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O Senado e a política externa do governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores (2003-2012): a força do discurso parlamentar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-03) Silva, Rodinei Tarciano; Braga, Maria do Socorro Sousa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2311094074614215; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9338984763837086
This research aims to analyze the Brazilian Senate s Foreign Affairs Committee (CRE) according to the Discursive Institutionalism and the Political Discourse theories. This discursive study have sought to verify whether the CRE actually has an important institutional and discursive role in foreign policy making, which is typically deemed to be a preponderant power of the Executive branch, letting little room for the Legislative branch. This thesis argues that Brazilian foreign policy is public policy such as any else, even though foreign policy has the unique feature of usually being negotiated overseas by the Executive branch before the domestic political negotiation due to constitutional and organizational reasons. The methods of institutional analysis are deployed under a discursive perspective in order to demonstrate that the Brazilian Congress and its standing committees were endowed with legislative means of discursive participation in the foreign policy making, and, also, are analyzed the speeches of the senators to show that even those discursive means are subject to political discourse favoring the expansion and the improvement of their own efficacy, which presents the senators as interested participants in the foreign policy discussion. The CRE s political discourse also shows that political parties are important in that discussion, and they are analyzed in an ideological dimension in a left-right continuum in foreign policy done in this work and in their position inside congressional coalition groups, government or opposition. The speeches in the committee are researched through Discursive Textual Analysis on ideological (right-left) cleavage and on congressional coalition (government-opposition) cleavage, on the programmatic ideas of the political parties and on the specific political ideas in the metatexts made from the speeches about foreign affairs. The main results are: the CRE s political discourse has an intrinsically party matter, in which the ideas of the senators reverberate their party programmatic ideas during their coordinative discourse (inside the political instance), the importance of the discursive function of the Senate and of the CRE is crucial for foreign policy making, and the Brazilian foreign policy towards leftist regimes in Latin America was the main issue causing dissent in the committee between 2003 and 2012.
Avaliação dos efeitos neurotóxicos de cianotoxinas em cladóceros com ênfase na utilização de um biomarcador bioquímico para sua detecção
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-03) Freitas, Emanuela Cristina de; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8601993745082402
This thesis aimed to evaluate the use of cholinesterases (ChE) of the cladoceran species Pseudosida ramosa and Daphnia magna as a biochemical biomarker of the presence and effects of anatoxin-a(s) at different levels of biological organization (molecular, individual and population), besides the combined effects of the mixtures of the hepatotoxic (microcystins) and neurotoxic (anatoxin-a(s)) extracts in D. magna. A microplate assay was adapted and optimized for measuring the ChE activity of P. ramosa, in order to produce an assay protocol for this species. The analysis on the performance of ChE assays in P. ramosa showed that these are suitable for the quantifying of enzymatic activity in this species. P. ramosa showed to be an adequate alternative to the exotic cladoceran D. magna. Thus, it was proposed an assay protocol, which it meets the best combination of parameters for the using of ChE activity of P. ramosa as a biochemical biomarker. The ChE activity of P. ramosa and D. magna were specific for the indication of the presence of anatoxin-a(s), since no effect on the enzymatic activity of these species was observed when they were exposed to the microcystins. In the acute exposures (48-h) to the anatoxin-a(s) extract and to the paraoxon-methyl, P. ramosa was more sensitive than D. magna for ChE activity and survival endpoints. Also, P. ramosa was more sensitive than D. magna when exposed to the anatoxin-a(s) extract for 7 days. When the relationships between the ChE inhibition and individual and populational endpoints were evaluated, different responses were observed for the studied species. The ChE inhibition in P. ramosa had a very close relationship with the survival in the acute exposures to the anatoxin-a(s) extract and to the paraoxon-methyl. For D. magna, on the other hand, this relationship was not linear, being high levels of ChE inhibition associated with almost no mortality. The ChE activity in P. ramosa was also a good predictor of the chronic effects of anatoxin-a(s) extract at higher levels of biological organization, since ChE inhibition (48 h) was linearly linked to the sub-lethal effects on the reproduction (21 days) and on the population growth rate (21 days). For D. magna, these relationships could not be established, possibly due to species-specific differences in the affinities of both acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterases to the toxicants. Thus, for the using of ChE as a biochemical biomarker in the risk assessments of neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms in tropical regions, it is recommended the use of native species, especially of P. ramosa, since the model species D. magna could overestimate the risk to the local species. When the effects of the mixtures of the hepatotoxic and neurotoxic extracts were evaluated on the survival and feeding rates of D. magna, additive and synergistic responses were only observed on the feeding rates. Therefore, since different types of cyanotoxins are found in the natural environments in combination, the risks of these toxins on the zooplanktonic community should be evaluated not only individually, but also as mixtures.
Criação de filtros de imagens através da utilização de programação genética
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-03) Simões, Lucas Pauli; Kato, Edilson Reis Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8517698122676145; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2152866590946175
The techniques of computer vision have been used more and more by the industries in order to aid the automation of their processes; however, the implementation of computer vision techniques has several difficulties according with the application. Such techniques are limited to the computational cost along with its complexity. Problems of elements identification in industrial sceneries are examples of an application that can generate a larger complexity in the process automation. Researches are accomplished using several techniques for solving those difficulties. This work approaches the field of computer vision through the use of artificial intelligence techniques. Here, methods are evaluated for creation and replication of binary images filters through the use of the genetic programming with the objective of elements identification in an industrial scenery. Two methods that possess different approaches are evaluated; one uses operations between pixels and other mathematical morphology for objects detection. The results are presented qualitatively as well as quantitatively through comparative images of the evaluated methods and statistical measures, respectively. Through the GPLab toolbox together with Matlab, the automatic creation of filters for objects identification was possible, so the detection and deletion of elements in images can be used by other support systems to automatic operation in an industrial environment. The results established a efficient way of filter creation with the use of the genetic programming.