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Vivenciar para apreender: o meio ambiente como contexto para o ensino de polímeros
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-11) Silva, Márcia Adriana da; Marques, Clélia Mara de Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0451284088402660; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9820357996606419
Through the student‟s desinterest and the difficulties in the teaching-learning process of this science, where the teaching methodology employed traditionally is based on the traditional teaching model of transmission-reception in the memorization of concepts, rules, formulas and their applications are prioritized, this work approaches the use of a teaching sequence based on contextualized activities with CTSA approach to the teaching of polymers in high school, as a way to encourage, stimulate and facilitate the learning. Thus, this study investigated the development of contextualized activities with CTSA approach contribute to students understand chemical concepts related to the theme of the waste that is produced in their homes and specially if it provides them, a critical and reflexive positioning on the relationships between Science, Society, Technology and Environment, which are essential for its role as citizens. To this end, various teaching alternatives have been used in order to facilitate learning. Students from the second grade of high school at the Escola Estadual Enoch Garcia Leal studied diverse teaching strategies: lessons dialogued based on discussions of articles published in Revista Química Nova na Escola , experimental activities, instructional material on polymers and field visit to Recycling Plant. As a way of assessing learning, student answered questionnaires. The results indicate that contextualized activities with CTSA approach is a very important recourse that has much to contribute to the training of students, allowing them to reflect on the environmental problems arising from production and improper disposal of waste, as well as relate to the topic, chemical concepts involved on polymers used in everyday life.
Capital humano: alocações de talentos do ensino superior no Brasil e seus possíveis impactos no crescimento econômico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-11) Shirozono, Luanna Vargas; Silva Junior, Geraldo Edmundo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5138808982229139; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4261883539405716; Rodrigues, Rodrigo Vilela; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7066100737307566
Starting from the concept of human capital and considering it as a synonymous of knowledge, the present thesis collected based on lecture of Human Capital, searching in data of Higher Education in Brazil and studying a part of this topic and the effects over the dynamic of talents in the country. Searching inferences on alternative models of education from China, South Korea and The United States of America. Using as fundamental the HHJK theoretical model, the research concluded that to the period between 2002 and 2012, the distribution and allocation of talents among the knowledge areas / careers from Brazil didn t show a remarkable convergence if compared with state of São Paulo, which is the reference state by representation and importance in the country. Beyond that, the effects of those discrepancies among the occupation can correspond until 95% wage deviation on representative careers.
Biomassa e produtividade subterrânea no cerrado: relações com solo, topografia e fogo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-11) Loiola, Priscilla de Paula; Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2691455603546958
Plant biomass and productivity are ecological properties that affect community functioning. The belowground biomass of cerrado is underestimated and, therefore, it is important that we know how it is related to biotic and abiotic variables. In the first chapter, we tested for the relationship between different diversity indices and aboveB and belowground biomass. Species diversity and functional divergence positively affected the aboveground biomass, but not the belowground biomass, both in the cerrado and in the seasonal forest. Resource use complementarity led to a better community functioning, but did not predict all the community biomass production, as it disregarded the belowground component. Inclusion of environmental variables and functional traits, in the second chapter, was important to generate models that predicted the belowground biomass. The models were significant, even tough they showed low explanatory power for the cerrado. Foraging for limiting nutrients, altitude, and functional traits related to disturbance were selected in the models predicting the belowground biomass. In the third chapter, we separated fine and coarse roots in two depths. We used structural equation modeling to test for the effects of environmental variables on the belowground biomass in each root category and each depth. We identified soil fertility causing less fine root biomass and recent fire causing less coarse root in the deep soil layer. Shallow root biomass was not caused by any of the ecological processes we studied. Also, aluminum content led to low soil fertility and recent fire caused higher soil fertility, as we expected. The carbon stock of the cerrado and the seasonal forest is large and should not be neglected when estimating the impacts caused by climate and landBuse changes.
Síntese e aplicação do SrTiO3 na fotodecomposição da água para a geração de hidrogênio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-11) Pinheiro, Antônio Narcisio; Leite, Edson Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1025598529469393; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8901620600165297
Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is an n-type semiconductor with high chemical and photochemical stability. This wide band gap oxide has a band gap energy of about 3.2 eV as well as a favorable energy for photocatalysis. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative and superior method to produce Nb-doped and undoped SrTiO3 photoanode thin films based on a colloidal deposition process which possess good activity under standard solar illumination conditions. Methanol was used as hole scavenger and the results showed that the semiconductor liquid junction (SCLJ) charge accumulation is not an important mechanism to control the photocurrent density and overpotential. In addition, experimental results suggest that the dominance of photocurrent density is controlled by the potential at the surface space charge layer for the Nb-doped SrTiO3 and by recombination at the depletion layer for the undoped oxide.
Estudos de sólidos farmacêuticos através das técnicas de RMN no estado sólido
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-11) Oliveira, Lyege Magalhães; Venâncio, Tiago; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4438399441102990; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6690728944762905
Approximately 80-90 % of the drugs on the market are available in solid form, sold as tablets and capsules containing product in a powdered form. A frequent problem associated to the drugs in the solid state is the low rate of dissolution, especially in aqueous medium or in polar environments. Another important feature, which is closely related to the dissolution rate, and consequently the bioavailability of the drug, is the existence of several crystalline forms that the drug can assume during the crystallization. This phenomenon is known as polymorphism and it is a serious problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Since the problem is not so simple to be characterized, it is recommended to use a number of different techniques such as XRD, Raman, IR, thermal analysis and solid state NMR, once they all have at least one limitation. In this context, this work aimed to study pharmaceutical solids by solid state NMR techniques, using matrices such as mebendazole (in polymorphic forms A and C and in commercial samples), diethylcarbamazine (in its free, citrate and maleate forms) and mycophenolic acid as well as its ester mofetil form. A set of techniques for solid state NMR based on CPMAS experiment and its variants (CP-TOSS, CP-NQS e CP-PI) were used, both observing the nucleus of carbon-13, as well as nitrogen-15. Thus, it was possible to differentiate between A and C polymorphs of mebendazole by using these techniques, and still use them in the analysis of commercial drugs. In this context, it was also possible to verify that the technique of solid state NMR can be successfully used to characterize and quantify polymorphs in absolute commercial samples. The data obtained from these analyzes demonstrated the importance of conducting an effective quality control of drugs available in the market when formulated in solid form, since it was verified that some lots sold exhibited the undesired polymorph of mebendazole. Regarding the study involving the free diethylcarbamazine and its citrate and maleate forms, NMR data were consistent and complementary to those reached by X-ray crystallography. With the use of two-dimensional FSLG-HETCOR 1H-13C experiment, it was observed the existence of intra- and intermolecular interactions through hydrogen bonds. NMR data obtained for mycophenolic acid and its ester mofetil form corroborate the structural study of this molecule, previously described in the literature only with X-ray crystallography data. The present results confirm the importance of solid state NMR in the study of pharmaceutical solids, mainly in the analysis of commercial products in Brazil, where their use should be encouraged, since this technique offers considerable advantages in the analysis of this type of product.