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Aplicações da espectroscopia Raman ao estudo dos efeitos de temperatura e de pressão hidrostática em cristais orgânicos: 2-amino-1,3,4- tiadiazol, 2-amino-5-fenil-1,3,4-tiadiazol e 2-amino-5-(4-deciloxi-fenil)-1,3,4- tiadiazol
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Toledo, Thiago Andrade de; Pizani, Paulo Sérgio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1038437165007849; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5138069407379918
Molecular organic crystals are a promising class of materials because of their excellent physical, chemical and biological properties. Among them, Thiadiazole and its derivatives have been investigated in the last years due their versatility to build new materials as well as their potential use in pharmaceuticals and organic electronic devices. For this reason, the temperature and hydrostatic pressure dependence on Raman spectra of the 2- amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol (ATD), 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol (APTD) and 2-amino-5-(4- decyloxy-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol (ADPTD) are investigated. In addition, complementary studies using FT-IR, thermal analysis as experimental technique and density functional theory (DFT) are also given in order to support the Raman analysis. Decreasing temperature, it can be observed the reduction of band line width and blue-shift (from 290 to 10 K), which allow a better identification of some vibrational modes, in special, in lattice mode region. In contrast, the temperature induces phase transition in the select molecular crystal above 373 K, in accordance with thermal analysis. Furthermore, pressure induces a molecular conformation changes at 0.8, 2 and 2.5 GPa in ADPTD characterized by appearance and disappearance of Raman bands. On the other hand, ATD and APTD show only anharmonic effects contribution.
Efeito da kinesiotaping e da altura do banco na atividade sentado para de pé em crianças com paralisia cerebral
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Santos, Adriana Neves dos; Rocha, Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2035754554780009; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5007550890728426
Sit-to-stand movement (STS) is usually performed in daily routine. It is commonly performed from different bench heights, which modify the biomechanical demands of the task. Therefore, STS could be challenged for subjects with neuromotor impairments, such as children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). It was found only one study that evaluated STS in different bench heights in children with CP. Therefore, we have done the first study. We aimed to verify the motor strategies utilized to perform STS from three bench heights in children with CP and their typical pairs. We found that children with CP modified their motor strategies, such as, increased posterior pelvic inclination, decreased anterior movement of the trunk, increased trunk and knee flexion during standing phase and posterior dislocation of the healthy limb; during lowered bench height. Also, they presented increased duration to perform STS e asymmetrical behavior of the lower limbs. Actually, techniques that aim to increase sensory information is been applied in children with CP, such as Kinesiotaping (KT), although there is no scientific evidence of their efficacy. It has been supposed that KT increase muscle activity. Therefore, we reviewed the literature regarding the evaluation of the effects of KT in muscle activity. We observed that KT may increase muscle activity when applied for long duration in healthy individuals and subjects with muscle impairments. However, other body functions and structures, functionality and social participation do not change when KT is applied. Between these studies we did not find one that evaluated the effects of KT in children with CP. Therefore we realized the third and fourth studies. In the third study we aimed to evaluate the effects of KT in muscle activity and the motor strategies used to perform STS from three bench heights in children with CP. We found that KT leaded to increased muscle activity of rectus femoris and changes in hip kinematics variables. However, other joints angles did not change, as well as the time to perform STS. The fourth study verified the effects of KT in knee extensor torque. We increased knee extensor torque in KT condition, especially for children with outstanding weakness.
Busca por inibidores de catepsinas em plantas do cerrado paulista e avaliação da proteólise tumoral in vitro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Ramalho, Suelem Demuner; Vieira, Paulo Cezar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8923844563320377; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2040752209646047
The aim of this work is search for cysteine proteases inhibitors using a bioactivity-guided assay. We have selected different plants for the initial screening. Among all evaluated extracts, the ones obtained from Myrcia lingua Berg. showed to be the most potent. Cathepsin B and L are cysteine proteases which play a role in the degradation of extracellular matrix and facilitate tumor progression. Among the obtained inhibitors, flavonoids were the most active against CTSB (IC50 values from 4.9 to 37.2 μM). On the other side, triterpenes were more potent against CTSL (IC50 values from 2.4 to 39.5 μM). The triterpenes showed competitive inhibition and the flavonoids showed uncompetitive inhibition. Aiming to explore enzyme inhibition on tumor cells, we report proteolysis assay using live cell 3D model that allows to localize and to quantify proteolysis in live triple negative breast cancer cells. The natural inhibitors isolated from plants were evaluated against proteases on cell lysate but did not demonstrate good inhibition and we decided to evaluate synthetic cathepsin B inhibitors. A dipeptide nitrile compound (JK_1) was synthesized and then complexed with ruthenium II (JK_2). Caged bioactive molecules that can be active upon irradiation became a strategy to reduce side effects in surrounding tissues and facilitate spatial control over cysteine protease activity. On pure enzyme activity assay JK_2 was less active under dark (IC50 3.4 μM) comparing with light irradiation (IC50 0.3 μM), corresponding to a ratio of 12:1. Proteolysis assay using live cell demonstrated the inhibition of DQ-collagen IV by reducing fluorescence. Thus, the outcomes of this study could contribute to identify new hits for the development of potential anticancer drugs, once live cell imaging proteolysis assay is useful for verifying the efficacy of cathepsin inhibitors prior to testing in in vivo models.
Avaliação da biocompatibilidade e do efeito no reparo ósseo de um scaffold manufaturado a partir de um material vítreo fibroso
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Armelin, Paulo Roberto Gabbai; Bossini, Paulo Sérgio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1256982144741336; Renno, Ana Claudia Muniz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4106611304688552; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3405458626219252
Millions of bone fractures occur annually worldwide and the consequent bone repair process is complex, involving many biological events until it reaches the restoration of the tissue integrity. During that process some problems can occur due to delays in the bone healing, which does not allow the proper joining of the tissue. Thus, it is necessary to search for new technologies that work in restoring the integrity of the bone tissue and that promote the osteoconduction and the osteoinduction. In this sense, the use of bioactive materials in the bone repair process is a promising alternative. Following this, two studies (I and II) were developed in order to investigate a new fibrous glassy scaffold, and these studies were based in three lines of research: (i) the characterization of the new fibrous glassy scaffold; (ii) the biocompatibility evaluation of this bioactive material; (iii) the analysis of the biological performance of this new scaffold in the bone repair. More specifically, in the study I the developed scaffolds were characterized in terms of porosity, mineralization and morphological features. Additionally, fibroblast and osteoblast cells were seeded in contact with extracts of the scaffolds to assess cell proliferation and genotoxicity after 24, 72 and 144 h. Finally, scaffolds were placed subcutaneously in rats for 15, 30 and 60 days. In regards to study II, the morphological structure of the scaffolds upon incubation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (via scanning electron microscope) was assessed after 1, 7 and 14 days and, also, the in vivo tissue response to the new biomaterial was evaluated using implantation in rat tibial defects. The histopathological, immunohistochemistry and biomechanical analyzes after 15, 30 and 60 days of implantation were performed to investigate the effects of the material on bone repair. The scaffolds presented interconnected porous structures (porosity of ~75%), and the precursor bioglass could mineralize a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer in SBF after only 12 h. The PBS incubation indicated that the fibers of the glassy scaffold degraded over time. With regards to the biological investigations, the biomaterial elicited increased fibroblast and osteoblast cell proliferation, and no DNA damage was observed. The in vivo experiment showed degradation of the biomaterial over time, with soft tissue ingrowth into the degraded area and the presence of multi-nucleated giant cells around the implant. At day 60, the scaffolds were almost completely degraded, and an organized granulation tissue filled the area. Additionally, the histological analysis of the implants in the bone defects revealed a progressive degradation of the material with increasing implantation time and also its substitution by granulation tissue and woven bone. Histomorphometry showed a higher amount of newly formed bone area in the control group (CG) compared to the biomaterial group (BG) 15 days post-surgery. After 30 and 60 days, CG and BG showed a similar amount of newly formed bone. The novel biomaterial enhanced the expression of RUNX-2 and RANK-L, and also improved the mechanical properties of the tibial callus at day 15 after surgery. These results indicate that the new fibrous glassy scaffold is bioactive, non-cytotoxic, biocompatible and promising for using in bone tissue engineering.
Tópicos sobre funções de várias variáveis complexas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Coacalle, Joel Rogelio Portada; Hounie, Jorge Guillermo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7302904386484949; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4153627834860786
This work shows classical results of analysis of holomorphic functions of both one and several complex variables. Are treated as main topics results on integral representations of holomorphic functions, approximation by holomomorfas functions, the Cauchy-Riemman operator and its homogeneous and non homogeneous equation associated, results on func- tions subharmonics, and the problem of analytic continuation. As the integral representa- tion of holomorphic functions present the Cauchy Integral Formula well as the immediate results of this as are the representation in series of powers, estimates of Cauchy and the most important of the principle for holomorphic functions, these results as much as for one and several complex variables. As the approach we present here the Runge theorem, as well as those resulting from its application in the context of meromorphic functions that are Mittag-Leffler's theorem and the Weierstrass theorem. Subharmonic functions are handled here putting out two main properties and some others that can be seen even in a generalized sense. As for analytic continuation of problems discussed here in the context of several complex variables Hartog the Extension Theorem, some geometric pro- perties of holomorphy domains where we prove a special case where analytical extension called Bochner's theorem, the special case of a domain named Domain Reinhardt, and some properties on the concepts of plurisubharmonicidade and pseudoconvexidade.
Caracterização da interface de tubo bimetálico cladeado fundido por centrifugação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Dessi, João Guilherme; Afonso, Conrado Ramos Moreira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2176215981291453; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1890825439417470
Bimetallic pipes represent a solution for cost reduction to pipelines in the oil and gas industry, because they combine two materials with distinct characteristics in the pipe manufacturing: a HSLA steel, constituting the external part of the pipe, providing mechanical strength and toughness, and a corrosion resistant alloy (CRA), constituting the internal part of the pipe. Bimetallic pipes can be manufactured by centrifugal casting, which gives a metallurgical bonding between the constituent materials (cladding). The objective of this work was to evaluate the interface of a bimetallic clad pipe produced by centrifugal casting, where the pipe was manufactured externally in HSLA steel (API 5L X65Q) and internally in a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy (Inconel 625) by pouring the two constituent alloys at the same side of the spinning mold. Due the temperature loss along the mold length during the CRA pouring, occurred excessive erosion in the steel close to pouring side of the pipe (hotter side) and just a little appreciable erosion close to the opposite side (colder side), where the defects accumulation prevented a suitable cladding in this region. This erosion promoted an increase of the Fe content of CRA. The as-cast microstructure of the steel in the regions where a satisfactory cladding have been observed in the interface was composed by a decarburized region with the presence of low-carbon bainite adjacent to the interface and polygonal ferrite farther from it. It was possible to combine the solubilization treatment at 1200°C/1h for the CRA and quench treatment followed by tempering necessary to ensure the mechanical properties of the steel as described by the API 5L and 5LD standards, without the occurrence of aging at the CRA. The most suitable tempering treatment have been determined at 650°C/1h, according to the mechanical tests performed at the half-length section of the bimetallic pipe and compared with a monolayer API X65Q pipe as reference.
Do desejo como estrutura ao feminino como linguagem : análise de três contos de Julio Cortázar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Castro, Ana Lívia Rodrigues de; Marques, Wilton José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5763590592946918; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7774823541139667
El presente trabajo presenta el análisis de tres cuentos del escritor argentino Julio Cortázar (1914-1984): "La señorita Cora" (1966), "Cuello de Gatito Negro" (1974) y "Anillo de Moebius" (1980). El esfuerzo analítico que acompaña a la tejeduría de los tres cuentos selecionados es basado en el escopo psicoanalítico del freudiano Jacques Lacan (1901-1981). El movimiento de la investigación pasa por un percurso de intersección entre la literatura y el psicoanálisis para producir una de las muchas posibilidades para la caracterización de la singularidad de la escritura de Julio Cortázar. La hipótesis que se presenta a partir del análisis es que la producción de Cortázar incide y coincide con lo que Lacan define como el goze místico o escritura femenina. Lacan afirma que el femenino es el no todo lógico, señalando el hueco del lenguaje y que tiene como característica reportar la falta que lo constituye. Las tres historias tienen como hilo conductor el deseo de los personajes. Lo que surge es el deseo como norteador y desnorteador de las relaciones, que consiste en lo que activa y desactiva la visualización de las narraciones. Los textos seleccionados juegan con la deconstrucción de la linealidad de la narración en la superposición de espacio, tiempo y el enfoque narrativo. La caracterización de la singularidad de Cortázar consiste en la búsqueda de algunas características de su escritura e su relación con el feminino. Se afirma aquí la hipótesis, basada en el psicoanálisis lacaniano, que Julio Cortázar cifra el deseo desde una escritura feminina, esta escritura indica la inconsistencia de nuestro deseo y su lenguaje la imposibilidad de compreensión de la totalidad de los hechos.
Desejo, necessidade e realidade: os marcadores culturais e econômicos e suas implicações ocupacionais para o grupo profissional de engenheiros de produção no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Martins, Thais Joi; Donadone, Julio César; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7643906508178259; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1495908295162360
In order to seek answers to the changes currently taking place in the organization of work within companies, the modifications in the professional role of agents allocated in the organizational field and to understand the processes and dynamics that occur between social agents and this new organizational logic3 is that we will open space for the study of the cultural, economic and symbolic markers of life of the production engineers in the State of São Paulo. That is, from the study of their educational and vocational training, which results in their tastes and lifestyles and their different capitals, we seek to comprehend how the organizational dynamism in the 21th century and the relationship of a new "financial" operation engineer occur in contrast with the former acting "productive" occupied by the engineer. Will be analyzed to reflect on the actions and performances that occur within this professional group with regard. In other words, we if the desire to occupy a particular sector corresponds to the real occupation obtained by these engineers and what are the "driving" forces which will conduct their choicesWhat is the real occupation of these engineers currently and why? It is known among these professionals of the engineering that the options in the financial sectors are the most interesting because they are the entrance door to large financial gains and higher wages. Once given this statement, we can ask ourselves: do the choices of these engineers always give the sense of value for money or is there a different logic behind these choices? What is the real role of the economic, cultural and symbolic capital of these individuals in decision-making? The most appropriate methodology for the research is the bibliographical and prosopographical analysis, besides the multiple correspondence analyses inspired by Pierre Bourdieu. We will analyze, thus, through interviews and the usage of questionnaires to the students of Production Engineering from Federal University of São Carlos, from the Polytechnic University of São Paulo and from a private university. These methodologies will help us both qualitatively and quantitatively to delve deeper into the desired positions and the actual occupations of the production engineers, as well as into the relationship of these occupations with the economic, symbolic and cultural markers of each professional group studied. As a result, we found that there really is a homology between the symbolic capital of the agents and their statements when the direction of their professions. This social reproduction logic puts the Polytechnic University of São Paulo at the head of approaching the finance and consulting sectors. Place the Federal University of São Carlos in a secondary position as the symbolic capital counterparts in larger percentage of the choices in the industrial area and the private university studied the end of the hierarchy whose students do not even have the possibility of providing the selection processes in organizations in finance or consultants.
João Gilberto Noll e a subversão do real (representação, deslocamentos e permanência em O quieto animal da esquina e Harmada)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Silva, Efraim Oscar; Rocha, Rejane Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5669300635333699; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1140254187844016
This master thesis discusses the real s representation on João Gilberto Noll s novels O quieto animal da esquina (1991) and Harmada (1993). Firstly, it focuses on the ways of representing the real in the classic, the modern and the contemporary novel as well as aspects from Realism and Naturalism in the Brazilian literature, emphasizing the existence of a social criticism tradition in this literature. Then, this study deals with structural questions related mainly to the narrative focus, time and space, questioning the last ones also based on some readings on anthropology, psychology and geography. This procedure intends to show that O quieto animal da esquina and Harmada keep formal and thematic features proper to the classic and the modern novel realistic representation. At the same time, they make a shift on this representation by reformulating, creating a tension and subverting themes and narrative instances in order to express, in a singular diction and throughout the time and space immobility of the represented individuals, the disaggregation and the lack of collective ideals that characterize the contemporary Brazilian society.
Avaliação de diferentes configurações de hidrólise enzimática e fermentação utilizando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol 2G
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Silva, Gislene Mota da; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4547105802022244
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a by-product generated after sugarcane milling in the process of manufacture of sugar and/or ethanol. In this study, pretreated SCB was used in different configurations of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The objective was obtaining the greatest amounts of fermentable sugars in the enzymatic conversion and then converted them to ethanol. SCB was hydrothermally pretreated (1:10 (w/v), solid-liquid ratio) under the conditions 170 °C/15 min, 195°C/10 min, and 195 °C/60 min at 200 rpm. The delignification step of the hydrothermal pretreated SCB was carried out with 0.02 and 0.5% NaOH solution at 1:10 (w/v). Pretreated and untreated samples of SCB were chemical and morphologically characterized. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation assays were carried out in PSSF (pre-saccharification prior to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) process. In the best condition, (10% pretreated SCB at 195 °C/10 min) it was obtained 57.4% of ethanol yield. SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) experiments were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks at 250 rpm and at 37 °C using commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae during 72 h. In the first assay, it was evaluated the effect of initial buffered medium and non-buffered medium for hydrothermal pretreated SCBs. In the best result, it was obtained 53.8% of enzymatic conversion and an ethanol titer of 17.1 g/L (SCB pretreated at 195 °C/10 min in buffered medium). In the next assays, it was evaluated the effect of solid loading (10 and 15%) on delignified and non-delignified SCB using an enzyme loading of 20 FPU/g pretreated SCB. In these assays were obtained ethanol yields of 53.8 (17.1 g/L) and 60.0% (28.4 g/L) for 10 and 15% of SCB, respectively. These results showed that the increased in solid loading favored obtaining higher ethanol yield. Assays in SHF configuration (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) using delignified and non-delignified samples of SCB achieve ethanol concentration of 39.9 g/L and ethanol yield was 84% with 15% loading at 72 h. Other experiments were carried out in 10% SCB/15 FPU/g SCB loading, 10% SCB/30 FPU/g SCB loading, 15% SCB/15 FPU/g SCB loading and 15% SCB/30 FPU/g SCB loading employing the thermotolerant yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A to ethanol production from hydrothermal pretreated SCB. The results showed enzymatic conversion was 64.3% and maximum ethanol concentration of 29.2 g/L using 15% of SCB at 72 h. D5A yeast showed ethanol yield was 76.2% and the maximum ethanol concentration of 42.6 g/L at 120 h using 15% of solid load and 30 FPU/g SCB of enzyme load. Overall, all evaluated conditions showing satisfactory results in obtaining ethanol from hydrothermal pretreated SCB. However, high concentration of substrate loading favored SHF process to operate separately enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. This configuration achieved high ethanol yields in the conditions assessed in this work.
Desenvolvimento de filmes nanocompósitos contendo purê de vegetais para aplicação como embalagem comestível
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Lorevice, Marcos Vinicius; Mattoso, Luiz Henrique Capparelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5839043594908917; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2975504886357030
Petroleumderived packaging are neither renewable nor biodegradable. Based on it, recent studies have been focused in biopolymer-based packaging, such as in polysaccharides (e.g., pectin and chitosan), due to their good renewable and biodegradable characteristics. However, their physical-chemical properties (mechanical, thermal, and barrier) are urged to be improved. The addition of nanoparticles (NPS) as reinforcing agents has been shown as a feasible means of improving such properties. The goal of this work was the development of pectin (PEC) (low and high methoxyl degree, MD)-based nanocomposite films incorporated with chitosan (CS) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (CSNP and PCLNP, respectively). CSNP were obtained by ionotropic gelation whereas PCLNP were obtained by the nanoprecipitation method. All NPS were characterized as to their morphology, size, and zeta potential. The CSNP size was nearly 100 nm and their zeta potential was close to + 20 mV, results which are in agreement whit CS cationic properties and indicated good suspension stability. PCLNP presented size values near to 130 nm and zeta potential of approximately - 20 mV because the surfactant is spread over PCLNP surface. PCLNP showed a smaller polydispersity index than CSNP, indicating a more homogenous suspension. This was also observed through electron microscopy of PCLNP. The nanocomposite films were obtained by casting from PEC/NPS film-forming solutions. The nanocomposite films’ mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties were studied. The MD did not affect the analyzed properties of PECbased films. The addition of NPS (CSNP and PCLNP) increased the tensile strength and degradation temperature of all PEC-based films, suggesting good interactions between PEC network and NPS surface. The addition of PCLNP to low MD PEC films improved the tensile strength in more than 100%. Although, NPS did not change the water vapor permeability of the PEC-based nanocomposite films, which could be related with PEC good water solubility and NPS affinity to water molecules. These results indicate a novel material with physical-chemical properties desirable for food packaging applications, making this product competitive when compared with petroleum-based packaging.
Efeitos do fogo sobre assembleias de aves de cerrado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Reis, Matheus Gonçalves dos; Dias Filho, Manoel Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1346547036069954; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2925754537368211
Fire is an ecological factor which seasonally affects fire-prone ecosystems, such as grasslands and open savannas of the Cerrado, and changes some patterns of the biota. This study aimed to investigate the influence of fire on birds that directly use food resources in grasslands of the Serra da Canastra National Park. From December 2012 to January 2015, sampling efforts were carried out in areas burned by wildfires, prescribed burnings (environmental management strategy) and in areas with no influence of fire, in order to record birds in foraging activities, their diet and the use of microhabitat for foraging. The 92 bird species recorded throughout the study exhibited specific results of the occurrence, abundance and response to fire. Considering all birds, the wildfires exerted a deeper and longer (3 - 4 months) influence on assemblage structure, than the prescribed burnings (2 - 3 months). The fire effects on some species of birds were observed in the proportion of food categories consumed, in the diversity of diet items and the microhabitats selected for foraging. The fire response models for birds of prey that occupy the top of the food chain in grasslands indicated a more intense use of food resources in the first post-fire months. Environmental management towards the conservation of grassland ecosystems depends on understanding the effects of recurrent disturbances on native species.
Calibração do modelo de Drucker-Prager/CAP para simulação numérica do processo de prensagem a frio de pós metálicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Rocco, Filipe Oliveira; Canto, Rodrigo Bresciani; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1316268411830615; Balancin, Oscar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8379205949387493; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8729026743402707
An experimental procedure for the calibration of Drucker-Prager/Cap model, using the digital image correlation technique, is presented. The elastic properties were characterized by fitting stress vs. strain curves recorded during loading and unloading cycles in a uniaxial compression test. The plastic material parameters, for yield surface, have been obtained by uniaxial and diametral compression tests. The calibration procedure was performed for three green density values. The digital image correlation technique proved to be of great value in the analysis of this results, considerably increasing the amount and quality of data obtained from mechanical tests, allowing a more complete and accurate analysis, as well as a greater understanding of the yielding mechanisms. The calibrated material model was implemented into AbaqusTM v6.14 for a finite element analysis of cold uniaxial compaction. An experimental procedure was used to validate the overall method by comparing the finite elements results to the experimental observations. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Estudo da fauna de Alysiinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, RJ, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Cerântola, Paula de Campos Muradas; Dias, Angélica Maria Penteado Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8637344058859147; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3525746920309667
The present work aims to study the fauna of Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in a Dense Ombrophilous High-Montane Forest area at National Park of Itatiaia, RJ, Brazil, contributing to the taxonomic knowledge of the group as well to investigate a possible distribution pattern of these insects, related to seasonality and along an altitudinal gradient. Samples were collected with Malaise traps (Townes model, 1962), installed at four different altitudes: 987 m, 1,763 m, 2,176 m and 2,206 m. Were collected 1,082 specimens distributed in eight described genera and three possible new genera. Dinotrema Foerster, 1862, Aspilota Foerster, 1862 and Aphaereta Foerster, 1862 were the most common genera, found at the four different elevations. Ilatha Fisher, 1982 and Chaenusa Haliday, 1839 were cited for the first time in Brazil and a new species of Tanycarpa Foerster, 1862 was described. About the seasonality, the greatest abundance was observed at the hot and rainy period; concerning the altitudinal gradient, the group showed preference by highest altitudes, but to confirm these results it is necessary to add more collection sites using different collecting methods. The results of this work showed a great abundance and diversity of Alysiinae, which points the need of more studies not only at the National Park of Itatiaia, but of the whole Atlantic Forest biome, in special at the elevations.
Estudo dos efeitos da orientação do campo magnético sobre a estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos semicondutores
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Padilha, Johnni Xavier; Castelano, Leonardo Kleber; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1397190485811267; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5951368430579948
This work is aimed to theoretically determine, based on the k p method, the energy spectrum of the minimum of conduction band and the top of valence band, in a quantum well heterostructure based on gallium arsenide, in the presence of a tilted magnetic eld. In this work, conduction and valence bands are independently treated. For the conduction band, it is employed the e ective-mass Hamiltonian when the magnetic eld is parallel, perpendicular, and tilted in relation to the con nement direction of the quantum well, de ned here as ^z. The basis that solves the orbital problem for = 0o is also employed to perpendicular ( = 90o) and tilted magnetic eld cases through two approaches: (i) expansion and diagonalization of orbital part of Hamiltonian and (ii) non-degenerate perturbation theory. The problem for = 90o is also analytically treated, through a basis composed of con uent hypergeometric functions. Results obtained by approach (i) are shown to be equivalent to those extracted from the analytical treatment, for a broad range of magnetic eld intensity and quantum well thickness. Such a result motivates the employment of the basis, determined for = 0o, to deal with tilted eld in the conduction band and with the treatment of valence band, based on the Luttinger model. The Luttinger Hamiltonian is expanded and diagonalized, in parallel and tilted magnetic eld con gurations, with respect to ^z. The energy branches as a function of the magnetic eld intensity are computed for the valence band when = 0o, = 35o, and = 70o. The two topmost states are selected, whose spin characters indicate that both predominantly have a heavy hole type with either spin-up or spin-down. From these levels, it is calculated the electron-hole pair spin splitting EZ, for quantum wells of di erent thickness and for angles 0o, 35o and 70o with respect to ^z. The connection with experimental results is performed by using the data of the Zeeman splitting obtained from a sample of multiple quantum wells made of gallium-aluminium arsenide, on which a magnetic eld is applied in = 0o and in = 70o. The calculated EZ show a reasonable agreement with the experimental data in both cases when = 0o and = 70o.
Caracterização e composição química do material particulado grosso (MP10) no centro da cidade de São Carlos (SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Alexandrina, Eduardo Carlos; Aguiar, Mônica Lopes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0431688649128529; Gonçalves, José Antônio Silveira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0337997526924402; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0836858480254904
Coarse particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10μm (PM10) have long been considered as air pollutants associated with health issues. They penetrate into the upper respiratory tract, causing respiratory problems such as worsening of asthma. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the distribution of chemical elements in the PM10 particulate matter present in the atmosphere of the city of Sao Carlos (Sao Paulo). Samples were collected daily for a period of 23h and 30 minutes, from April 16, 2014 to April 16, 2015. A high-volume sampler (AGV-PM10) with micro quartz and fiber glass filters were used. The filters were subjected to gravimetric analysis to obtain the mass of PM10 and were then analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy to identify and quantify the chemical composition of the samples. The highest average concentration during twelve-month period was 70.41μg/m³ (August, 2014) and the smallest was 22.59μg/m³ (January, 2015). The annual arithmetic average found for the twelve months period was 42.71μg/m³. If compared with annual arithmetic average limit of 40μg/m³, established by CETESB, the value is slightly above and below 50 μg/m³ (CONAMA). If we consider the limit established by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is 20μg/m³, this value is much higher than recommended. The chemicals elements found were characteristic of urban areas
Avaliação dos efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental no comportamento de camundongos expostos a um modelo de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Blanco, Marília Bazan; Souza, Azair Liane Matos do Canto de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2352004564367849; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0413210886886500
A Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may appear after experiencing a stressful situation and is characterized by avoidance of situations that remind the trauma and persistent hyperarousal, and may come associated with anxiety and cognitive disabilities. Although their treatment is usually pharmacological, non-pharmacological interventions has been shown to be effective. While nonpharmacologic strategy, an environmental enrichment (EE) results in decreased anxiety and improving memory in several animal experiments. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on anxiety like behavior and memory in mice submitted to a model of PTSD, with different re-exposure to the situational reminders (1 or 10 minutes). For this, male Swiss mice, exposed or not to environmental enrichment, were submitted to a model of PTSD, in a dark-light box (DL-box). After this aversive procedure (scrambled shock of a 0.5mA and re-exposure to situational reminders), the animals were tested in a DL-box and a modified DL-box (mDL-box), in an elevated plus maze (EPM) and to a new object recognition test. The results demonstrated that, in non-enrichment animals, aversive stimulation without situational reminders increased anxiety like behaviors and traumatic memory in DL-box, but not in the mDL-box. Aversive stimulation with situational reminder of one minute increased anxiety like behaviors and traumatic memory in DL-box, in mDL-box and in EPM, while the aversive stimulation with 10 minutes situational reminders reduced anxiety like behaviors and traumatic memory. Environmental enrichment attenuated the effects of the shock. On groups with situational reminders of one minute, environmental enrichment did not change anxiety like behaviors and memory but reverted the sensitization in the EPM, and on groups with one-minute situational reminders, resulted in increased anxiety like behaviors and traumatic memory in DL-box, as well as decrease in total entries in the dark side of mDL-box. These results suggest that re-exposure to situational reminders of one-minute increases anxiety like behaviors and induces behavioral sensitization, furthering reconsolidation of traumatic memory, while reexposure to 10 minutes situational reminders results in reduced anxiety like behaviors and extinction of traumatic memory. Further, environmental enrichment has not been able to mitigate the effects induced by re-exposure to one-minute situational reminders on traumatic memory, and favored the maintenance of traumatic memory, even when animals are re-exposed to situational reminders for 10 minutes, damaged their extinction, but reversed the effects of this procedure in behavioral sensitization. Thus, the effects of the environmental enrichment on the proposed model of PTSD are complex, and depend on the length of the situational reminders and the behaviors that are evaluated
Desenvolvimento de membranas de alumina anódica porosa com nanopartículas de prata depositadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Machado, Maria Manuela Pereira; Souza, Ernesto Chaves Pereira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1505400360366643; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8003315191142884
In this work, we present the development of porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes for ultrafiltration by the anodization of low cost 1050 aluminum (Al) foils (99.5% purity). The metallic Al and the barrier layer of alumina were removed by dissolution of a smaller area to support the membrane in the Al base. The membranes were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to measure the effective pore diameter and its thickness. Gas permeability measurements with N2 were performed to estimate the liquid flux using Darcy’s law and Forchheimer equations. For the 23 factorial design, three responses were studied: pore diameter, membrane thickness and liquid flux. We observed that the most import effects for obtaining an appropriate pore diameter were current density and electrolyte type, whereas to obtain a good liquid flux the most import factor was the interaction between the current density and electrolyte type. The second part of this work was the deposition of silver nanoparticles inside the porous of the PAA membranes. Escherichia coli, a common bacterial contamination of drinking water, was removed using these PAA membranes to obtain bacteria-free water for human consumption and a filtration retention of 100% was achieved, with or without the presence of silver nanoparticles, which adds the membranes, bactericidal effect.
Potencial fitotóxico, antifúngico e antioxidante de extratos foliares de Myrcia splendens (Sw) DC. (Myrtaceae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Pontes, Flávia Cevithereza; Gualtieri, Sonia Cristina Juliano; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9973185407856723; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6523221717025928
During its evolutionary process, plants have developed biosynthetic pathways by which they produce and accumulate a wide variety of secondary compounds that receive this name because they are not directly involved in the primary processes of plant growth and development. Many of these secondary compounds are responsible for chemical protection of plants against pathogens, herbivores, competing plants, ultraviolet radiation and other environmental stresses. The production of secondary metabolites can vary quantitatively and qualitatively between individuals of the same species, between plants of different species, between organs, between stages of plant development and are under influences of environmental factors. Studies of the biological effects of these compounds represent an important tool for the development of more specific and natural pesticides that are less harmful to the environment, as well as drugs and natural preservatives for food. Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. is a tree species found in the Brazilian cerrado and there are few published papers dealing with this species and its secondary metabolites to act as potential natural pesticides, antioxidant and antifungal. The methodology for the extraction of secondary metabolites can determine the composition of extracts and influence the activity of them. In this sense, in the first chapter of this work investigations were carried out on the phytotoxic potential of extracts of M. splendens young leaves from two different extraction methodologies. The 2C extract had the highest overall phytotoxic activity, showing promise in the search phytotoxic substances. In the second chapter, we investigate the phytotoxic potential of extracts and fractions of mature leaves of M. splendens from the two extraction methods carried out and was identified one of the secondary metabolites possibly associated with the phytotoxicity of the most active fractions. 2B fraction had the highest total inhibitory activity and so was fractionated, resulting in 14 fractions, which were also tested in wheat coleoptile. The FM8 and FM9 fractions, which had inhibitory activity and sufficient income, were subjected to HPLC for isolation of major compound. Identification by NMR spectra revealed that the major compound is miricitrin (myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside). In the last chapter, the extracts of mature leaves of M. splendens were tested for their antioxidant potential based on their ability to react with the free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazila) and antifungal potential using the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata as the target species. Most of the extracts showed a strong antioxidant activity, especially those iv! ! extracted with more polar solvents. On the other hand, only one of the extracts (2B) showed inhibitory activity on mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus tested.
Contaminantes emergentes: ocorrência e distribuição espaço-temporal no rio do Monjolinho e avaliação da remoção pela estação de tratamento de esgotos de São Carlos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-27) Campanha, Mariele Barboni; Fadini, Pedro Sérgio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3255060531838427; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9472129518023922
This work aimed to investigate the occurrence of 12 emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, hormones and triclosan) in samples of influents and effluents, as well the removal in the sewage treatment plant (STP) of São Carlos. It was also investigated the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of emerging contaminants in surface waters and sediments from the Monjolinho River, the receptor of effluents, and one of its tributaries, the Água Quente Stream (AQS), which receives the discharge of non treated sewage. Influent and effluent samples were collected weekly. Surface water and sediment samples were obtained every two and four months, respectively, in points since the source until the mouth of the Monjolinho River. The target compounds in dissolved fraction of aquous samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), while for sediments it was performed ultrassonic extrations with solvents followed by SPE. The analytical determinations were made by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer equipped with triplequadrupole analyser (LC-MS/MS). The hormone 17-α-ethynilestradiol was not detected in any sample. However, all the pharmaceuticals evaluated and triclosan were detected in influent samples. The STP with upflow anaerobic sludge blancket (UASB) and air dissolved flotation in São Carlos presented low removal for carbamazepine, diclofenac, propranolol and ibuprofen. On the other hand, triclosan presented the highest removal (91.2%). In surface waters and sediments from Monjolinho river the concentration of contaminants presented an increasing trend since the source of the river to the downstream of the STP effluent discharge and after the confluence of the AQS (which flows into the river at the same place), where it was observed the highest concentrations in the Monjolinho River. The AQS, in its turn, presented higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals and triclosan than the Monjolinho River, due to the discharge of non treated sewage. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were persistent in both STP and aquatic body. The strong correlations between this compounds and electrical conductivity (considered a conservative parameter) sugests that CMZ and DCF can be tracers of both treated and non treated sewage release in the study area. Ee conclude that the main sources of phamaceuticals and triclosan to the Monjolinho River are the discharge of non treated sewage (from the AQS) and effluent from STP, since their removal is very low. Unlike the studies involving endocrine disruptors, the effects of other classes of emerging contaminants have been yet little explained in literature. Therefore, more surveys on the occurrence of these compounds combined with ecotoxicological studies must be conducted to make clear the magnitude of the impact that these substances can cause in the environment. Based on this information, adjustments in the effluent treatment may be investigated in the future, if there is interest in effectively removing this compounds in STP.