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Escolas no campo: desafios e possibilidades para o ensino da agroecologia e educação ambiental em Araras (SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Campos, Michele Laffayett de; Bertazzo, Cláudio José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1154385746854757; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4952486659825164
This research discusses the challenges and opportunities for Agroecological Education and Environmental Education (EE) in two rural schools from Araras - SP. The objectives were to understand the state curriculum frameworks of rural schools and the municipal school field , understand and map the different conceptions of Environmental Education and Agroecology and identify how these issues are being developed in rural school environments and how to dialogue with the Course Proposal State of Sao Paulo. The research was conducted in a qualitative way and used the research methodology - action - participatory. Data were collected through visits , training of group discussions and actions, conversations, interviews, participant observations, school life, documentary analysis and Participatory Diagnostic School . Three categories of analysis were defined , namely: 1) the mainstreaming of EE practices, 2) the relationship of curriculum content with the social context , and 3) consistency of approach with rural reality. It was found that the state promotes rural school practices EE, but are not transverse , are not critical and are characterized by being disconnected from the social context and the reality of their students. The school promotes a biologicist, behavioral, and unidirectional pre - established concept of EE , arising from Directive Course of São Paulo, which uses parameters of urban education and has no agricultural disciplines nor the Agroecological education. The school has cross municipal field , critical and connected to the social context EE. The approaches of this school are in accordance with the reality of their students by having the Agroecological education and other disciplines and workshops that are tailored to the countryside and the environment . Therefore , it is concluded that the field school directed by the Field Operational Guidelines for School , shows how Agroecology and EE, the value the field, the peasant and the traditional knowledge, are realized as tools to achieve the goals of contextualizing education and to ensure the sustainability field.
A corrupção e a atuação do judiciário federal 1991 – 2010
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Levcovitz, Silvio; Kerbauy, Maria Teresa Miceli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4762029784021248; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3568299107707176
Recent opinion polls in Brazil indicate that corruption and impunity are a major problem faced by the Brazilian society. This perception is fed back by the way the media has repercussions on the issue, exploring the events in the form of scandals. Beyond the negative aspect in the economy, the main consequence of the problem is the distrust generated in the population regarding democracy and its institutions, particularly those of the Legislature. There are three ways to empirically examine the question : a) by measuring the perception of the population through surveys (which has frequently been done ); b) by looking up the news stories produced by the media about the scandals and c) by investigating the response given by the courts in cases of corruption that are submitted to them. In this work we chose to explore the third way, starting from the assumption that the only way corruption can be effectively punished is after a final judgment (res judicata). Thus, in order to establish the scope of this study, we identified the criminal cases of corruption and civil claims of improper conduct judged by the five federal regional tribunals, the Superior Justice Tribunal and the Supreme Federal Tribunal from 1991 to 2010, investigating their temporal evolution, geographic distributions of origin and especially the final results of each of those actions according to their merit.
Modelos para configuração de rede logística do Programa 'Computadores para Inclusão'
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Oliveira, Maritha Gomes Silva de; Toso, Eli Angela Vitor; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6290453873989485; Santos, Maristela Oliveira dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0756373063566786; Ferreira, Deisemara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0245267028273903
The purpose of this work is to study the configuration of the reverse logistical chain post consumption of the computer equipments from the project called "Computadores para a Inclusão" from the Federal Government (MINISTÉRIO DAS COMUNICAÇÕES, 2012). The motivations for the development of this study are the logistical challenges inherent to the disposal of solid human residues, which involve the compromising of society, government and private companies. Particularly, in the case of the electronic equipments, besides the legal aspects foreseen in the Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) the opportunities of value recovery for the products are relevant and may increase it´s life cycle. The computer equipments, for example, may be recovered at the Centro de Recondicionamento de Computadores (CRC) which are located where the computers are reconditioned and then made available for needy communities to use. The CRCs belong to the Computers for Inclusion project. One of the difficulties in planning this project is configuring the logistics network, which consists of: (i)defining the computers discharge points; (ii) locating the reconditioning centers, considering the existing places and the possibility of expanding; (iii) in determining the amount of computers present in Telecentros respecting the maximum and minimum number of computers; and (iv) defining the material flow amongst the discharge points, CRCs, Telecentros and the final destination points. In this context, the approach of this study is to propose a mathematical model to help the configuration of the logistical network of the Computadores para a Inclusão" project, contributing to the gathering and appropriate destination of the computer equipments post consumption in all national territory.
Entre papéis, pessoas e perspectivas: etnografia da gestão da educação escolar indígena em Altamira PA
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Santiago, Ana Elisa; Cohn, Clarice; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1714080901123094; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1504524815075995
This research intends to conduct an ethnography of the management of indigenous education in the municipality of Altamira (PA), that comprises nine ethnic groups (Arara, Araweté, Asurini, Curuaia, the Juruna, Kararaô, Parakanã, Xipaya, Xikrin) of Carib, Ge and Tupi languages. This region corresponds, according to the new configuration proposed by the Federal Government, the Territory Etnoeducacional 11, besides being one of the municipalities in the area affected by the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Complex in its installation process. The implementation of this management model and the compensation and indemnification means of the Power Plant has led to major changes that I followed and analyzed throughout this work. The field research was taken at the Altamira s Education Department, a privileged locus has allowed me to grasp different discursive positions: the Indians trying to understand what they expect from the school that is offered to them; the State their policies and guidelines proposed for these schools; and the Education Department staff responsible for making the indigenous education work and often come up against financial, bureaucratic and pedagogical boundaries. The intention here is to dialogue these areas, the Anthropology of the State and the Indigenous Ethnology, so that it can make a perspective enhance other. As Anthropology of the State, the ethnography in Indian school management does not hold only to official agencies for intervention and guardianship, but also analyzed how indigenous access (or not) these services. And as Indigenous Ethnology it paid attention to the operation of a public agency and how these people define and fight for their educational demands.
Estudo fitoquímico de Eugenia myrcianthes: busca de substâncias bioativas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Batalhão, Jaqueline Raquel; Fernandes, João Batista; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2691336077459602; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0672727719848136
The search for new substances with bioactive potential is the target of numerous studies inserted in the chemistry of natural products, since it involves the isolation, the structural elucidation, as well as the action mechanism of the compounds. Some species of Eugenia were widely studied showing a great diversity of secondary metabolites associated with different biological activities of their constituents, which have justified the interest in the study of species of this family in the search for active compounds. The Eugenia myrcianthes specie has its chemical and biological potential little known. In this context, the aim of this study was the phytochemistry study of E. myrcianthes seeking isolation and characterization of their chemical constituents, as well as evaluation of the effect of crude extracts, fractions and isolated substances, performing antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and insecticidal assays. This study allowed the isolation and/or identification of eight flavonoid glycosides: myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Myricetrin), myricetin-3-O-α-L-arabnopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-α-L-arabnofuranoside, myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-β-D-glalactopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L- arabnopyranoside (Guajavarin), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabnofuranoside (Avicularin) and quercetin-3-O-β-L-xyloside, one coumarin: xanthyletin, two triterpenes: 3β-O-cis-p-coumaroil-α-amyrin and 3β-O-trans-p-coumaroil-α-amyrin, one tyrosol derivative: 2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl tricosanoate, one alcohol of long chain: 1-octacosanol and one sterol: β-sitosterol. The crude extracts from the leaves, twigs, and the fractions hexane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic of the leaves of E. myrcianhtes and some pure substances were tested against leaf cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa; its symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus; for antimicrobial activity by microdilution technique, against the microorganisms Pseudomonas aeuroginosas, Bacillus subtilis, Microccocus luteus, Candida albicans and Candinda tropicalis. They were also evaluated for antioxidant activity using the technique of suppression of radical species, DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazile).
Alcaloides e diidrochalconas de Metrodorea stipularis: química e bioatividade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Burger, Marcela Carmen de Melo; Vieira, Paulo Cezar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8923844563320377; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5719050036095491
This work was based on bioactivity-guided study of five plants ( Galipea jasminiflora , Esenbeckia febrifuga, Esenbeckia grandiflora , Metrodorea stipularis and Zanthoxylum Fagara ) from Rutaceae family using the enzyme cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi as target. The dichlorometane liquid-liquid partition from stems of M. stipularis were the most active one, and after a chromatographic study its fractions showed high enzymatic inhibition, so all fractions were submitted a chromatographic study aiming to isolate the secondary metabolites responsible for this inhibition. A number of compounds were isolated, among them: seven alkaloids , six coumarins, one steroid, and four dihydrochalcones, two alkaloids and three dihydrochalcones have been described for the first time. It was observed the presence of the dihydrochalcones in all active fractions indicating that has of compounds may be responsible for the activity of the extracts against cruzain. Due to the similarity of the cruzain with cathespsins B and L, and to further explore the bioactivity the isolated metabolites were also assayed in these enzymes. Four alkaloids as well two dihydrochalcones showed significant inhibition of cathepsin B, while dihydrochalcones showed to inhibition cathepsin L. Plants of this family are used in folk medicine for the treatment of malaria , so these compounds were also tested against Plasmodium falciparum parasite, and good activity was found for two dihydrochalcones.
O conhecimento popular e o uso de plantas medicinais por usuários de três Unidades de Saúde da Família no interior do Estado de São Paulo/SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Alcântara, Renata Giamlourenço Lante; Joaquim, Regina Helena Vitale Torkomian; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7719481657895650; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5099214709338527
Study population-territorial, transverse survey, whose general objective was to describe the popular knowledge regarding medicinal plants, along in tree Family Health Units (USF) in the State of São Paulo, in year of 2013. The specific objectives tried to report the medicinal plants used by the community, collecting their popular name (and if it was used fresh or dried household plants), the parts used, the way of preparing them, conservation, therapeutic purpose, frequency and the source for the usage. The data collection occurred through standardized interviews, there were 25 participants, indicated by USF teams. The characterization of the participants shows that the largest number are from female gender, 19 (76%) and 6 were from male gender (24%), aged between 32 and 80 years. The results reveal that the beginning of this practice, for most participants, took place from lessons with parents. Among the plants mentioned, over 100 are for medical use, characterized by some fruit, even resin and wood waste. The most cited were: guaco, mint, bilberry and ruby. Regarding the purpose of the use, the most mentioned plant is used for disorders of the respiratory tract (such as cough, sputum, rhinitis, sinusitis, influenza-like illnesses), a fact consistent with the scientific literature. It is understood that this practice contributes to enhance the recovery and preservation of cultural diversity, allowing the users to acess a better care for themselves and giving them autonomy. Thus, it is possible a revaluation of popular knowledge, aiming to recover once deleted knowledge about the way one understands life, the knowledge about the culture inherited and acquired reconciled to scientific knowledge.
Multiletramentos e interculturalidade no ensino de inglês na escola pública: posicionamentos de professores sobre os cadernos didáticos utilizados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Sarturato, Gabriel Maldonado Fabbro; Paula, Sandra Regina Buttros Gattolin de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9228036521343293; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0797881241667691
This dissertation focuses in a theoretical comparison between the text of São Paulo State’s Curriculum and interviews with three teachers from public school. This is done concerning their realization of the concept of literacies and culture, topics that are covered in the Curriculum text. The most recent State’s Curriculum for Modern Language Teaching was introduced in the year of 2008 and seeks to influence the pedagogical practice of teachers in service. This document has been object of study of many Applied Linguistics researches. The teaching of English as a foreign language in public schools can always be investigated regarding the epistemological and pedagogical influences of our post-modern contemporary social condition. This means the processes of globalization and of constant technological media innovation influence the way of thinking of teachers and students in public school. Because of that, we consider it fundamental that agents in this language teaching scene be given voice and that their positions be analyzed, so a comprehension of the purposes of the State and its relation with some teachers’ views can be reached. In this research, we had a theoretical grounding on the concepts of intercultural relations and literacies. These concepts are intrinsically correlated, specially if we consider public school’s foreign language teaching goals of providing support in the formation of critical and reflexive citizens. We do the observation of how a didactic material presents cultural data, and how is it important for literate practices in a foreign language. Inserted in a qualitative research paradigm, the process of collecting data was divided into two parts: the first is related to a documental research, in which we investigate what is proposed pedagogically in the text of the Curriculum, specially in regard to cultural issues in the teaching process, the conception of the term “culture” in the document and its approach of a literacies-based pedagogy. The second part consists of semi-structured interviews with three public school teachers, discussing their vision on culture and if they look for promoting literacy practices as it is proposed by the Curriculum. It was possible, through analysis, to recognize aspects of the relationship between what the text proposes and what the teachers say they do, or intend to do in class.
Estudo do processo de liberação lenta de fertilizantes a partir de nanocompósitos de matriz ureia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Pereira, Elaine Inácio; Oliveira, Cauê Ribeiro de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5321313558714462; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8672166906928439
The efficient use of fertilizers, especially nitrogen ones, is essential and strategic for the obtention of maximum economic crop yields and to minimize the loss of nutrients into the environment. Among the technologies that can possibly contribute to the effective use of fertilizers and, consequently, with solutions to the environmental problems caused, are the systems of slow or controlled release; among these systems, are the ones based on the association of lamellar materials and/or polymers to fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this study was to analize the diffusion behavior of urea, when associated with an exfoliated clay mineral (montmorillonite MMT) in its structure, with or without the presence of interface-modifying polymers thus obtaining a nanocomposite. Manufacturing process used- the extrusion of a plastic mixture - is simple and can be scaled up, allowing granule production without high costs. In the first part, nanocomposites were obtained by an extrusion process, from only MMT and the fertilizer urea (nitrogen source) at different mass ratios (1:1; 1:2 and 1:4). From the results of the characterization of these materials, it is possible to observe that urea served as a dispersant for MMT, requiring lower levels of water for processing, allowing the obtention of granular materials, by extrusion, with a mechanical strength superior to the pure urea granule. Furthermore, the presence of MMT generates a retaining means for urea (Ur), through which it has to spread, acting as a physical barrier, observed by the slow release of urea in water. In the second part of the study, two other groups of nanocomposites were prepared, using the ratio 1:4 MMT/urea, adding different percentages (1, 2 and 4% in relation to the total weight) of two different polymers: polyacrylamide hydrogel (HG) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The addition of HG (hydrophilic) to the abovementioned composite generated a new interface between these materials, with stronger interactions, resulting in a significant improvement in the mechanical strength of the mixture, besides presenting a slower kinetic release behavior of urea, when compared to the composite 1:4 MMT/Ur. On the other hand, the presence of PCL produced composites with a more segregated porous structure, irregular surface morphology, interfered with the diffusion process of urea, but did not improve significantly the resistance of the mixture. Composites were also able to reduce the emission of N2O, when applied to a soil planted with wheat, showing, indirectly, an effect on the diffusion of urea to the soil. In the end, a test was conducted for the determination of mineralizable nitrogen in an incubated soil, which showed a mineralization comparable with the pure urea for all nanocomposites, but a representative difference between the tested materials was not observed. This indicates that further studies are needed to better the comprehension of these results.
Proposta de instrumentos para a realização de análise ambiental inicial em ETEs à luz da NBR ISO 14001:2004: o caso da ETE-Monjolinho, São Carlos-SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Fajardo, Poliana Arruda; Cordeiro, João Sergio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2572864522562875; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6679206417866918
The construction of wastewater collection systems and the implantation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are not guarantees that environmental and public health problems on the wastewater are fully resolved, because the WWTPs require inputs to function and generate wastes and tailings during their operation and may, thus, also become sources of environmental pollution and cause damage to the population. Besides the Environmental Licensing, which includes the Preliminary License, Installation License and Operating License, and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), two management tools can assist the management of WWTPs in this way: the NBR ISO 14001:2004, for the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS), and NBR ISO 14004:2005, which recommends conducting an Initial Environmental Review before installing the system, although does not have tools that can be used for this purpose. Thus, the general objective of this work was to develop tools to aid in conducting this Review in WWTPs, having as object of study WWTP-Monjolinho - São Carlos-SP, which wastewater treatment consists of: preliminary treatment, biological treatment with UASB reactors, dissolved-air flotation - preceded by flocculation with metallic coagulants and polymers -, ultraviolet (UV) radiation disinfection and postaeration of treated wastewater by cascade aeration before its throwing to Monjolinho river. The research was performed in four stages. At first, it was performed theoretical background; in the second, the knowledge of the object of study; in the third, the tools of Initial Environmental Review were developed and applied to WWTP-Monjolinho; and in the fourth stage there was the presentation and discussion of the results, as well as the research finals considerations. Eight tools and also the results of their application to WWTP-Monjolinho were obtained. It is considered that, through the tools developed in this work, the WWTPs, as WWTP-Monjolinho, can guide themselves more appropriately in search of the EMS installation and improve their activities, in order to more adequately meets increasing aspirations from society for a better quality of life and environmental protection and conservation.
Arara-azul-grande (Psittaciformes, Aves): informações genéticas para a conservação e o manejo em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Lima, Fernanda Ribeiro; Galetti Júnior, Pedro Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3306636140389846
Microsatellites loci can provide valuable information about kinship, diversity estimation and population origin of individuals. These data are essentials for adoption of conservation measures in-situ and ex-situ for endangered species. In the present study, we achieved genetic data on captive individuals of the specie Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, hyacinth macaw, regarded in endangered of extinction. We analyzed 10 microsatellite loci and performed the molecular sexing to 50 of hyacinth macaw captive in the zoos of the São Paulo State. We determined the sex of individuals without this information and corrected the erroneous identification of the two other specimens. The genetic diversity for captive specimens hyacinth macaw did not differ significantly of the natural populations. We determine the probable populational origin of 89.9% of the captive specimens by population allocation tests and multilocus genotypes of the natural populations. The largest portion of captive specimens were assigned to the North and Northeast region The largest portion of captive specimens were assigned to the North and Northeast populations region. We established the kinship and genetic similarity among 49 captive specimens, focusing on captive individuals in the same institution. More than 70 % of the pairwise combinations among the hyacinth macaw specimens resulted in values of kinship to unrelated individuals, with intermediate values of genetic similarity. The combination of the results of this present study allowed the suggestion of the best couples to breeding in each institution, beyond if they enable better visualization of reproductive pairings between all specimens to ensure the genetic diversity and preserve the evolutionary history of the A. hyacinthinus in captivity.
Processamento e estudo das propriedades de filmes e peças injetadas de nanobiocompósitos de nanocristais de celulose e matrizes biodegradáveis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Morelli, Carolina Lipparelli; Bretas, Rosario Elida Suman; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2805349172281345; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0562262594759879
This study aimed at evaluating the potential of application of cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcing elements of biodegradable polymeric matrices, in the films and injection molded pieces applications. Two polymeric matrices with different properties were used, namely: poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, and poly(lactic acid), PLA. For the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (NCC), two sources were selected: microcrystalline cellulose (CMC) and balsa wood . Due to the high polarity of cellulose nanocrystals, different approaches of surface chemical modifications of these particles were tested, in order to ensure their good dispersion when added to polymeric matrices of lower polarity. They were: a) chemical modification with two types of isocyanates, an aliphatic one (octadecyl isocyanate) and an aromatic one (phenylbutyl isocyanate); b) grafting of poly (butylene glutarate) using the in situ polymerization technique; c) silanization treatment; and d) grafting of poly(acrylic acid) through click chemistry technique. Modified and unmodified NCCs were processed with PBAT and PLA by casting or melt extrusion processing techniques. In general, the chemical modification of NCC surface increased their thermal resistance, decreased their polarity and improved their dispersion into PLA and PBAT matrices. Some of these treatments, as well as the processing conditions enabled an increase in the overall mechanical properties of the polymers. Thus, the characterization of the nanocomposites showed that NCC addition increased the elastic modulus of the matrix and retained its higher stiffness even under relatively high temperatures. Higher NCC contents led to larger increases in the stiffness of the ensuing composites. The water vapor permeability of PBAT was also reduced with the introduction of NCC. This work points out several potential good perspectives for the use of celulose nanocrystals as reinforcing elements of polymeric matrices. It showed also that it is possible to obtain significant improvements in the polymer properties using the same processing techniques as those used at industrial scale, such as melt extrusion and injection molding.
Aspectos bionômicos de geometridae (Lepidoptera) associados a plantas de mata atlântica na reserva biológica da Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-04) Abreu, Cássia Isabela Vilela de; Dias Filho, Manoel Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1346547036069954; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3849674112760095
Immature stages of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) and their parasitoids (Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea) were recorded and collected in two areas of Serra do Japi Municipal Biological Reserve, in Jundiaí, São Paulo. Occurrence of larvae were recorded associated with 14 plant species, collected in two environments: semideciduous mesophytic forest (MS) and understory between eucalipto (SB). The sampling period was from September 2011 to September 2012 and the larvae were kept in laboratory until emergence of adult parasitoids or Geometridae. On MS were collected 143 larvae, from this total, 12 were parasitized and 131 reached the adult stage; on SB, 129 larvae were collected, 12 were parasitized and 117 reached the adult stage. The most abundant species in the MS was Eois tegularia (Geometridae, Larentiinae), with 64 larvae. Physocleora sp.1, was the specie with the highest association of parasitoids, with 6 parasitized larvae. In SB, the most abundant species were the Nephodia aff. panacea (Geometridae, Ennominae), with 32 larvae collected, and also the species with the highest number of association with parasitoids. Piper sp. (Piperaceae), showed the highest number of larvae collected in the MS and Alchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiacea) of SB. The highest number of larvae parasitized on MS were recorded and collected for Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), 6 larvae; on SB, the largest number of parasitized larvae was Alchornea triplinervia. Among the parasitoids, the genus Diolcogaster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) were the most abundant with 18 samples. It was registered a new kind of Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae), associated with Physocleora grossica. larvae and Ischnopteris sp. on MS associated Alchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiacea). From complementary collections for parasitoids, with Malaise trap, Moericke trap and vegetation sweep, the Glyptapanteles genus follow by Diolcogaster, both Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae that emerged from geometridae larvae were the most abundant. For parasitoids, the results indicated the importance of obtaining from host larvae in the laboratory, besides the use of the main methods of collecting adults.