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Avaliação do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) da agricultura familiar : estudo de caso na microrregião de Ubá-MG
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Oliveira, Leandro Gomes de; Batalha, Mario Otávio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1015001063418091; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3851172181112395
The Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National Program of School Food (PNAE) are public policies designed to ensure improve food to two heterogeneous publics, the population who are in situations of food insecurity and students from public schools. These policies have as source of supply the family farming, an important segment responsible for producing much of the food destined to internal market. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the real impact of the PAA and PNAE on suppliers farmers and to know which of these policies have better impact on the development of family farming. There are studies in the literature addressing the impact assessment on the family farm in both the political and in different cities. However, rarely there are studies analyzing the real impact of policies, PAA e PNAE at the same city. From this, the present dissertation aims to evaluate the impact of social programs and PAA PNAE in economic and social conditions of the farmers in Uba city, Minas Gerais. This will be done using descriptive and multivariate statistical and statistical significance test seeking to achieve this goal. The results show that economic impact of the PAA and PNAE in beneficiary farmers were revenue and product quality. Despite this, weren`t find significant differences of these impacts between these policies. In social sphere, variable quality of life impacted positively only on PAA farmers. Thus, it can be said that the effects of public policies are similar and the PAA and PNAE can be treat as complementary policies.
“A letra é a mesma, mas a cultura é diferente”: a escola dos Tupinambá de Olivença
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Santana, José Valdir Jesus de; Cohn, Clarice; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1714080901123094; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5087472600101533
In this dissertation, we aim at understanding how and why the Tupinambá from Olivença make school and how this school has become central in the production of strong people in the culture, update and production of kinship, being a relative and being in the culture, as they usually assert. Thus, we were interested in thinking how being in the culture and becoming strong in the culture are being produced from the school and the relationships enabled and coordinated by it, both internally and externally, in the movement that multiplies the school on the Indigenous territory, especially by the reclaimed areas, in order to understand this multiplier effect that relates to politics among the Tupinambá. This happens because, among these Indigenous people, making school, playing politics, claiming, producing reclaimed schools, being in the culture, producing culture, all these update and produce identity, kinship, being a relative and being smart people.
Biorreator wave como alternativa para expansão de células estromais mesenquimais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Silva, Juliana de Sá da; Suazo, Cláudio Alberto Torres; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7148964803818935
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are required by the scientific community in the development and enhancement of therapeutic techniques in different fields of medicine. The MSCs are present in small concentrations in tissues, which makes necessary the expansion in vitro for enable studies and therapeutic applicability. These are cells with high sensitivity to environmental conditions of cultivation. So, for increase productivity in vitro is used the technology of bioreactors in the development of processes in order to produce high cell densities in less time, with reduce use of resources and maintaining a safe operation. The new concepts of "disposable bioreactors", as the wave-induced motion bioreactor or Wave bioreactor, with possibility operating in a closed system, controlled and automated, reduced investment cost and operation, less risk of contamination, higher level biosecurity, added to the fact of being a underexplored technology and already approved by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) becomes a highly attractive alternative bioprocessing for cultivation of animal cells in large scale. In this context, the present work aims to develop a protocol for cultivation of MSCs in the Wave Bioreactor System 2/10. Experiments were performed to characterize the CEMs's culture behavior in the Wave bioreactor to obtain high cell productivity while maintaining the therapeutic potential of the CEMs. The experiments were carried out with 2 L Cellbag and Cultispher-S microcarrier with 300 ml of α-MEM medium culture supplemented with glucose, glutamine, and arginine and 15% v/v fetal bovine serum at 37 ° C and pH between 6,9-7,4. In the preliminary experiments it was verified that most of the inoculated cells did not adhere to the microcarriers. It was shown that such behavior is due to low relation between adhesion area (AMC = total projected area of the microcarriers) and wet surface area of Cellbag (ASMCellbag), which in the normal condition of operation results an adhesion between 25,7 and 61,7% of the inoculated cells. To solve the problem were performed experiments reducing ACellbag which enabled improvements in cell adhesion by up to 100%. It was also found low performance of the cell expansion phase, presumably linked to operational problems like: microcarriers segregation in certain regions of the bioreactor causing depletion of nutrients, formation of aggregates of MCs colonized with cells and adhesion of MCs to Cellbag. In addition, it was observed that reducing CEM/MC ratio at the start of the culture, the cell expansion factor could be increased to values equal to or greater than 10. These results show that the Wave bioreactor has good potential for expansion of MSCs and that the same can be improved.
Estratégias de melhoria do bioprocesso de produção de enzimas celulolíticas por Aspergillus niger a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol de segunda geração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Cunha, Fernanda Marisa da; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; Badino Júnior, Alberto Colli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6244428434217018; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6876593588999622
The second generation ethanol (2G) production from sugarcane bagasse is a promising strategy to increase ethanol production per hectare. The 2G ethanol production comprises the steps of biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis of lignocellulose polymers into simple sugars, fermentation and purification. Aiming to reduce 2G ethanol production costs, the development of more efficient bioprocesses for the production of cellulase with high specificity to lignocellulose hydrolysis is needed. Therefore, the goal of this work was finding the cultivation condition more favorable to the production of enzymatic cocktails with higher performance on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and 2G ethanol production. In order to achieve this, the implementation of strategies to improve the bioprocess for cellulase production by Aspergillus niger in a stirred tank bioreactor was carried out. The enzymatic production under a new fermentation method, referred to as sequential fermentation (FSeq), was compared to the conventional submerged fermentation method in both shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactor. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of the fermentation method, agitation speed, pH control, sugarcane bagasse pretreatment and particle size, and impeller type on enzyme production using sugarcane bagasse as substrate. The highest enzymes production in cultivations using Rushton turbine impeller were 1,599 and 4,212 IU.L-1 for endoglucanase and xylanase, respectively, in cultivations under the new FSeq method, using steam explosion pretreated sugarcane bagasse of particle sizes smaller than 0.5 mm, agitation speed of 700 rpm, aeration of 0,5 vvm and pH 5.0. Cultivations carried out using the Elephant ear up-pumping flow impeller allowed higher enzymes production of 2,712 and 5,837 IU.L-1 for endoglucanase and xylanase, respectively. Given the superior performance of FSeq method in comparison to the FSm method, the decision was made to evaluate the FSeq method in cultivations employing different Aspergillus sp strains and with different lignocellulosic substrates, such as wheat bran, soybean meal, and mixtures of wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse, in shake flasks cultivations. Besides the steam-explosion pretreatment of the sugarcane biomass, which had shown to be favorable to endoglucanase production, the liquid hot water pretreatment was also evaluated, which was found to be favorable to xylanase induction. The enzymatic cocktails produced were employed on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis, combined with a commercial enzyme, and the extracts produced under the FSeq method resulted in a percentual hydrolysis gain about 10% higher than FSm cocktails. Moreover, the 2G ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by FSeq cocktails were up to 7% more efficient than the ethanol production using FSm sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates. The results obtained here validate the new sequential fermentation method as a promising strategy for the production of enzymatic cocktails with higher enzymatic activities as well as with higher performance on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and 2G ethanol production in comparison to the FSm method. The findings concerning the effects of different operational variables and cultivation methods on (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes production in a stirred tank bioreactor will contribute to the development of three-phasic cultivation systems employing different types of lignocellulosic biomass in bioreactors.
Localização dos barorreceptores no tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Teleostei: Serrasalminae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Armelin, Vinicius Araújo; Kalinin, Ana Lúcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5493936744279888; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9483179037044768
The cardiovascular system plays the fundamental role of supplying the needs of the animals bodily tissues. It both provides the cells with a variety of elements that are essential to their functioning and drains potentially harmful substances, such as metabolites. All of these items are transported through the blood, the propulsion of which is determined by the pressure gradient created by the heart. In addition to promoting circulation, blood pressure is also directly involved in the maintenance of many other physiological processes, making the preservation of this variable at satisfactory levels a prerequisite for an organism s vitality. In light of this need for ideal pressure levels, important mechanisms for blood pressure regulation have been selected during the evolutionary history of vertebrates, and the baroreflex serves as a clear example. These reflexes begin with the monitoring of arterial pressure by baroreceptors, which constantly inform the central nervous system (CNS) of the condition of this variable. The CNS is thus able to change heart rate and systemic vascular resistance in order to normalize arterial pressure when necessary. Though the operation of the baroreflex is already widely understood and though baroreceptors have been located in mammals, these issues are not elucidated and remain quite controversial when it comes to fishes. Thus, the objective of this work was to locate the baroreceptors and their afferences in a teleost, the Colossoma macropomum. To do so, the occurrence and efficiency of the baroreflex were analyzed when this mechanism was induced by pressure imbalancements in intact fish (IN), fish with the first pair of gill arches denervated (G1) and fish with all four pairs of gill arches denervated (G4). The pressure imbalancements were promoted by the administration of the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine and the α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, and the baroreflex was assessed using an electrocardiogram that measured heart rate (bpm), relation between pre- and post-pharmacological manipulation heart rates (%), the time required to reach maximum chronotropic baroreflex response, and total heart rate variability (ms). The results revealed that the barostatic reflex was attenuated in the G1 group and nonexistent in G4 group indicating that baroreceptors may be exclusively located in the gill arches of teleosts.
Mapeamento de repertórios de leitura e escrita em escolas com baixos índices na Prova Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Silveira, Carolina Coury; Domeniconi, Camila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8069690907463696
The Brazilian Ministry of Education is effectively measuring text comprehension by the national evaluation called Prova Brasil. However, lowered averages performance recurrent propagation for the schools raises two assumptions: the first one, that students may not have fully learned previous repertoires, more basic, which might influence their performance in text comprehension measures; and the second one, is related to the fact that Prova Brasil presents an informative character, not having as main objective to provide specific teaching procedures linked to the measures used. This Prova Brasil feature make arduous for the teachers and coordinators to program interventions that produces improvements in this complex repertoire. Both studies of this work aimed to contribute with the discussion of these assumptions. In Study 1 basic reading and writing repertoires were characterized regarding regular and irregular isolated words for 5th grade students of three schools with low rates in Prova Brasil. The results indicated deficits for varied basic repertoires in the three schools, however, were observed most affected performances for writing under dictation and for irregular words. In Study 2, it was described the items construction that composed a reading comprehension assessment, based on a behavioral interpretation. Evidences for validity and reliability were also investigated by the items, using Item Response Theory (IRT). The results not only corroborate the low median performance presented at Prova Brasil by the students, but also allowed verify the validity and consistency of the items to evaluate intermediate reading comprehension repertoire. The two studies allowed mapping reading and writing repertoires, from basic to complex, showing the feasibility of the two evaluations to prescribe specific teaching procedures in order to remediate the deficits identified.
As mulheres em Horacio Quiroga: as personagens femininas nos contos urbanos e nos contos de selva
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Orlandi, Michelle Fernanda; Alves-Bezerra, Wilson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1602719736498812; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8052145464901780
Esta investigación de maestría tiene como su objetivo principal comprender la construcción de los personajes femeninos en la obra del escritor uruguayo Horacio Quiroga. El hecho del autor tener escrito para diversas revistas de variedades, e, incluso, el de tener escrito distintos géneros, influenciaron directamente en su escrita, tanto en el estilo de su producción cuanto en su variedad. En su obra destacamos dos grandes temáticas narrativas: los cuentos urbanos y los cuentos de selva. Pretendemos entender las mujeres que habitan estos distintos universos narrativos criados por Quiroga; así, analizamos cada temática sus riesgos y sus especificidades y como reflejan en los personajes que los habitan, en especial los femeninos. Basados en estas informaciones, nos proponemos a analizar tres de sus textos, que en géneros y temáticas distintos tratan de una misma figura femenina: la prostituta. Son ellos el relato Tangos redentores (19126), y los cuentos Los mensú (1914) y Una estación de amor (1912). Para tratar de las revistas de variedades buscamos referencias en El imperio de los sentimientos (2004), de Beatriz Sarlo; sobre Quiroga y su obra encontramos informaciones en Horacio Quiroga El escritor y el mito (2007), de Pablo Rocca y El desterrado Vida y obra de Horacio Quiroga (1968), de Emir Rodríguez Monegal. Para el análisis del narrador, Las voces de la novela (1985), de Oscar Tacca.
A palavra como concretude do espírito de uma época : o nascer-já-caminhando das ideologias da competitividade e a agricultura globalizada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-05) Caracelli Scherma, Camila; Miotello, Valdemir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9131819326282708; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6214829816320750
Today, there are fabulous discourses, which try to monologize the forms of economic, political and social organization in planetary level, and which present the Globalization as a homogeneous process, fruit of the “natural” course of human history, in their different stages of development. In this context, the discourse of competitiveness as a form of exercise of the universal gain, engine of the current globalization, constitutes a powerful vehicle of global hegemonic ideological production – via discourses of global agents, materializing the neoliberal competitive spirit and shaping the way we see the world and its relations in a globalized age. The repetition of discursive patterns which constitute themselves as hegemonic, constituting discourses of different spheres of human activity, has been studied here based on the thinking of Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, especially in regard to semioticideological materiality in relations between infrastructure and superstructures and to the dialogical and responsive feature of language. Thus, I analyze the repetition of discursive patterns by the global hegemonic agents constituting the ideology of neoliberal competitiveness, which borns-already-walking and reachs, in the word concreteness, the discourses of many spheres of human activity. I take, for this, official discourses from the Brazilian agricultural sphere and discourses from de competitive regions of agribusiness to, in them, listen to the voices of the neoliberal competitive hegemony in the globalized Brazilian agriculture. However, studying the discourses of disagreement with this hegemony, it is possible to understand that the process of hegemonization and monologization presents itself only as an attempt, since where is the discourse of the single thought right there are the plural voices and the contradictions. The comprehension of the global competitiveness spirit, in the word concreteness, occurs, therefore, in the relation of this dominant spirit with the words and acts of resistance and rupture to break the global hegemonic order.