4 severe, and 11 sedentary male subjects (CG) were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to assess their body composition, all subjects have also performed the 6 minute walk test (6MWT) and step test (6MST) to assess their functional capacity. No significant differences were found between groups for anthropometric data such as age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI). However, the COPDG presented forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV),walked distance (WD) and number of steps (NS) significantly lower than the CG (p<0,05; Student s t test). The body bone mass (BBM), BBM%, Lean Mass (LM), LM%, and right lower limb (RLL) and left lower limb (LLL) were significantly lower in the COPDG when compared with the CG, presenting statistically significant positive correlations with 6MWT on WD and 6MST on NS (p<0,05, Pearson s test). We conclude that body composition is an important prognostic factor for patients with COPD, which reinforces the importance of assessing body composition by dual-energy absorptiometry since it has demonstrated with satisfactory accuracy in clinical practice. Moreover, it is a parameter useful evaluation and reassessment in pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Following the II study entitled: "Effects of training of high and low intensity in musculature inspiratory in individuals with severe COPD and malnourished," which aimed to verify and analyze the effects of training in high and low intensity inspiratory muscles in patients with severe COPD and malnourished. We evaluated 32 men with severe COPD and malnourished, divided into two groups (G1 and G2). Assessments of the degree of dyspnea, pulmonary function test, MIP, WD, SGRQ and DM were performed at pre-training and after 12 weeks of training. We found that G1 got significant increase in MVV, MIP, WD and DM, and significant decreases in the percentages MRCm and SGRQ at 12 weeks of training, which remained after 12 weeks without training. Group 2 showed the same behavior when compared with the G1 at 12 weeks of training, but values returned to the initial MVV, MRCm, DM and MIP and WD had values below the baseline, and the percentage increased significantly SGRQ after 12 weeks without training. In the intergroup analysis (12-12 weeks) G1 showed higher values in MVV, MIP, WD and DM values and smaller percentages in the SGRQ compared with G2. Comparing the 24-24 weeks, G2 showed lower values in MVV, MIP, WD and DM and significant increases in the percentages MRCm and SGRQ compared with G1. The TMI high and low intensity promoted benefits to individuals with severe COPD and malnourished, which were maintained after 12 weeks of high intensity training.