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Frege e as Leis da Aritmética: do ideal de fundamentação ao paradoxo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-07-08) Coury, Aline Germano Fonseca; Vilela, Denise Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8155152145332951; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4688805153426529
Since the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, some scholars such as Frege, Russell, Dedekind, Wittgenstein, among others, started to seek the foundations of the mathematics. Specifically, Frege developed studies in order to build the arithmetic foundation based on classical logic, i. e., using logic, he intended to build a system capable of formalizing mathematical definitions and proof methods. These works resulted in the publication of The Foundations of the Arithmetic in 1884 and subsequently in 1893 and 1902, The Basic Laws of Arithmetic. However, Frege’s attempt to reduce arithmetic to logic was inadequate due to a paradox discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1902. The aim of this research was to reconstruct mathematically and logically the Russell paradox in its original formulation in the Frege’s The Basic Laws of Arithmetic. This study had as primary bibliography Frege’s works and as secondary bibliography, works of his commentators, as well as the correspondence between Frege and Russell. This research provides a logical, philosophical and mathematical formation for the educator who is in contact with this event that covers both the areas that is disciplinary today. It is a fertile moment in the history of philosophy of mathematics and logic, configured as a watershed for mathematical theories since it enabled Gödel's incompleteness theorems and non-classical logics to be formulated, and also has repercussions in contemporary philosophy and which is of unquestionable value for the teacher formation.
Formação e mineralização de substâncias húmicas desde a decomposição de macrófitas aquáticas em reservatórios tropicais com diferentes graus de trofia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-07-08) Souza, Brayan Pétrick de; Bianchini Júnior, Irineu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0659731944736389; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9604874066821120
The decomposition of aquatic macrophytes is important for understanding the cycling of elements and organic matter in aquatic ecosystems. The decomposition rate is driven by biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of trophic status and detritus quality on the humification and mineralization of aquatic plants. The study was conducted in two tropical reservoirs (RJ/Brazil) with different trophic statuse (Lajes Reservoir: oligo-mesotrophic; Vigário Reservoir: eutrophic). In each reservoir were incubated (litter bags), during the dry season, five species of aquatic plants (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms., Pistia stratiotes (L.), Sagittaria montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze, Salvinia auriculata (Aubl.) and Urochloa arrecta (Hack. & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga). The remaining fractions were used for the extraction of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), which were quantified on carbon basis (controlled combustion and infrared detection). FA and HA variations were adjusted to a 1st order kinetic model. Regardless of the kind of macrophyte and trophic status, the particulate detritus showed a reactive fraction (RPOC) related to the formation of humic substances (HS) and a fraction not involved with such formations, the humin (HU); FA predominated as the main constituent of HS and their mineralization rate constants were higher than those of HA, indicating greater contribution and rapid cycling of FA. HA represented the maintenance of carbon pool. The fraction HU indicated that, depending on the detritus quality, carbon is immobilized carbon (e.g. S. auriculata) and is not readily available to cycling in aquatic environments. The trophic status along with the quality of detritus influenced the mineralization rates, especially for floating species (P. stratiotes, E. crassipes and S. auriculata) and amphibious (U. arrecta); the effects were lower in decomposition of S. montevidensis. The eutrophic environment (Vigario Reservoir) improved the mineralization over humification.
Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do Kidney Disease Loss Scale para o contexto brasileiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-07-08) Ottaviani, Ana Carolina; Orlandi, Fabiana de Souza; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7395879552721664; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6355920916125637
Losses can be conceptualized as cognitive and affective responses to individual sorrows, characterized by brooding, yearning, disbelief and stunned feelings, being clinically significant in chronic diseases. This study aimed to translate, adapt and validate the Kidney Disease Loss Scale for the Brazilian context. This is a methodological study in which they followed the steps recommended in the literature for healthcare instruments which are: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, review by a especilistas committee, pre-testing and evaluation of psychometric properties instrument. All ethical guidelines were followed. The previous steps were performed in the pre-test losses Scale related to kidney disease was an instrument easy to understand and apply. Regarding the evaluation stage of the psychometric properties of the scale of losses relating to kidney disease, verifcou to reliability and reproducibility through Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation index, respectively, which showed satisfactory values. Furthermore, it was verified concurrent and convergent validity through the Pearson correlation coefficient, which indicated a positive correlation between the loss and the levels of anxiety and depression and negative correlation between losses and domains of quality of life, with statistical significance using. The discriminant validity was analyzed by comparing the average loss between the groups with and without depression symptoms, with and without anxiety and with better quality or lower quality of life, which in the vast majority were statistically significant. Also held factorial analysis, which indicated the solution of a factor, being satisfactory for this set of items. This solution produced a factor with eigenvalue 3.58 and explained 59.7% of the total variance. Based on the proposed objectives and results, it is concluded that the loss has been translated, adapted and validated for the Brazilian context, allowing future studies of losses and providing tools for the professionals working in dialysis centers for assistance to people with chronic kidney disease dialysis.
Valores de referencia de elementos inorgânicos potencialmente tóxicos em solos do Estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-07-08) Consonni, João Luiz; Soares, Marcio Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6337462438517339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7841071063418239
The use of guiding values has been the practice in countries with tradition in monitoring the quality of natural resources. The first step of a pollution monitoring program is to establish the natural concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in uncontaminated soil to the development of background values. Mean values of total PTE concentration in worldwide are very heterogeneous and resulting from different soils, extraction methods and techniques of analytical determination. The background values recommended by CETESB were obtained from samples of 13 soils, submitted to USEPA SW 846 3050 protocol, whose PTE contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The objective of this work was to contribute to the improvement of background values of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Zn in tropical soils, using topsoil samples (0-20 cm) of 30 representative soils of State of São Paulo, Brazil, collected in areas without human disturbance. The soil samples were submitted to the USEPA SW 846 3051, 3051 A and 3052 protocols, with microwaveassisted acid digestion. Natural contents of PTEs were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Extraction protocols were evaluated using the certified soil sample NIST SRM 2709 San Joaquin. Arithmetic means were adopted to describe the central tendency and the variation of results from the different acid digestions and to set the background values into 75 and 90 percentiles. Regardless the extraction method, the average contents of EPT were in the following range of variation (mg kg-1): Al - 27118-42865; Ba - 78-101; Fe - 6318- 35888; Cd - ND - 2.2; Co - 18 to 37; Cr - 39-59; Cu - 43-61; Mn - 176-623; Ni - ND - 61; V - 111-193 and Zn - 63 to 68. The contents of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, V and Zn correlated with clay, amorphous (Feox) and crystalline (FeDCB) iron oxides contents. The method 3052 resulted in PTEs recovery levels within the limits considered acceptable for certified sample. Within recommended methods by CONAMA Resolution n.420 / 2009, the 3051 A was the best correlated with the method 3052 and was considered the protocol with high potential to improve soil background values. The new soil background values were (mg kg-1): a) percentile 75: Al - 66,700; BA - 68; CD - 1.53; Co - 16; Cr - 47; Cu - 20; Fe - 24,830; Mn - 333; Ni - 57; V - 66; Zn - 61; percentile 90: Al - 99 820; Ba - 113; CD - 1.78; Co - 30; Cr - 62; Cu - 32; Fe - 39 280; Mn - 480; Ni - 113; V - 119; Zn - 65. Since new background values differed from those currently practiced by CETESB, the use of ICP OES to determine natural PTE levels extracted by USEPA 3051 A, from a larger and more representative set of soils, supported the improvement of background values and may contribute to the improvement of the environmental risk assessment estimates for edaphoclimatical conditions of the State of São Paulo.