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Análise de variabilidade genética do mutum-de-penacho (Crax Fasciolata) (Aves, Cracidade)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Laganaro, Natasha Marcili; Francisco, Mercival Roberto; Martins, Karina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9367637840430435; Silveira, Luis Fábio
Nos últimos tempos, muitas espécies entraram na lista de ameaça, tendo seu tamanho populacional reduzido ao ponto de se considerar que a melhor estratégia para sua conservação é a ex situ. A família Cracidae (Aves, Galliformes) é composta por 50 espécies, das quais 24 encontram-se em algum grau de ameaça. As populações trazidas para o cativeiro, no entanto, são compostas por um número pequeno de fundadores, estando sujeitas a endocruzamentos, deriva genética e efeitos fundadores. Assim, um dos grandes desafios para a reprodução é se amenizar essa perda, a longo prazo, da diversidade alélica e heterozigose. O manejo genético pode auxiliar propondo melhores acasalamentos, de maneira a maximizar os valores de heterozigose e preservar a riqueza alélica. No entanto, ao se propor essas análises os resultados não podem ser comparados, na maioria dos casos, com o cenário natural, simplesmente por não se haverem amostras dessas populações. Para o mutum-de-penacho há uma população originária da região da Usina Hidroelétrica de Porto Primavera que foi resgatada e trazida para o cativeiro da CESP Paraibuna. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar sua variabilidade genética e comparar com uma população já existente em cativeiro da mesma espécies e com dados da literatura para demais cracídeos ameaçados. Foram genotipados e analisados 64 C. fasciolata, sendo 50 da CESP e 14 do CCC Poços de Caldas, por meio de 10 loci de microssatélites. Os resultados demonstraram que não há diferença significativa entre a riqueza alélica e a heterozigose esperada da população natural com a mantida em cativeiro e com duas outras espécies de cracídeos ameaçados, bem como com demais espécies ameaçadas, sugerindo uma variação genética abaixo do desejável para se alcançar os objetivos proposto pela estratégia de conservação ex situ. Tabelas comparativas com valores de heterozigose e riqueza alélica para as matrizes de Porto Primavera e sua prole nascida em cativeiro demostraram que não houve perda de alelos nas gerações, indicando ausência de endocruzamento e deriva. Tabelas de pareamento e rankings indicam as relações de parentesco e níveis de variabilidade genética para cada indivíduos analisado, apontando melhores pareamentos dentro de criatórios e indivíduos aptos para reintrodução.
Formação de professores e a interveniência das diretrizes curriculares nacionais da pedagogia para educação especial
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Rezende, Evelin Oliveira de; Toyoda, Cristina Yoshie; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5872141115382552; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7641254204592407
This research aims to study the issue of pedagogue initial training and also to investigate which concept the last year undergraduate students from Pedagogy Courses have on Special Education in the inclusive education perspective and; how the Especial Education from inclusive education perspective has been considered in two Pedagogy Courses; analyze from Pedagogic National Curricular Guidelines how we contemplate the teacher formation articulated with the Special Education. The study is theoretically based on three guiding principles: initial teacher education, initial training interfaces with the Special Education and public policies that describe Special Education. The study included 28 students from the last year of Pedagogy Courses. The data collection was conducted in two institutions of higher learning located in two medium-sized cities in the State of São Paulo. The instruments used were questionnaires and documents from the Pedagogy Courses studied. Data analysis consisted of qualitative approach with content analysis technique to the questionnaire data and qualitative approach with document analysis technique to analyze the documents related to the Political Pedagogical Project, the curricular matrix and the amendments of the disciplines from two Pedagogy Courses. The results reveal that the undergraduate students do not feel prepared to work with the Special Education theme; it is observed that it is necessary a harmony between the Pedagogy Course initial training for the teaching reality and the pedagogical practice in the inclusive education school context. Regarding the analysis results of two curricular matrixes, the data show that both courses studied provide little discussion in the Special Education Field, in order to meet the guidelines established by the National Curriculum Guidelines for Pedagogy Course from the CNE/CP No 1/2006 since they offer at least one required course on Special Education in their curricular matrix, which looks forward to approaching content related , among others, to teacher training that aims to identify, get in contact and work with special need students enrolled in regular schools. The terms of the student needs related to training in Special Education centralize the demands that disorganize or that disadvantage the academic teaching support and the initial training linked to the initiation to teaching. It is proposed that the Pedagogy Course curricular matrixes focus on the interdisciplinary work, in which professors seek for the theorical articulation, practice and that they inter-relate the different contents through Special Education theme aiming the teacher education for the inclusive reality in the educational environment. In the two courses studied, it was noted the intention, even if small, to consolidate more and more the interdisciplinary space in the academic setting.
Avaliação da eficácia da legislação penal ambiental na conservação de áreas naturais e na preservação da ictiofauna autóctone
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Costa, Alexandre Augusto; Matos, Dalva Maria da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4728734263109138; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5411972346395539
The analysis of information from the prosecution of legal instruments allows not only rational underpinning the development of public policies to conserve natural resources, as also promotes the constant improvement of the repressive legislation of conduct considered detrimental to the environment. The objective of this study has been assessing the effectiveness of legal protection models adopted by the criminal law in force in environmental area characterized by full economic development and subjected to intense and constant anthropogenic threats. So, we studied the region of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, northwest of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. We analyze the feasibility of legal instruments for the protection of natural areas on private property and subjected to anthropogenic pressures for land use. The results indicate that the increased demand for areas intended for food production and biofuels represents one of the greatest challenges to the preservation of natural resources in Brazil. The juridical protection is insufficient to guarantee the conservation of natural areas, requiring for the success of conservation strategies the development and implementation of participatory management projects. Withal, we evaluated the effectiveness of the typical structuring technique taken into account by the environmental crimes law in preserving autochthonous fish fauna. The results indicate that the tutelage technique of environmental legislation is effective in controlling fishing activities, mainly due to the high incidence of non-selective means of capture and the prevalence autochthonous species against non-autochthonous (allochthonous and exotics) species. Although environmental legislation constitutes an important tool for protection of natural resources its effectiveness is directly subjected to the development and deployment of other concomitant conservation strategies, particularly the development of comprehensive and active policies, able to overcome the challenge of reconciling the socio-economic interests and conservationist interests.
Uma família de modelos de regressão com a distribuição original da variável resposta
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Paula, Marcelo de; Diniz, Carlos Alberto Ribeiro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3277371897783194
We know that statistic modeling by regression had a stronger impulse since generalized linear models (GLMs) development in 70 decade beginning of the XX century, proposed by Nelder e Wedderburn (1972). GLMs theory can be interpret like a traditional linear regression model generalization, where outcomes don't need necessary to assume a normal distribution, that is, any distribution belong to exponential distributions family. In binary logistic regression case, however, in many practice situations the outcomes response is originally from a discrete or continuous distribution, that is, the outcomes response has an original distribution that is not Bernoulli distribution and, although, because some purpose this variable was later dicothomized by an arbitrary cut of point C. In this work we propose a regression models family with original outcomes information, whose probability distribution or density function probability belong to exponential family. We present the models construction and development to each class, incorporating the original distribution outcomes response information. The proposed models are an extension of Suissa (1991) and Suissa and Blais (1995) works which present methods of estimating the risk of an event de_ned in a sample subspace of a continuous outcome variable. Simulation studies are presented in order to illustrate the performance of the developed methodology. For original normal outcomes we considered logistic, exponential, geometric, Poisson and lognormal models. For original exponential outcomes we considered logistic, normal, geometric, Poisson and lognormal models. In contribution to Suissa and Blais (1995) works we attribute two discrete outcomes for binary model, geometric and Poisson, and we also considered a normal distributions with multiplicative heteroscedastic structures continuous outcomes. In supplement we also propose the binary model with inated power series distributions outcomes considering a sample subspace of a zero inated geometric outcomes. We do several artificial data studies comparing the model of original distribution information regression model with usual regression model. Simulation studies are presented in order to illustrate the performance of the developed methodology. A real data set is analyzed by using the proposed models. Assuming a correct speci_ed distribution, the incorporation of this information about outcome response in the model produces more eficient likelihood estimates.
Modelos de regressão bivariados Bernoulli : exponencial
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Prado, Flávia Bolssone do; Diniz, Carlos Alberto Ribeiro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3277371897783194; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2304280269027445
As práticas terapêuticas não convencionais nos serviços de saúde: revisão sistemática da literatura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Cruz, Pérola Liciane Baptista da; Sampaio, Sueli Fatima; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0737750473446351; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0074038474744194
Introduction: Based in proposed changes in the health care model, aiming at complying the principles of Unified Health System, and enhanced by international bodies such as World Health Organization, the use of integrative practices have increased in the services of health care in Brazil. In the case of traditional medicine or complementary and alternative system, the primary health care has become the main focus of action globally, with several benefits brought across studies. With the large number of information related to the issue, aimed to review the literature indexed in databases the search for scientific evidence concerning in the period between 2006 and 2012. Methods: The integrative literature review enables the synthesis of the state of knowledge of a subject, occurring in six stages: identifying the topic, literature search, categorization of studies, evaluation studies, interpretation of results and presentation of the synthesis. Results: Selected 42 studies for analysis, present a strong presence of traditional practices in the field of primary care globally, and experiences the use of alternative and complementary medicine, outside Brazil, in tertiary care setting. It is observed lack of knowledge of professionals and shortages public policies for real theme development, as well as further evidence about the costs of this change in the way health care. Conclusion: Based on the benefits already identified and discussed, the comprehensive improvement in the quality of life in communities, points to the need for greater investment in research, dissemination and training in the area, in order to supply an increasing demand, as well as studies that brings evidence to safety use and public investments.
Impactos da urbanização na ictiofauna de riachos na parte superior da bacia do Alto Rio Paranapanema (SP), Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Peressin, Alexandre; Cetra, Maurício; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6775493342513120; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8678022880791435; Mattox, George Mendes Taliaferro; Carmassi, Giulianna Rondineli
Aquatic ecosystems have suffered strong anthropogenic pressure, through the construction of dams, water exploitation, chemical pollution, destruction of the surrounding environment, especially riparian vegetation, and structural changes such as channeling and siltation. Fish assemblages may respond in different ways to these environmental changes, because species exhibit different constraints, e.g., habitat demands, physiological tolerance. Thus, some species may be favored in detriment of others. Aware of the need to understand and identify the patterns response of fish assemblages and individual organisms to impact factors, this study aimed to investigate how fish biodiversity (i.e., assemblages and population-scale) respond to urbanization. Fish samples were collected in four stretches located in urban areas and six located in non-urban areas of the upper Paranapanema river basin. Chapter I focused on detecting changes in physical habitat variables, structure and composition of the fish assemblage. Multivariate analyses ordered stretches in a urbanized non urbanized gradient. Non urbanized stretches exhibited greater values of shading, vegetated surronding and coarser substrate. Assemblage structure, i.e., Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness and Margalef richness, did not change in response to urbanization, as well as the relationship between abundance and biomass. In contrast, assemblages composition was different, as well as richness estimates based on rare species, which was lower in urban stretches. The patterns herein obtained illustrate the process of species replacement, already demonstrated in disturbed environments, in which species pre-adapted to the new conditions increase in abundance, while otherspreviously absent establish successfully. Therefore, diversity values maintain, but composition varies. In general, midwater omnivorous species were more abundant in urban areas, while loricarids and benthic invertivores presented higher average abundance in nonurban stretches. Chapter II aimed to identify changes in the trophic structure, substrate composition and its influence on trophic structure and body condition. For this, species diet was quantified according to the Degree of Food Preference (DFP) method, based on six items: plant material, algae, detritus, invertebrates, insects and fish. According to the items consumed, species were classified in trophic groups. Fourteen species were considered invertivorous/detritivorous, seven herbivorous/detritivorous, seven omnivorous and one piscivorous. Four invertivores/insectivores were exclusive of nonurban stretches and one species exclusive of urban stretches. Three herbivores/detritivores were exclusive of the nonurban stretches, whereas three omnivores were exclusive to urban stretches. Trophic structure richness, abundance and biomass were compared between urban and nonurban stretches. Abundance was not affected by urbanization, whereas richness and biomass varied between stretch groups. Substrate composition differed according to stretch type, and was positively related to invertivores/insectivores and herbivore/detritivores richness, whereas negatively related to omnivore biomass. These results suggest complex relationships between food availability, trophic plasticity and species foraging habits. It is known that coarser substrates such as rocks, branches and trunks are useful as surface for periphyton algae growth as well as shelters for aquatic macroinvertebrates. Thus, changes in substrate may alter resources availability for certain species. Omnivores, in turn, can find other sources of food items due to its trophic plasticity. In general, almost all species absent from urban stretches exhibit some trophic specialization and often depend on heterogeneous substrate for foraging. Moreover, species exclusive to urban stretches are mid-water foragers that do not depend on substrate and present high trophic plasticity. Our conclusions were supported by Astyanax fasciatus body condition analysis, an omnivorous nektonic species which demonstrated higher mean weight in urban stretches, when discounted length.
Quantificação de carbamazepina, fluoxetina e seus metabólitos principais em leite materno por injeção direta de amostra utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Simões, Bianca Rebelo Lopes; Cass, Quezia Bezerra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9197210255594409; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4063776868343975
This work reports the application of bioanalitycal methods by direct injection sample for the quantification of drugs in breast milk. Columns with stationary phase type RAM-BSA, in conventional scale and microbore, were prepared and evaluated in the exclusion of total protein and human milk oligosaccharides. In the conventional scale, the RAM-BSA C18 column (4.6 mm id) was used in a single-column mode for cleanup and simultaneous quantification of carbamazepine and its major metabolite, employing an analyzer of the type ion trap. Selectivity, extraction efficiency, accuracy and precision were achieved employing 100 μL of the sample, without preparation, with detection limits of 20.0 ng/mL for CBZ and 40.0 ng/mL for CBZE. The developed method was validated and applied to analyze breast milk samples from one nursing mother. CBZ and CBZE were quantified in the concentrations of 2.26 μg/mL and 1.54 μg/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the simultaneous determination of CBZ and its active metabolite by direct injection of human milk serum. The method for quantification of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by direct injection of nature human milk employing a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system was performed in a multidimensional system with total analysis time of 12 min. The chromatographic system was configured using a RAM-BSA C18 (2.1 mm, i.d.) column in the first dimension that was able to excluded 94% of proteins. A fused core column was used in the the second dimension as analytical column. Selectivity, extraction efficiency, accuracy and precision were achieved employing 10 μL of the sample, without sample clean-up, with quantification limits of 3.0 ng/mL and 4.0 ng/mL for FLU and NOR, respectively.
Efeito do treinamento resistido na avaliação da composição corporal e na atividade da MMP-2 nos músculos bíceps e gastrocnêmio de ratos obesos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-04-05) Souza, Markus Vinicius Campos; Perez, Sergio Eduardo de Andrade; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9408953831211309
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of resistance training on body composition and active matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) on biceps and gastrocnemius muscles in rats with high fat diet. We evaluated 32 Wistar rats divided into four experimental groups (n=8/each) according to diet and exercise status: Control Group (C; standard diet), Obese Control Group [C-Ob; hiperlipidic diet (30% of fat)], Resistance Exercise (RE; standard diet) and Resistance Exercise Obese (RE-Ob; hiperlipidic diet). After weaning (day 21), animals were subjected to the experimental diet according to their groups during 24 weeks. A 12-week strength-training period was used, during which the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails. The sessions were performed three times/week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, with 4 9 climbs/session and 8 12 dynamic movements/climb with two rest minutes. Resistance training induced a significant reduction in body mass, fat mass, fat percentage in group RE (p < 0,05). Resistance training increased the activity of MMP-2 on bicpes and gastrocnemius muscle (p < 0,05), favoring thus the tissue remodeling in both groups trained. Finally, the carrying load trained both groups was not statistically different, however, the relative strength (carrying load/body weight) was statistically higher in group RE (p < 0,05). Resistance training promoted significant changes in body composition, MMP-2 activity in the biceps and gastrocnemius and the relative strength. Thus resistance training may be a strategy to minimize the deleterious effects induced by consumption of a high fat diet and the co-morbidities associated with obesity in skeletal muscle.