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Aproveitamento de águas pluviais em estabelecimentos hospitalares no contexto da conservação da água: estudo do caso no Hospital Universitário da UFSCar, São Carlos – SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-01-26) Gaitán, Maria Camila Perdomo; Teixeira, Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1166854416745527; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6919239287737151
The use of rainwater is being stimulated by different purposes: as an alternative source of supply in regions subject to the lack of water, as an instrument to raise awareness of the efficient use of water and will constitute an important tool in the management of water resources in the cities. The implementation of exploitation rainwater systems in buildings with significant water consumption, such as health centers, can bring great benefits, as well as economic for users and environmental for environment. Since water represents an essential element in the development of the activities that occur in these buildings, and they require a significant daily amount, for their different purpose, correspond largely to uses that not require special quality characteristics. Taking account all the above the purpose of this article is to evaluate the viability of implementing a rainwater harvesting system as an alternative to water supply in a health center, having as an object of study the University Hospital of the Federal University of São Carlos - SP (HU).This was determined by the conception of a replicable scientific methodology based on technical, financial and environmental sustainability criteria; which is constituted main aspects, as the classification of water demand in relation to it ends uses, the potential of water savings through different scenarios of supply and demand, the analysis of the main infrastructure requirements for the implementation of systems, and so the financial viability of the project can be determined. Based on the available rainwater and the water consumption of the current building supply, the monthly supply-demand was determined for three consumption and catchment scenarios, which showed a potential for water savings between 85% and 100% of the total current hospital consumption, with different reservoir sizes, and a maximum volume of up to 13.420 m³ per year. Therefore, according to the infrastructure availability in the HU, the components of the system to be implemented and their cost were determined, in such a way that in relation to the current water supply rate of the public network, the project technical viability was evaluated through the financial indicators: net present value, internal rate of return and period for return on investment. Concluding that it is a viable project for its implementation in the HU, being possible to obtain a drinking water economy of 7,660 m³ per year for current non-potable uses, and up to 12,300 m³ per year for non-potable uses, at the end of projected occupation of the HU, with a reserve size of 40 m³. Finding a return on investment of less than 10 years, and positive financial indicators in a period of analysis of 20 years. Finally, the water potential saving was analyzed with the implementation of actions to reduce water consumption in the building and the potential achieved with the use of rainwater on its own, and the union of the two procedures. Being estimated a water potential saving of up to71% of the water consumption and of 39% of the consumption projected at the end of its constructions.
A proteção das nascentes em áreas urbanas consolidadas: dispensável ou necessária missão?
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-01-26) Souza, Samara Rached; Tonello, Kelly Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3844965971290638; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8081436009803501
The territory of the city of Sorocaba/SP is marked by a dense water mesh, and one of the sub-basins that make up the main water courses is Ribeirão do Lajeado, also known as Água Vermelha, affluent from the left bank of the river Sorocaba placed in a consolidated urban area. The present paper has generated an Environmental Impact Index in Ribeirão do Lajeado’s Water Springs. For this purpose, it has been performed on the field a macroscope diagnosis of the water springs, being that every evaluated parameter received a grade (from 1 to 3) for its later classification. On this evaluation, the following parameters have been verified: color, odor, existence of garbage on the banks, existence of floating materials, foam, oil, sanitary sewer, state of vegetation, human presence and animal presence in the Permanent Preservation Area, protection of the area and proximity to residence or establishments. The results showed that all the visited places are impacted by the urbanization, being the strongest indicative for that, the amount of garbage found on those places. Color, odor, foam, floating materials and oil, in general, were positively highlighted, but sewer and human presence had recurrent negative results. The most alarming verified parameters are related to the water springs proximity to establishments, nonexistent protection of the area, the Permanent Preservation Area that does not meet the 50 meters laid out in law nº 12.651/12 of the Forestry Code. The generated Environmental Impact index has classified the water springs as “reasonable”. “bad” or “terrible”, without getting any classification “great” or “good” propitiating a debate around the water resources conservation subject and if they are important in the context of urban basins, besides instigating deeper researches in the Ribeirão do Lajeado sub-basin to indicate its integrity and promote conservation actions of the springs.
Efeitos do surfactante nonilfenol etoxilado em peixes : função cardiorrespiratória e histopatologia em Tilápia-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, em condições de normóxia e hipóxia aquáticas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-01-26) De Angelis, Carolina Fernandes; Kalinin, Ana Lúcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5493936744279888; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2946803734091200
Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is a nonionic surfactant component of many chemical formulations. Investigations on the effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate toxicity and its derivatives on fish mostly focus on endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, bioaccumulation and mortality. However, exposure to these compounds can cause further damage, and the use of physiological and histological biomarkers is of great relevance, since it allows the identification of possible homeostatic disorders that may compromise the survival of these organisms. The objective of the present study was to analyze the cardiorespiratory responses and histological changes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in a control situation and after 12h of an intraperitoneal injection of NPE9 (500 ng.kg-1 of body weight) submitted to gradual hypoxia. The exposure to NPE9 significantly increased the critical O2 tension (PcO2), reducing the ability to keep the metabolic rate (M ̇O2) constant, which may be related to the action of the compound on the functioning and structure of erythrocytes. Gill ventilation (V ̇G) increased significantly and progressively in both experimental groups in order to maintain M ̇O2 during graded hypoxia. The groups presented the same pattern of respiratory response, and increases in V ̇G were characterized by increases in ventilatory volume (VT), while respiratory rate (fR) remained constant. Although NPE at the concentration used in the present study was not sufficient to change O2 extraction from the ventilatory current (EO2) and heart rate (fH) during hypoxia. In addition, the exposure to NPE9 increased the frequency of melanomacrophagic centers in the liver and spleen, and it was possible to observe them in the ventricular myocardium. Together, the results of this study showed that exposure to NPE9 may compromise the survival of the species studied in hypoxic environments, but also indicate the need to include this compound in the legislation that regulates maximum permissible limits of substances in aquatic environments for the maintenance of life.
Estratégia híbrida de seleção de partições para o problema de agrupamento de dados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-01-26) Antunes, Vanessa; Sakata, Tiemi Christine; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3560505262283874; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7744895055289571
Inability to identify partitions of different sizes and shapes is a fundamental limitation of any clustering algorithm, especially when different regions of the search space contain clusters with varied characteristics. It is possible to apply diverse clustering algorithms, with different parameters, but then, it is necessary to deal with a large number of partitions. Techniques such as ensemble and multiobjective clustering treat this problem using distinct criteria, but they have high computational cost. Moreover, the ensemble technique generates a single solution, which may not represent every real partition present in the data. On the other hand, multiobjective clustering may generate a large number of partitions, which is difficult to analyze manually. In this dissertation, we propose a hybrid multiojective algorithm, HSS (Hybrid Selection Strategy), that aims to return a reduced and yet diverse set of solutions. It can be divided in three steps: (i) the application of a multiobjective algorithm to a set of base partitions for the generation of an approximation of the Pareto Front, (ii) the division of the solutions from the approximation of the Pareto Front into a certain number of regions and (iii) the selection of a solution per region, through the application of the Adjusted Rand Index. Experiments show the effectiveness of HSS in selecting a reduced number of partitions.