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Efeitos epigenéticos sobre a diferenciação in vitro de mioblastos e a expressão dos genes CAST e CAPN1 em bovinos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Oliveira, Alexandre de Lima; Niciura, Simone Cristina Méo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3269530126090378; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7643241588175829
Epigenetics can be defined as the study of heritable changes in phenotype without the occurrence of changes in nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications occur by the chemical changes in DNA and their associated proteins, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively. Meat tenderness is a trait of great interest worldwide, resulting in the development of the beef livestock sector to produce meat of quality. It is worth to highlight the role of the calpain/calpastatin system on tenderness. Calpain encoded by the CAPN1 gene plays a role in proteolysis posmortem by cleaving proteins from muscle fiber. The calpastatin encoded by the CAST gene, on the other hand, acts controlling this cleavage by blocking the action of calpain. In addition, this system is also involved in myoblast differentiation into myotubes during embryogenesis. This system controls the proteolysis of proteins that constitute the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. To mimic the myotube formation during embryogenesis and to study the epigenetic control of CAPN1 and CAST gene expression, satellite cell cultures established from bovine muscle were kept undifferentiated (negative control) or were induced to differentiate by incubation with culture medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum in the absence (positive control) or after treatment with epigenetic modifiers like 5-Aza- 2'-deoxycytidine (Aza, DNA demethylating) for 48 h at 10 μM, and Trichostatin A (TSA, histone acetylating) for 24 h at 50 nM. The results showed no differences (p>0.05) in myoblast rate fusion between Aza, TSA and positive control groups, but there were differences (p>0.05) when these groups were compared to the negative control, which showed lower fusion rates. There was no difference (p>0.05) in cell viability among the four groups, showing that Aza and TSA were not cytotoxic at the used concentrations. Concerning the gene expression, the gene CAST was more expressed (p<0,05) in the positive control group than the negative one; but no differences were seen in the expression (p>0,05) between positive control, 5-Aza-2 - deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A groups. For the CAPN1 gene, no difference was seen in the expression (p>0,05) between negative and positive control groups, but the CAPN1 gene was more expressed (p<0,05) in the 5-Aza-2 -deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A treatments relative to the positive control group. When the expression ratio of CAPN1/CAST were compared between treatments, was seen more expression (p<0,05) in the positive control group both comparing with negative control group and with 5-Aza-2 -deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A treatments. We may conclude that the treatments with the epigenetic modifier agents didn't affect both the bovine myoblast differentiation into myotubes and the CAST gene expression, but did in the CAPN1 gene expression and so did in the expression ratio of CAPN1/CAST.
Propostas para melhoria da integração entre desenvolvimento de produto e planejamento e controle da produção em ambiente ETO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Andrade, José Henrique de; Fernandes, Flavio Cesar Faria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2346239171305383
The main objective of this thesis is to present proposals to improve the integration between Product Development (PD) and Production Planning and Control (PPC) in production systems that operate in Engineering-to-Order (ETO) environment. The specific objectives are: to develop a theoretical framework which identifies concepts and management tools applicable in business process studied that helps to explore integration opportunities; to map the studied scenario in order to understand it comprehensively in what it refers to interactions between PD and PPC; to identify the information technology tools used on studied companies, as well as ways to maximize their usage and to evaluate the proposals with the assistance of professionals who work at PD and PPC on the studied companies. The integration is critical for the production system operations performance, looking to reduce the time and costs for product placement in the market and to increase the quality of the products and services offered. To reach that goal, a literature review on the interest topics and case studies was performed to support the development of the proposals to improve the integration between PD and PPC. The case studies were carried out in large metal-mechanical companies that develop and manufacture capital goods on demand, located in the state of São Paulo. Among the proposals, models which attempt to describe, prescribe and represent aspects that can contribute to improving the integration between PD and PPC are presented, as well as a set of steps to be followed to achieve the process of improving the functional integration. It is expected that the results will contribute to a better understanding of the factors that enable a better integration between PD and PPC in this type of company as well as creating knowledge to the researched theories lines related to the topic and contribute to the management of the studied companies.
Complexos de rutênio com ligantes de interesse biológico: aspectos químicos, estruturais e avaliação de suas atividades biológicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Corrêa, Rodrigo de Souza; Batista, Alzir Azevedo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6469642481998660; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9747718970743175
This thesis focus on the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological properties of three series of phosphinic ruthenium complexes containing bioligands of purine and pyrimidine derivatives. Series 1: [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)] Cl, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(5mebipy)]PF6, [RuCl(Im) (dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl(Bzm)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl2(alo)2(dppb)], [RuCl2(alo)2 (PPh3)2] and [RuCl3(alo)(dppb)], where alo = allopurinol, Im = imidazole, benzimidazole Bzm =, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 4mebipy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2 '-bipyridine, 5mebipy = 5,5'-dimethyl-2, 2'- bipyridine, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine and dppb = 1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino)butane. Series 2: [Ru(tim)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 and [Ru(cit)(dppb)(bipy)]ClO4, trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(5FU)(bipy)]PF6, trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(tim) (bipy)]PF6 and trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(CTD)(bipy)]ClO4, where tim = thymine, cit = cytosine, 5-FU = 5-fluorouracil, CTD = cytidine . Series 3: cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(2TU)2], cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(6m2TU)2], [Ru(2TU)2(dppb)] and [Ru(6m2TU)2(dppb )], trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2TU)(bipy)]PF6 and trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(6m2TU)(bipy)]PF6, [Ru(2MT)(dppb) (bipy)]PF6, cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)2] and trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)(bipy)]PF6. (2TU = 2-thiouracil; 6m2TU = 6-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2MT = mercaptothiazoline). These compounds were characterized by 31P{1H} 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse, conductometry, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and Xray diffraction, and absorption spectroscopy in the UV/Vis which has assisted the spectroscopic study of DNA interactions. The interaction constants (Kb) values are in the range of 103-104 M-1, suggesting a weak interaction between the complex and DNA (noncovalent). Cationic compounds with regions suitable to be involved hydrogen bonding present greater interaction constant (104 M-1) than the neutral complexes and with less possibility of intermolecular bonds. The complexes were also evaluated, in vitro, against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), as well as fibroblasts cells (L-929). It was observed that the compounds of the series 1 and 2 are more selective against tumor cells than the complexes of series 3. In addition, the compounds of series 1 were also tested against xanthine oxidase, an enzyme which is directly involved in the gout disease. The complexes RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 2.2 μM), [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 2.8 μM) and [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(5mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.75 μM) are more active than free allopurinol (IC50 = 4.2 μM), showing that the coordination of allopurinol enhances the effect of the drug. Also, series 1 and compounds with 2MT were evaluated against the T. cruzi parasite (trypomastigote) in order to screening their potential against Chagas' disease. The [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 1.87 μM), [Ru(2MT)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.16 μM) and trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.011 μM) complexes were the most active ones, in which the last one is 1000-fold better than the benznidazole drug (IC50 = 10.6 μM).
Análise foliar de plantas por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS) e com plasma acoplado indutivamente após ablação com laser (LA-ICP OES)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Gomes, Marcos da Silva; Krug, Francisco José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5462034099753487; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6690089613051332
It has been demonstrated that laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) can be used as an alternative method for the determination of macro (P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) in pellets of plant materials. However, information is required regarding the sample preparation for plant analysis by LIBS. In this work, methods involving cryogenic grinding and planetary ball milling were evaluated for leaves comminution before pellets preparation. The particle sizes were associated to chemical sample properties such as fiber and cellulose contents, as well as to pellets porosity and density. The pellets were ablated at 30 different sites by applying 25 laser pulses per site (Nd:YAG@1064 nm, 5 ns, 10 Hz, 25 J cm-2). The plasma emission collected by lenses was directed through an optical fiber towards a high resolution Echelle spectrometer equipped with an ICCD. Delay time and integration time gate were fixed at 2.0 and 4.5 μs, respectively. Experiments carried out with pellets of sugarcane, orange tree and soy leaves showed a significant effect of the plant species for choosing the most appropriate grinding conditions. By using ball milling with agate materials, 20 min grinding for orange tree and soy, and 60 min for sugarcane leaves led to particle size distributions generally lower than 75 μm. Cryogenic grinding yielded similar particle size distributions after 10 min for orange tree, 20 min for soy and 30 min for sugarcane leaves. There was up to 50% emission signal enhancement on LIBS measurements for most elements by improving particle size distribution and consequently the pellet porosity. Calibration is still a challenging task when dealing with the direct analysis of solids. This is particularly true for LIBS, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical xix emission spectrometry (LA-ICP OES) / mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), when the calibrations are matrix-dependent and/or appropriate certified reference materials are generally not available. Looking at the analysis of plant materials in the form of pressed pellets by LIBS, a new method to overcome and/or minimize this difficulty is proposed by keeping the matrix constant in order to produce matrix-matched calibration pellets. To achieve this goal and to test this novel approach, ground sugar cane leaves were chosen and submitted to acid extractions for obtaining the corresponding blank or a material containing very low concentrations of the analytes. The resulting dried solid material was used either as a blank or a low concentration standard, and also homogeneously mixed with the original plant material at appropriate ratios as well. The corresponding pellets were used as calibration standards and ablated at 30 different sites by applying 25 laser pulses per site with a Q-switched Nd:YAG at 1064 nm. The plasma emission collected by lenses was directed through an optical fiber towards a spectrometer equipped with Echelle optics and intensified charge-coupled device. Delay time and integration time gate were fixed at 2.0 and 5.0 μs, respectively. This calibration strategy was tested for the determination of Ca, Mg, K, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn by LIBS in pellets of 17 varieties of sugar cane leaves and good correlations were obtained with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry results in the corresponding acid digests. The proposed approach was also useful to estimate the limits of detection based on measurements of blanks, as recommended by IUPAC, or with the aid of a low concentration standard. The utility of LA-ICP OES for the determination of macro- (Ca, K, P and Mg) and micronutrients (B, Mn, Fe and Zn) in plant materials is reported, for the first time. Plant leaves of orange citrus, soy and sugar cane were ground in a cutting mill and further homogenized using a high-speed ball mill for between 5 to 120 min to investigate the effect of particle size diameter on the element signal emission intensities for the analytical method. The samples were pressed into pellets for 5 min at 0.3 ton cm-2 and ablated as 10 replicates by applying 500 laser pulses per replicate. Although particle size did decrease as total mill time increased, the difference in distribution did not have a significant statistical influence on the results. The best sensitivity and precision were observed by using a fluence of 9.0 J cm-2 for the LA-ICP OES at 10 Hz. The calibration strategy was based on the use of different certified reference materials prior to pelletizing and to create calibration curves, while Sc was generally used as an internal standard in the matrix to account for any differences in laser-material interactions. Typical precision and accuracy values were determined to be <6% and 8%. Limits of detection were determined to be ~ 14 mg kg-1 Ca, 94 mg kg-1 K, 5.0 mg kg-1 Mg, 10 mg kg-1 P, 0.2 mg kg-1 B, 0.8 mg kg-1 Fe, 2.0 mg kg-1 Mn and 0.1 mg kg-1 Zn, resulting in a method that is fit for the purpose of the analysis of macro- and micro nutrients in plant material.
Simplificação do processo de conversão de biomassa a etanol usando enzimas do meio fermentado integral de fungos filamentosos cultivados por fermentação em estado sólido
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Pirota, Rosangela Donizete Perpetua Buzon; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9621492074206110
The main challenge on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels is the economic viability of this process. Thus, the commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol is hindered mainly by the high costs of the enzyme preparations currently available cellulases - enzymes used in the saccharification step. Some strategies that can be adopted to reduce the enzymes costs include selecting microorganisms, use of cheaper raw materials and more efficient fermentation strategies such as the solid state fermentation (SSF) and efficient techniques for saccharification and fermentation. The aim this work was evaluate the use of the whole fermentation medium containing lignocellulosic biomass, fungal mycelium and enzymes in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion for cellulosic ethanol production. In this context, a selection of filamentous fungi highly producing cellulases and hemicellulases, optimization operating conditions, such as humidity and temperature, were carried out for in house enzyme production using an instrumented bioreactor. Then, the efficiency of the whole fermentation medium and enzyme extract in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for cellulosic ethanol production was evaluated. Among the 40 fungal strains evaluated, two strains of A. oryzae (P6B2 and P27C3A) stood out. In addition, one strain of A. niger 3T5B8 and another of T. reesei RUT C30 were also evaluated in this study. The influence of the substrate initial moisture content and temperature on efficiency of cellulase and xylanase production by strains of A. oryzae, A. niger and T. reesei grown in SSF under conditions of forced aeration and static were evaluated. The initial moisture content of the substrate did not affect the production of cellulases and xylanases by strain of A. oryzae P27C3A, however higher moisture was better for enzyme production by strains of A. oryzae P6B2 and A. niger and lower moisture were better for the production of cellulases and xylanases by T. reesei in both cultive systems. Temperature 28°C was best for xylanase production by all the fungal strains, while higher temperatures was better cellulases production in both culture systems. The use of whole fermented medium of A. niger or T. reesei obtained in the bioreactor were better in the hydrolysis sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion (BPSE) than the enzymatic extract with a final conversion of 41.3 and 24.9% of theoretical, respectively. The combination of whole fermentation medium of strains of A. oryzae (P6B2 or P27C3A) obtained in flasks and ½ commercial enzyme hydrolysis also were efficient on BPSE hydrolysis (26.1 and 42.4% of theoretical, respectively). Nevertheless, the combination of whole fermented medium of A. oryzae P6B2 and enzymatic extract of A. niger obtained in flasks promoted a conversion of 65% and an ethanol yield of 84% of the theoretical value. As overall conclusion it was found that the use of whole fermented medium produced by fungi cultivated under solid state fermentation (SSF) in the BPSE hydrolysis resulted in similar or higher yields compared to the hydrolysis using the enzyme extract, giving clear indication that the extraction/filtration step of the enzyme can be eliminated. The use of the enzyme complex of A. oryzae P6B2 in combination with the enzymes of A. niger resulted in a BPSE hydrolysis more efficient when compared with other combinations, showing the importance of selecting microorganisms for high enzymes production. Moreover, the use of a single reactor system for performing enzyme production steps by SSF, saccharification and alcoholic fermentation may be performed, avoiding the need for steps separation.
Aplicação de técnicas de modelagem e simulação para a produção de etanol de segunda geração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Montaño, Inti Doraci Cavalcanti; Giordano, Roberto de Campos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8547423775951223
The use of fossil fuels has a significant impact on the environment, making biofuels a renewable and friendly alternative. Brazil, as one of the leading producers of sugar and ethanol, generates as main residue sugar cane bagasse, which is usually burned for power generation. However, this biomass can be reused as raw material for the production of second generation bioethanol (2G). The consolidation of the industrial production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol relies on the improvement of the economics of the process. Thus, it is important the use of both the fermentable fractions present in sugarcane bagasse, cellulose (C6) and hemicellulose (C5), for the economically feasible process. Within this general scope, the second chapter of this thesis addresses one aspect that impacts the costs of the biochemical route for producing 2G bioethanol: defining optimal operational policies for the reactor running the enzymatic hydrolysis of the C6 biomass fraction. A simple Michaelis Menten pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model with product inhibition was used in the dynamic modeling of a fed-bath reactor, and two feeding policies were implemented and validated in bench-scale reactors processing pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The first policy was defined with the purpose of sustaining high rates of glucose production, adding enzyme (Accellerase® 1500) and substrate simultaneously during the reaction course. The second approach applied classical optimal control theory, for determining optimal substrate feeding profiles, in order to maximize the performance index proposed. Economical criteria were used for comparing the reactor performance operating in successive batches and in fed-batch modes. Fed-batch mode was less sensitive to enzyme prices than successive batches. Process intensification in the fed-batch reactor led to final glucose concentrations around 200 g/L. The third chapter, in turn, focuses on the xylose utilization, the main sugar found in the C5 fraction, for fermentation to ethanol by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast is not capable of fermenting xylose, it is able to ferment D-xylulose obtained by isomerisation of xylose by glucose isomerase enzyme, generating ethanol and/or xylitol as the main products. The optimization of ethanol production requires the analysis of the metabolism of xylulose. In this context, the genome-scale metabolic model iND750 was adjusted. In silico experiments were carried out using the software OptFlux and compared with experimental data of batch cultivation of S. cerevisiae, in order to validate the model and establishing relationships between fluxes of assimilating xylulose and oxygen and selectivity in the production of ethanol compared to xylitol. Experiments of simultaneous isomerization and fermentation (SIF) of xylose were carried out in a continuous bioreactor containing alginate pellets as biocatalyst with enzyme glucose isomerase and S. cerevisiae coimobilizated. Final concentrations of 6 g/L of ethanol and 5 g/L of xylitol were achieved in continuous cultivation.
A interpretação de Mário Pedrosa sobre a revolução de 1930 e o golpe de 1964
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20) Vilas Boas, Josnei Di Carlo; Cepêda, Vera Alves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4917331423373631; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6596679458742578
This dissertation aims to grasp the interpretation of Mario Pedrosa (1900-1981) about the Revolution of 1930 and the Coup of 1964 and understand its orientation to political action in opposition to the regime established by Getulio Vargas in the thirties and the Army in sixty. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, this research focuses on two moments of intellectual production of Pedrosa, the essay Esboço de uma análise da situação econômica e social do Brasil, drafted with Livio Xavier during the Revolution of 1930, and the books A opção imperialista and A opção brasileira, whose writing started soon after the Coup of 1964.