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Por uma porta entreaberta : o desenvolvimento da competência aplicada de profissionais do ensino de línguas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-12-11) Sant'Ana, Juscelino da Silva; Barbirato, Rita de Cassia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6962819573963727; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7127417703704558
In this research, the concept of applied competence (AC) of Almeida Filho, developed in the context of the Almeidian Model, is analyzed. This model covers two specific frameworks of the Language Teaching and Language Learning Field (LT/LL): The Foreign Language Teaching Overall Operation (FLTO) and the Overall Operation of Professional Education (OPE). The first deals with the phenomena and the theorization of the processes related to language teaching and learning. The second deals with the processes of teacher education. This investigation is aligned with a reflexive education perspective, endorsed by the OPE. The Almeidian Model, therefore, is taken as the main theoretical orientation of this study, but it also resorts to other theoretical support as those presented by Moscovici (2007), Jung (2000), and Bandeira (2015) among other authors. The focus of this research relies on the Applied Competence (AC) developmental aspects. In order to achieve the research results, phenomena which arise as relevant factors in the clarification of the elements in the language teaching and in the dialectical synthesis of the components in the process are examined. This applied, interpretative, and ethnographical research had as tools in the data collection: class observation and recording in video and audio, semi-structured questionnaires, field notes, interviews and informal conversations with the participants of the research. The main leading question of this study inquires about how the participants of the research develop their AC. A subsidiary question aims at identifying what necessary elements are manifested in the applied competence development. The main purpose consists in understanding the aspects of AC and a secondary objective aims at identifying the elements needed for the development of the AC. The research has as its scenery a public language center. The participants of the research are teachers who work in that language center. They were divided into two groups. The first group, which was constituted of all the participants in the research, provided the data on the school context and collective or social aspects within the range of the space where the research took place. The data provided by the second group, formed by three members of the first group, are directly related to the questions addressed and the research objectives. The results demonstrate that the AC, inserted in a system of competences, is a competence of formality, that is, it comprehends two categories: one of explicitness and the other of synthesis. The first is developed stem from the process of making the elements of OPE explicit, including the teaching approach, language teaching and learning theories, attitudes facing the elements and subjects in the professional field and the professional activity. The second is constructed from the dialectical relationship of the elements of the explicitness category. The synthetics category gives origin to the components of the AC. The data analysis also indicates that the elements involved in the process of explicitness do not form the AC components. It occurs through the process of synthesis of the elements previously made explicit. This research contributes, among other factors, to the elaboration and implementation of policies and programs of language teachers continued education.
Simulação da produção de xilitol por via fermentativa a partir do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando o software livre Scilab
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-12-11) Pereira, Laís Portugal Rios da Costa; Lima, Alice Medeiros de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0038936541518854; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8648684269387357
Xylitol is a five-carbon polyalcohol presented in many fruits and vegetables, as well as yeasts, lichens and mushrooms. It is a white crystalline powder and odorless sweetener. Compared to sucrose, it has similar sweetness and reduced caloric value, besides being independent of insulin for its metabolizing, so it is tolerated by diabetics. Xylitol can be obtained by solid-liquid extraction, chemical reduction of xylose and biotechnological conversion of xylose. The low concentration of naturally occurring xylitol (less than 0.9 g/100 g) makes solid-liquid extraction process economically impracticable. The catalytic reduction of xylose offers high yields, but suffers disadvantages mainly due to extensive intermediate purification steps and huge energy requirements, which makes the overall process very expensive. The disadvantages in the conventional method of xylitol production and the market growth over the last years have motivated researches looking for alternative ways of obtaining this product. One of the most attractive processes is microbiological route, which uses microorganisms (yeasts, bacteria and filamentous fungi) with capacity to assimilate and ferment xylose. Xylose is obtained by treating methods of lignocellulosic materials, such as hydrolysis. Sugarcane bagasse is a highly lignocellulosic residue produced in Brazil as a result of the intense sugar-alcoholic activity and it can be used in xylitol production. Thus, this study aimed to simulate and evaluate batch production of xylitol by fermentation using Scilab, a free software for numerical computation. This was possible by defining kinetics for substrate consumption (xylose), cell growth (yeast) and product accumulation (xylitol) and by resolution of the ordinary differential equations resulting system. The kinetic model used was proposed by Mohamad et al. (2016) in the study of xylitol production by fermentation of pure xylose by Candida tropicalis and was suitable to this process. The simulation of data obtained by Arruda (2011) in the fermentation of detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse by Candida guilliermondii resulted in many divergences between experimental values and those predicted by the mathematical model. The kinetic model was suitable only at the beginning of the fermentation process, but it is promising in the prediction of xylitol formation from hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse. Studies indicate that this process is a satisfactory alternative for xylitol obtaining, but still needs a better understanding.
Educação ambiental nas aulas de química do ensino médio: o tema água na abordagem CTSA
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-12-11) Rocha, Quezia Geane de Souza da; Marques, Rosebelly Nunes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7921735904003583; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8162969313307495
Various environmental problems have been lived during the last decades, mainly caused by socioeconomic predominant models, confirming the needed of accomplished with Environmental Education, principally regarding school ambit, where the Environmental Education development must be responsibility of all subjects, that the highlight is Chemistry. Considering this problematic, this master degree work looked for didactic strategies to articulate the Environmental Education in the Basic Education Chemistry Classes, using water as the subject generator and the National Curricular Guidelines for Environmental Education as guiding, the strategies proposed were structured by Didactics Sequences . Three Didactics Sequences were building by study of National Curricular Guidelines for Environmental Education , São Paulo Chemistry Curriculum and the previous questionaries’ analysis applied in students participants of search. The Didactics Sequences elaborated were applied in the classroom and data collected by questionnaires, class reports, students’ activities, observation and audiovisual records. The data analyses show that the developed activities contributed for the student’s environment perception evolution from Naturalist for Globalizes, as well as insert social elements in contents which relate with Environment Education, however, the Didactics Sequences did not get successful to engage students regarding environment question, being one of the points to be improved on them. In relation of Chemistry Teaching, the classes dynamics allow diagnostic compression problems and students lacks, which in the traditional style of classes only would be revealed by writing evaluation, activities of final periods. The socioenvironmental contextualization allows to close the contents of the student realities and motivate their learning. The activities proportionated the development of abilities to realize searching and argumentation building, the responsibility and autonomy stimulation of students.