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Sequência didática: uma alternativa para o ensino de acústica para o ensino médio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Mazeti, Lucas Jesus Bettiol; Brandl, Ana Lúcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3308757619164141; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6208800173888434
The present work consists of a teaching learning sequence in the theme of Acoustics, built under the theory of significant learning of David Ausubel, to assist teachers in the teaching of Physics on this topic. The proposal was implemented in a high school class of Colégio Integrado Monteiro Lobato school in the city of Itu, in the interior of São Paulo. The analysis of the data was qualitative and tried to identify if there was significant learning on the part of the students about the content of the Acoustics, so that a significantly appropriation of the concepts of acoustics was observed at the end of the work. It is believed that this material is very flexible, facilitating the application of the classroom and adapting to the reality of the teacher, since it is assembled in modules, propitiating the use in a wide variety of environments.
Imersões de variedades de Dold e de Wall em espaços euclidianos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Moraes, Renato Monteiro de; Pergher, Pedro Luiz Queiroz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3328545959112090; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6491436523621062
Trabalho agrícola na colheita do dendê : a contribuição da ergonomia na avaliação das condições de trabalho em uma empresa de médio porte no nordeste do estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Robert, Leila de Fátima Oliveira de Jesus; Camarotto, João Alberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1427853773681255; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1415151275600763
The main aim of this research is to understand how the operators deal with the variability of agricultural work in palm oil harvesting, the inherent strategies to the conditions of production and how they organize in the face of the specificities of this work, in a medium sized company in the State of Pará. To this, an adaptation had to be made in the method of ergonomic analysis of the work. The analysis contemplated the set of activities that integrate the harvest: cleaning, pruning, transportation and collection of loose fruit. Both in the look of the system as a whole and in the analysis of one by one. It was found that the distribution of the tasks is done in a fragmented way, in which each operator that was assigned to that task performs only that task. However, changes in management models are insufficient to indicate that agricultural work is influenced by Taylor/Ford models. The agricultural work of palm harvest involves a relationship in which, in part, the operator manages his own activity. So, the research suggests a management model based on the organizational specificities analyzed. It was observed the presence of little integration in the execution of the activities, of little community, although there is a good relationship between the operators. This fact is due to the tasks being organized by teams, within the parcels, under the command of a person in charge, it was verified a distribution in pairs or individual operator by planting lines, which results in monotony, reinforced by the fact of the team to work with plant of specific height. It was found that the agricultural work of the palm harvest tends to have much variability, for example, those classified as normal and predictable, such as encountering venomous animals and/or leaf thorn. We highlight problems with the use and handling of tools, which contribute to increase the efforts at work - the "handle" and the weight - require significant strategies associated with their adaptation, such as: tying alloys and filling with sand in the inner part of the aluminum cable. All these factors point to the understanding that the research extended the understanding of the "palm harvest" work and that, from this knowledge, the proposed actions generate other scientific research with intervention in the field that can bring improvements in the working conditions of these operators.
A questão agrária na agenda governamental de FHC e Lula : uma análise à luz dos estudos de formação de agenda
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Carvalho, Flávia Sanches de; Capella, Ana Cláudia Niedhardt; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5810332148425938; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4796211572842235
This research has as general objective to analyze the trajectory and the movement of the agrarian question in the governmental agenda, from 1995 to 2006, based on the application of instruments that show the change in the priorities of this policy, specifically observing the Presidential Discourses, Decrees, Provisional Measures and Messages forwarded by the President of the Republic to the National Congress, based on a multidisciplinary view of public policies, notably the formation studies in the agenda-setting. The analysis used here, therefore, focuses on the process of changes in public policies focused on the governments FHC I and II and Lula I. So, that the objectives are achieved, this dissertation is based on the model of punctuated equilibrium (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) Baumgartner and Jones (1993) which seeks, through temporal mapping of care indicators, analyze the rise and the changes of an issue on the government agenda over time. From the above model, will seek to clarify, explain and discuss the movement of land reform policies over twelve years of administrations. Thus, is expected to contribute to the studies in the field of public policies on the agenda of training in Brazil.
Abordagens de otimização para o problema de alocação dinâmica de veículos no contexto de transporte rodoviário de carga no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Cruz, Cesar Dario Alvarez; Morabito Neto, Reinaldo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4194801952934254; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4498316314606067
This work aims at treating the Dynamic Vehicle Allocation Problem (DVAP) in the context of the Brazilian Freight Transportation system. The problem consists of allocating empty vehicles to different terminals so as to attend the demand of freight transport during a predetermined planning horizon while maximizing the profit from these services. These type of decisions arise in customized freight transport services and in between-terminals operations of consolidation freight services. Given the size of the resulting models of real life problems confronted by third party logistics operators are large for using exact solution methods, heuristic methods have been used for giving good quality solution at the expense of optimality guarantee. In this context, the objective of this work is to contribute with solution methods that provide optimality guarantee or quality solution certificates for treating large-scale problems in reasonable computational times. The methods utilized are lagrangean relaxation, using subgradient optimization, and DantzigWolfe decomposition together with a lagrangian heuristic and factibilization method, respectively. Computational experiments are presented and analyzed for randomly generated instances and real-world instances from a brasilian freight operator. The latter method shows great potential for treating large-scale problems.
A diversidade de insetos madícolos em montanhas de mata atlântica : uma abordagem ecológica e taxonômica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Shimabukuro, Erika Mayumi; Strixino, Susana Trivinho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1804083229761186; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2984229588673612
Ecologists all over the world have long been interested in studying mountains. Many factors explain the importance of mountain ecosystems as models to test patterns of spatial variation of biological communities: 1. Along altitudinal gradients significant climate changes can be observed in a relatively short spatial scale; 2. Comparing to oher spatial gradients, e.g. latitude, experiments developed in mountains are easily replicable; 3. The isolation and proximity from other mountains, as well as the noticeable climatic and geologic events that they experience, ensure the high biogeographical value of mountains; 4. Mountains guarantee ideal conditions for the establishment of a remarkable biodiversity, facilitating speciation process and the survivor of rare and endemic species. Regarding these factors, the main objective of this study was to assess patterns of richness and dissimilarity variations along altitudinal gradients at Atlantic Forest from Southeast Brazil. The madicolous (hygropetric) insect community and three mountains located at Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira – compounding a gradient from 0 m to 2700 m a.s.l. 0 were the study object of this work. At the first part of the thesis (ecologic approach), important hypotheses of richness and dissimilarity’ variations along altitudinal gradients have been tested: 1 Rapoport’s effect; 2. Spatial effect; 3. Environmental control; 4. “Mountain Passes are Higher in the Tropics”; 5. Source-sink dynamics. As madicolous habitats shelter a peculiar fauna of insects, and poorly addressed in literature, in the second part of the thesis (taxonomic approach), a checklist of all madicolous Chironomidae recorded here is presented. In addition, new species belonging to three Chironomidae genera are described and new records were evidenced. Madicolous insects are extremely diverse, and most of the taxa that compound it are the same found in insect community from streams. A significant variation of richness and dissimilarity have been observed along the gradients analyzed, and further, this variables showed deeply related to the gradients’ altitude. Regarding the madicolous Chironomidae community, many species unknown to science have been verified, many of them with restricted altitudinal distribution. In addition, many known species have been recorded for the first time in this peculiar habitat. These results confirm the importance and the need of conservation and monitoring of mountain ecosystems, especially at tropical region, where climatic impacts and anthropic pressure tend to be harsher.
Impressão 3D de compósitos de fosfatos de cálcio com poli (ácido lático) para aplicações biomédicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Napolitano, Marcos Aurélio; Mancini, Marília Wellichan; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8831577546033673; Oliveira, Cauê Ribeiro de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5321313558714462; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8264121302624502
The present work was carried out to analyze the viability of the 3D printing technique for the production of ceramic/polymer composites with bioabsorbable characteristics and both physical-chemical and mechanical properties suitable for the production of implants with a better osseointegration potential and less invasiveness. PLA/calcium phosphate composites in different amounts of organic fillers were obtained for better understanding the application limits of the 3D printing technique through composite filament fusion. Two different routes synthesized calcium phosphate: polymer precursors and acid method. For the composites, mixtures of 10, 30 and 50% by weight of the ceramic were tested, the polylactic acid polymer (PLA) was used, and the dispersion of this hydroxyapatite (HA) was compared with the presence of a compatibilizer, maleic anhydride acid (AM). Characterization analysis, such as Infrared (FT-IV) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and EDS dispersive energy spectroscopy) were used for ceramics as well as for the PLA polymer, and mechanical strength parameters analysis such as tensile, compression, shear and torsion, were also carried out in order to obtain mechanical characteristics of the obtained and studied composites. At the end of the synthesis of the ceramics, two types of calcium phosphate ceramics were obtained, and the one chosen was the one obtained through the wet process, hydroxyapatite (HA), due to its better crystallinity and purity. For mixing the ceramic and polymer, the chloroform solvent was used, due to the excellent polymer solubility and it was easily removed from the composite by evaporation. At the end of 3D printing of all composites, mechanical strength tests were performed in order to compare them with human bone data found in the literature. Preliminary testing with rats was also carried out. In conclusion, the most appropriate route of synthesis of the ceramic was found to be the wet method; The method of compatibilizing the ceramic into the polymer via dissolution with the chloroform solvent is efficient and safe. The impressions of the test specimens for mechanical tests via 3D printing are better performed with the aid of the AM, the obtained data from mechanical resistance meet the need of larger pieces for use of the composite in the medical and dentistry, and that the composite is biocompatible.
Caracterização do efeito da rugosidade em filmes finos de TiNb sobre o aço 316L para aplicação na biomedicina
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Sato, Patrícia Suemi; Nascente, Pedro Augusto de Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1387043320265189; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3981512066887381
With the increase in life expectancy, there has been a raise in the use of prostheses due to the need to replace parts of the human body. To avoid tissue rejection, metal alloys from implants should be biocompatible. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used in prostheses, however, aluminum presents tissue irritation and inflammation issues and vanadium oxide is unstable, with a high probability of being cytotoxic. Thus, the search for new alternatives has reached the Ti-β alloys, whose properties are more similar to those of the human bone and its structure can present stable or metastable phases according to the quantity of the alloying elements. Unfortunately, Ti prosthesis have a high price compared to the 316L and 316L stainless steel ones, as the later do not have the biocompatibility characteristics of Ti. It seems an interesting research topic about how to use a Ti alloy coating in stainless steel for biomedical application. To be able to deposit the metal alloy, magnetron sputtering is a good choice, since this technique is largely used to obtain thin films due to the quality of the formed films, their high deposition rate, low pressure work and less intense electron bombardment of the substrate. Consequently, it has been used in the manufacture of thin films of Ti and its alloys for biomedical applications. There is no notice of another research group working in this theme. In this project, the objective is to study the influence of the surface change on the deposition of the thin films and if there is difference in the composition when performing chemical cleaning before spraying.
Análise dos critérios para implantação de centros de distribuição urbana em cidades históricas brasileiras: o caso de Outro Preto
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Carvalho, Nayara Louise Alves de; Vieira, José Geraldo Vidal; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2068340476477363; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1527754043308188
The streets historic cities are designed to support only the traffic of animal-dragged vehicles and few pedestrians. However, the heavy flow of vehicles in these cities leads to negative impacts for city logistics and for the preservation of its built heritage. These impacts are more perceived in the historical center, which is the oldest place in the cities, usually characterized by narrow streets, winding trails and, in some cases, sloping terrain, in addition to being the place where there is a predominance of commercial and administrative activities. A possible solution to minimize these impacts, particularly those related to freight transport, is the implementation of an Urban Distribution Center (UDC). However, prior to the effective implementation of a UCD, it is necessary to do a study about the conditions that may favor its use and to understand the views of stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in this process. The main objective of the study is to analyse the relevant criteria to be considered in the implementation of a CDU to supply the Brazilian historical cities, taking the example of the historic center of Ouro Preto, which is considered a reference to the other historical cities. For this, based on the perception of sustainability (economic, social and environmental), technical and historical criteria reported in the literature, is done a survey with retailers, carriers, residents, and municipal guards of Ouro Preto. Five semi-structured interviews are also carried out: three with public authorities related to freight traffic in the city, one with a manager of the commercial association and another with the head of the office of Iphan, a Federal autarchy that aims to ensure the preservation of the historical heritage of Ouro Preto. To find the relevant criteria, a descriptive analysis and a factor analysis is applied. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of interviews, and the literature review will be used to correlate the results. It is concluded that residents and municipal guards have similar point of views while retailers and carriers diverge opinions among themselves and among the other agents. The carriers have also shown against the existence of the negative impacts of transport. The variables that presented at least 75% of agreement among all the agents were: increase of the level of service; local prosperity; total investments and costs; use of technologies and vehicle size. The factors found for retailers and residents showed little correlation, reinforcing the different points of view of these agents. However, it should be noted that the most striking factor for both agents was related to the concern for the preservation of historical patrimony, by representing 14.31% of the variance in the set of all variables of the retailers and 21.12% of the common variables of the retailers; in the case of residents, this factor explained 23,38% of the all variance.
Estudo da origem e transferência de metais e metalóides em áreas de manguezal, por meio de análises isotópicas na cadeia trófica e efeitos bioquímicos e morfológicos em Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Souza, Iara da Costa; Monferrán, Magdalena; Fernandes, Marisa Narciso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3021357484136942; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5391583114634391
Estuaries and coastal zones are affected by different types of anthropogenic influences derived from harbour activities, industrial and agriculture discharge. Two mangrove areas in two estuarine ecosystems: Bay of Vitória and Santa Cruz in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, with different levels of contamination by metals were evaluated to identify the origin and transfer of the metals and metalloids, through the trophic chain to a top-chain organism (the fish, Centropomus parallelus). The concentrations of metals and metalloids were analyzed in the abiotic matrix (sediment, interstitial water, surface water and bottom water) and biotic (samples of plankton and shrimp) to determine the biomagnification of these pollutants along the trophic chain and their origin was determined using isotopic correlations (carbon, nitrogen and lead). At the same time, metal and metalloid concentrations in gills, muscles, liver and kidney of C. parallelus, as well as biochemical biomarkers of exposure and effect in these organs were evaluated. Ultrastructural analyzes were performed on gills, muscles, liver, gonad and kidney of C. parallelus to evaluate metals internalization and subcellular localization. Linear regression was performed for metal accumulated data for all food web to evaluate biomagnification, biodilution or non-interference of the trophic chain in the accumulation of the different metals evaluated. Stable isotope results are interpreted using a new algorithm (K-means; machine learning) to integrate data from the origin and transfer trough the food web; Multivariate statistical analysis were performed to integrate physical, chemical and biological data for C. parallelus tissues. Results of δ13C and δ15N confirmed plankton and trees as the base of the food web; indicated the crab, shrimp and oyster as intermediate levels, and the fish, C. parallelus, was confirmed as the top of the food web. δ15N also indicated different anthropic impacts in the estuaries, with Bay of Victory being impacted by fertilizers. The 87Sr / 86So isotopic ratio showed a highlight influence of marine water on the ecosystems. The lead fingerprint suggests that the atmospheric particulate material is the source of metal contamination in the ecosystems, being strongly influenced by metallurgical activities. The plant-crab-fish trophic chain presented higher biomagnification potential, while biodilution was more observed in the plankton-shrimp-fish and plankton-oyster trophic chains. Ultrastructural analysis of the abiotic and tissues samples of C. parallelus showed the internalization of metallic nanoparticles in cellular structures (vesicles; nucleus) of all organs analyzed. Nanocrystallographic analyzes shown that metallic nanoparticles found were compatible with those found in atmospheric particulate matter. Biomarkers data corroborate as ultrastructural analyzes, suggesting that metal accumulated cannot be all available. Responses and/or absence of them in a given organ show specific sensitivity of organs and tissues to the accumulation of metals. Metal levels in the gills indicate water contamination and decreased organ sensitivity in most metals; muscle was the least reactive tissue. Biochemical responses suggested that the route of metal elimination is through the gills and kidney. Hepatopancreas and kidneys are important organs of detoxification, being C. Parallelus able to support as environmental conditions, however, imposed with energy expenditure that can influence a growth rate and reproduction processes of this species.
A construção social do meia sola : trabalho, pobreza e o Programa Bolsa Família na zona da mata canavieira de Alagoas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Santos, Charles dos; Scopinho, Rosemeire Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4770451465556845; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4736477447714245
The research in question was conducted in the Zona da Mata Canavieira of Alagoas, Brazil, a region that is characterized by the expressive presence of sugarcane agribusiness and poverty, which is manifested in critical indicators of human and social development. The study is an analysis of the living conditions of sugarcane workers in two cities located in this territory – Branquinha and União dos Palmares – as well as of the means accessed by these men and women and their relatives to ensure family survival. The study, which is eminently qualitative, was carried out based on the bibliographical research and the accomplishment of open and semi-structured interviews with men and women of the cities mentioned above that were at the intersection of the experience as workers in sugarcane sector and the experience as beneficiaries of Bolsa Família Program. The theoretical approach that guided the research is that which deals with the precariat, this fraction of class that according to the Brazilian sociologist Ruy Braga lives squeezed between the threat of socioeconomic exclusion and the increase of the exploitation of its workforce by economic sectors; and is also, according to the British economist Guy Standing, the social segment that most suffers from the insecurity about the rights. The study showed that sugarcane workers in Branquinha and União dos Palmares oscillated between formal work and informal work, but both of which were carried out in precarious conditions. The first is related to those activities that despite be registered are extremely painful and hurtful to the physical and mental health of the worker. Some examples are sugarcane cutting, herbicide application in cane fields, and cane scrolling on slopes. The second refers to the activities done without any social protection and which are equally heavy and painful. The exploration of sand in rivers and the work in quarries are some cases. It was also seen that even the workers who were beneficiaries of a monetary transfer program such as Bolsa Família continued to accomplish precarious works and were paid well below their basic consumption needs. This leads one to believe that the program puts away the workers from the risks of complete socioeconomic exclusion, but does not give them the conditions to get rid of the need to accomplish dirty, heavy, seasonal and poorly paid jobs, such as those in the cane field. The meia sola of the title, therefore, refers to these workers, since in the region where the empirical immersion has taken place the expression has to do with precariousness, indefinition and incompleteness. The meia sola is the precarious worker of the socio-geographic space known as the Zona da Mata Canavieira of Alagoas, that is a region with huge sugar cane fields and big sugar cane mills.
Reguladores do metabolismo bacteriano em reservatórios tropicais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-10) Silva, Roberta Mafra Freitas da; Sarmento, Hugo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4515469289999439; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8913921009282499
Reservoirs located in tropical regions are main carbon (C) sources to the atmosphere, and bacterial metabolism is a key process that regulates those emissions. However, studies on the environmental drivers of bacterial metabolism in tropical reservoirs are scarce. By measuring metabolic rates and the limnological parameters in four cascading reservoirs that form a trophic state gradient, we determined the environmental drivers of bacterial metabolism in a tropical region, and compared them with those found in the literature (mainly from temperate regions). Our multiple regression models selected variables related to the trophic state as the main drivers of bacterial production (BP) and bacterial growth efficiency (BGE). On the other hand, bacterial respiration (BR), and consequently bacterial carbon demand (BCD), were weakly and negatively correlated to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), contrasting with the literature data. BR was always high, especially in less productive reservoirs where planktonic communities were limited by phosphorus. Nutrient limitation, high temperatures and high incident light intensity increased the environmental hostility, and cells must invest more energy in maintenance mechanisms, which directs the metabolism towards BR. This was observed in the reservoirs studied, especially in the more oligotrophic environments (Nova Avanhandava and Três Irmãos) where BR was higher and ECB lower. Our results indicate that the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial metabolism may vary according to latitude.