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Sobre o conceito de comportamento em Skinner e em Merleau-Ponty
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Pompermaier, Henrique Mesquita; Lopes, Carlos Eduardo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5359023378391776; Pessotti, Isaias; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2793069740146109; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4203276503069124
Although it is the basis for propositions of a "science of behavior," B. F. Skinner’s work is marked by different indications regarding the concept of behavior, not always convergent and concise. Such plurality ends up leading to a framework of interpretations and philosophical commitments not only distinct but often incompatibles, which seems to reflect difficulties for researchers and practitioners in dealing with this notion, as central as unclear. Dealing with the construction of interpretations about different concepts and notions in radical behaviorism, researchers have established articulations and confrontations between Skinner's work and other authors of distinct traditions and areas. Among these studies, there are indications of the potentiality of the debate between analytic-behavioral approach and European existential phenomenology perspective, as developed in M. Merleau-Ponty’s work. Like Skinner’s understanding, the French philosopher presents strong criticisms of the idealism and dualism established by physicalist and mentalistic proposals, also indicating behavior as object of study to the psychological discipline. Based on the study and systematization of the concept of behavior in the initial works of Merleau-Ponty, we highlight problematic aspects present in the formulations of the notion of behavior developed by the so-called "laboratory psychologies", as well as some positive characteristics that an alternative proposal should present. Taking the Skinnerian text properly, we find that the possibility of dialogue between Skinner's behaviorism and Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology is directly related to the philosophical principles that underlie the understanding of behavior in the different moments of Skinner's work. In this direction, we point out that the radical behaviorist proposal does not advance in relation to classical behaviorism, on the possibility of taking the behavior as a phenomenon in its own right, by developing its comprehension in a reflex structure, committed to mechanism, atomism and causal thought. Alternatively, understood in an operant structure based on selectionistic principles, behavior itself can sustain a proper field of study, as proposed by Merleau-Ponty through the notion of form. Considering these distinctions, and seeking to maintain consistency with a selectionist approach, we propose the incorporation of ambiguity and indetermination as constitutive aspects of behavioral phenomenon, by its comprehensions in terms of three interrelated meanings: occurrence, state and process. We find implicated on this approach a relational and imanetist ontology, in which behavior, as the primordial entity of the system, is understood as the relation between organism and environment, a configuration that is irreducible to the functioning of any one of its parts, but which establishes their existence at the same time as it is accomplished by the articulation of these elements.
Comunidade de morcegos e análise de grãos de pólen em pelagem de Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) no Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga – PEFI, São Paulo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Rossi, Helen Regina da Silva; Rocha, Vlamir José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8044368595391973; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0453746280596397
Given the situation of habitat loss and natural landscape disturbance, bats represent a good source of information for studies on diversity, interaction and responses to environmental changes. In addition, they perform essential mutualistic relationships for the maintenance of plant species, such as the pollination. However, little is known about the pollen diversity present on the fur of phytophagous bats. Thus, this study aimed to compare the bat assemblage in two sites with different conservation degrees within the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park (PEFI), and also record the pollen types found on the fur of Phyllostomidae bats from the same area. Six mist nets were used to capture the bats, which were monthly set up for four consecutive nights with duration of four hours of sampling, between October 2015 and September 2016 at the PEFI, located in the municipality of São Paulo. The pollen grains present on the fur of Phyllostomidae bats were removed using brush and distilled water. A total of 531 bats were captured (discounting 61 recaptures) belonging to 10 species and three families, in which Phyllostomidae was the most representative. The Botanical Institute accounted for 347 captures (discounting 42 recaptures) of nine species, and at the FPZSP site, 184 individuals were captured (discounting 19 recaptures) belonging to ten species. In both sites the most abundant, dominant and constant species were Artibeus lituratus, Stunira lilium e Artibeus fimbriatus, and the sites were very similar regarding to species composition. On the fur of the five bat species studied, 72 pollen types were recorded, in which the most frequent were Alchornea (9,3%, n=20), Eucalyptus (5,6%, n=12) and Euterpe (4,6%, n=10). The bat species that presented the higher pollen diversity on their bodies were Artibeus lituratus, Stunira lilium and Artibeus fimbriatus. In general, although the study showed that the sites are very similar regarding to species composition, the Botanical Institute site presented a higher abundance, probably because it offers more resources. The abundance and dominance of few species indicates a strong environmental imbalance at the sites, which is directly related to the densely urbanized matrix that surrounds the PEFI and its intense edge effects. The results about the pollen analysis revealed that the frugivorous species presented great pollen diversity on their bodies, and the most pollen types recorded on bat species at PEFI do not have yet, in literature, reports of interactions between these animals and plant species. Thus, it indicates a demand in research that better investigates what kinds of interactions and relationships might be occurring between these bats and these plant species.
Problemas de contagem no ensino fundamental : uma experiência com tarefas exploratório-investigativas e registros de representação semiótica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Lara, Wanderson Mendes de; Noel Filho, Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5234064498436000; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6898603390655783
This research was started because of concerns regarding the teaching and learning of Counting Problems in Elementary School. With the intent of contributing to the construction of basic Combinatorial concepts, we elaborated exploratory-investigative tasks and we tried through these tasks, to analyze the answers that were made by students of an 8th grade of Elementary School, in order to answer the following investigative question: what learning occurs with the mobilization of registers of semiotic representation theory to do counting in a scenario of exploratory- investigative tasks in an 8th grade of Elementary School? The theoretical and methodological reference is constituted by the registers of semiotic representation theory propounded by Duval; by the theory of Mathematical Investigations, Ponte et al. Besides that the research also had the collaboration of Pessoa and Borba. We present a brief historical retrospective on the subject, besides a previous analysis of other works in the area and official documents aimed at teaching and learning of Mathematics subject regarding to contents of Counting Problems in Elementary School. The research was developed with a group of 25 students of the 8th grade Elementary School in a public school in São Paulo state, in the year 2016. The data collection was done through field notes (logbook), and from the records written by the students during the development of the sequence of tasks. Through this investigation, we could verify that the study of Counting Problems through exploratory-investigative tasks allows the articulation of different registers of semiotic representation, leading to a better understanding of this topic.
A formação do professor protagonista no Programa Ensino Integral do estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Pessente, Adriana Maria D'Arezzo; Gama, Renata Prenstteter; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4153572041829838; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9931053408857473
This research’ objective is to understand the concept of protagonist teacher in the Programa Ensino Integral (PEI) in the State of São Paulo and verifying what formative processes were offered to these teachers in order to constitute them as protagonists. The research intends to answer the following question: How is constitued a protagonist teacher in the Programa Ensino Integral, in order to initiate the implementation of a new educational model? The research participants are teachers working at E.E. Cora Coralina (fictitious name), a state school that joined the Programa Ensino Integral in 2014. The research’ corpus of analysis and interpretation was constituted from mixed questionnaires and semi-structured interview done with the educators working on the program. The research is qualitative and interpretive. It’s build by data triangulation, crossing the information collected from the program's teachers, the Guidelines for the Programa de Ensino Integral do Estado de São Paulo, the literature concerning to the implementation of new educational programs and the oficial documents about the improving processes offered to educators. The results show that the protagonista teacher improving processes offered to the teachers of the program until now wasn’t enought for the program’s requirements. According to the research’ participants, there were no teachers’ improvment offered specifically focused on the protagonism of teachers or related to concepts like leadership and educational autonomy.
Detecção de Leifsonia xyli subsp xyli em mudas-pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Oliveira, Danielle de; Urashima, Alfredo Seiiti; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1289170266294665; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7025690207258021
The first great change in recent years of the Brazilian sugarcane industry occurred when mechanical harvest replaced the manual cuttings of burned canes. The second transformation has started with mechanization of planting materials thanks to new methodologies such as pre-sprouted cane (MPB in Portuguese). To ensure the success of this innovation, however, is paramount the use of clean seed cane, especially against ratoon stunting disease, caused by the fastidious bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx). This disease is considered the most important and the only means of transmission to new area is the use of contaminated propagative materials. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to develop a routine diagnostic test for early detection of Lxx in MPB seedlings. In the first assay, four previously published pair of primers, Cxx ITSf#5/Cxx ITSr#5, Cxx1/Cxx2, C2F/C2R, LX23SF/LX23SR, was challenged under the conditions described, as well as, our own modifications against adult diseased sugarcane with various concentrations of Lxx. In the second assay, two of the best primers/conditions were tested against MPB seedlings of 45 and 60 days of age derived from Lxx-contaminated materials. Our result showed primers Cxx ITSf#5/Cxx ITSr#5 run under our modifications was the recommended since Lxx was detected in all 52 MPB seedlings of 45 days resulted from propagative materials contaminated with 109 up to 106 UFC/mL.
Processos educativos envolvidos na construção da ASSOLIMA enquanto comunidade política em Poços de Caldas - MG
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Jacinto, Silvana Maria; Oliveira, Maria Waldenez de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3404769527869004; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3569773465207428
This study has the objective of understanding the educational processes that contribute to the formation of the Community Association Souza Lima (ASSOLIMA) while a political community in social coexistence terms. The issues of the present study take as a theory reference the Popular Education and Educational Philosophy of Enrique Dussel, whose concept of political community is being used. The mothodology presents ASSOLIMA foundation, characteristics, practices, and covers reflections on Dusselian terms. It also describes the educational processes that emerge from the coexistence of the group members which helped to the formation of the political community. It was used a qualitative approach and four research instruments: participant observation, field diary, semi-structured interviews, and oral memory. It was observed that the beginning of the Association happened when residents got together seeking for political ways to solve problems in common and that the innovative nature of this space was the record in public political programs regarding family agriculture. In the inter-subjective relationships among the Association members, it was noted that the practice of working together made the farmers stablish a political project. We should consider that ASSOLIMA started in accordance to Dussel concepts of institution and political community, a it started as a response to the demands of an área that searched for ways to organize a political will, resulting in a politicl community that has leadership as an obeying power, collective meetings and decisions, with common goals from living from agriculture to the commitment of reporting data and figures to the community. It is hoped that this research is able to contribute to educational studies regarding reflections about educational processes to develop coexistence social practices in rural communities. This study is also expected to cooperate with social movements, forums, institutions like Associations and rural or urban Cooperatives which intend to use educational processes that privilege social coexistence to solve problems in various situations, as a political community.
Modelos de sobrevivência para estimação do período de latência do câncer
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Bettim, Bárbara Beltrame; Louzada Neto, Francisco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0994050156415890; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7478182047754866
Cancer is responsible for about 13% of all deaths in the world occuring mainly in people who are late diagnosed and in advanced stages. Due to its devastating characteristics and the growing prevalence of the disease, it is unquestionable the need of constant investigation and research in this area, in order to improve the early detection and to help in its prevention and treatment. Among the existing approaches, one alternative is the creation of techniques to estimate the "silent" growth period of cancer, which means to know the beginning moment of the carcinogen period, also known as latency period. In a literature review, it was found an shortage of models that estimate the latency of cancer, indicating the need of study about this theme. In this context, survival analysis methods appear as an useful tool to build these models. In this study, a review of an existing model is presented, as well as its formulation and estimation methods. Furthermore, an application on real data and a discussion of the obtained results are made. As a result, it was identified the need to formulate a new model, because of the limitations of the studied one. We present 3 alternative models that solve the points presented in the discussion, with applications.
Treinamento resistido e restrição calórica : fatores de proteção cardiovascular em ratas ovariectomizadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Lino, Anderson Diogo de Souza; Shiguemoto, Gilberto Eiji; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9885031162656978; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2943529942419256
Introduction: Hypertension is an important risk factor for menopausal cardiovascular disease. Resistance training (RT) when associated with the caloric restriction diet (CR) has been shown to have important effects on blood pressure and the aortic artery, minimizing complications due to menopause, such as hypertension. Aim: In this study, we investigated the effects of Ovariectomy and the Resistance Training, Caloric Restriction, and the association of both intervention in systolic blood pressure, matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, aortic vascular reactivity and morphological alterations in ovariectomized Holtzman rats. Material and methods: Fifty female Holtzman rats were subjected to ovariectomy and Sham surgery and distributed into: Sham-sedentary; Ovariectomized-sedentary; Ovariectomized- Resistance Training; Ovariectomized-Caloric Restriction; and Ovariectomized-Resistance Training and Caloric Restriction groups. Resistance Training and 30% Caloric Restriction protocols were performed by 13-weeks. Systolic blood pressure, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation of aortic rings; the hematoxylin-eosin stain used to highlight the aortas wall cross-sectional area and the matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, insulin tolerance test and aorta vessel remodeling were analyzed. Results: We observed that, Ovariectomy increased systolic blood pressure, decreased potency in dependent and independent endothelium relaxation and matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, promoted insulin resistance and aorta vessel remodeling in cross-sectional area, media to lumen ratio, collagen content and alter structure and elastic fibers of the vessel. However, the association of exercise and diet prevent the increase systolic blood pressure, improved the relaxation potency in dependent and independent endothelium relaxation, elevated the matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, increased the aorta cross-sectional area, media to lumen ratio, decreased collagen content and alter elastic fibers in aorta vessel wall. Conclusion: Our study reveled that the association of resistance training and caloric restriction can prevent the hypertensive condition, improve vascular function, activate matrix metaproteinase-2, and produce a beneficial hypertrophic remodeling with increased vascular compliance in ovariectomy in Holtzman rats.
Estudo da eletro-oxidação do paracetamol utilizando um reator eletroquímico em fluxo com eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-06-29) Veroli, Alyne Bernardes; Ruotolo, Luis Augusto Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6167735734348703; Bocchi, Nerilso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5930614700886481; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8753770491945937
This study was carried out with the aid of an experimental design, using a solution of paracetamol containing 100 mg L -1 of initial total organic carbon (TOC initial ) in 0.1 mol L -1 Na 2 SO 4 of ionic strength and a flow rate of 8.0 L min -1 . After the statistical treatment, analyzing the obtained values of rate constant of mineralization, k(TOC rel ) and average energy consumption for removing 50% TOC rel , AEC 50 as responses, the significant variables and coefficients were determined for each one of these responses. From the response surface generated for k(TOC rel ), the experimental conditions for the highest values of k(TOC rel ) were: current density in the range of 180 to 200 mA cm -2 , temperature in the range of 50 to 55 °C and intermediate pHs (4 to 12). For the response of AEC 50 , their lowest values in the generated surface were obtained for: current density up to 40 mA cm -2 , temperature in the range of 15 to 45 °C and pH in the range of 2 to 10. As these two different responses led to very wide ranges of experimental parameters, the desirability function was used in order to establish an optimized set of experimental conditions. With this procedure, the yielded parameters (current density of 114 mA cm -2 , temperature of 51.8 °C and pH of 7.45) led to predicted values of k(TOCrel) and AEC 50 of 0.0183 ± 0.0032 min -1 and 150.5 ± 24.9 kW h kg -1 , respectively. For purely practical reasons, the following experimental conditions were adopted: current density of 100 mA cm -2 , temperature of 50 °C and pH 7. In these conditions, a significant improvement in the paracetamol electrooxidation kinetics was observed, for all investigated flow rates, when a turbulence promoter was introduced in the electrochemical reactor. Using a flow rate of 6 L min -1 , the obtained values of k(TOC rel ), AEC 80 and electric charge for removing 80% TOC, Q 80 were: 0.0295 min -1 , 209.1 kW h kg -1 (13.9 kW h m -3 ) and 1.33 A h L -1 , respectively. In the absence of the turbulence promoter and using the same flow rate, the obtained values of these same quantities were: 0.0118 min -1 , 365.13 kW h kg -1 (27.2 kW h m -3 ) and 3.33 A h L -1 , respectively.