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Mecanismos para resiliência na cadeia de suprimentos: uma análise sob a ótica da indústria processadora de carnes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-06-04) Santos, Márcio Gonçalves dos; Alcântara, Rosane Lúcia Chicarelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6141230203546076; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6982128189916053
The purpose of this thesis was to identify how resilience mechanisms can promote supply chain resilience in the context of supply side and demand side disruption risks. For this purpose, the construction of the theoretical foundations was carried out using the Systematic Literature Review. The results were systematized in proactive and reactive management approaches, supply chain resilience stages (anticipation, reaction and recovery) and supply chain resiliency management mechanisms (previous, intermediary and response). In the empirical phase of the research, five case studies were developed in meat processing industries in the state of Mato Grosso, medium to large, representative of the sector being three beef, one pork and one chicken. Data collection was done through interviews with managers responsible for the supply sector and with managers responsible for the commercial sector (or equivalent function), document analysis and direct observation. The results indicate that the sources of disruptions that these chains are subject determine the management practices to be developed. It has been found that meat chains develop a proactive approach to resilience management on the supply side and demand side. However, in relation to the ruptures related to the external market, as an embargo on the Brazilian beef exports, the dependence on the decisions of the regulatory agencies, such as the Ministry of Livestock and Food Supply, lead the chains to the reactive management approach, taking more time to react and recover from ruptures. The main risk factors for ruptures in the beef chain are the high geographic dispersion of suppliers and the low development of roads and highways infrastructure, leading these industries to adopt the decentralization of production processes, with slaughter units located near suppliers and units of boning and industrialization near the distribution centers, besides the maintenance of own confinements and independent buyers. These practices allow greater flexibility in supplying the chain. In the case of pork and chicken chains, the risks of supply disruptions are related to environmental factors that affect the raw material production system, such as humidity, temperature and heat. The management practice was the verticalization in the supply, through integrated farms to produce chickens and own farms in the case of the pigs. However, the data showed that this practice reduces supply chain flexibility in situations of ruptures, but it increases supply chain visibility which allows to anticipate the risk factors of ruptures. In relation to the demand side, the main factors of disruption to meat supply chains are the low development of logistics infrastructure, road stoppages caused by indigenous people or members of the landless movement, and embargoes on exports. The beef chain decentralizes production processes and maintains distribution centers in the major consuming regions, the pork chain maintains supply contracts with key customers and the chicken meat chain segments the distribution by geographic regions.
Expressão gênica no desenvolvimento adulto de operárias de Frieseomelitta varia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-06-04) Jaskot, Michael Christopher; Nunes, Francis de Morais Franco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1974857490729279; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5334560703511061
Global declines in pollinators have served as the impetus for the widespread study of hymenopterans. The molecular processes controlling detoxification and antioxidant pathways are of supreme importance to insects that are in contact with the possible causes of these declines, such as pesticides, xenobiotics and pathogens. As hymenopterans such as Apis mellifera have been thoroughly studied with regards to their genetics and hormone titers, we desired to uncover if similar molecular characteristics are found in less-frequently managed eusocial bees. The phenomenon of temporal polyethism, present in numerous bee species, can also be investigated with regard to the modulation of genetic expression across age and task groups. However, the levels of genetic expression among detoxification, xenobiotic degradation, antioxidant, defense, developmental and ageing pathways in the Brazilian stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia are not studied and specific information pertaining to these processes are generally unknown to science. In this study, variations in the genetic expression of genes from different families and functional categories (related to the progression of adult development (longevity/ageing) and/or involved in the general mechanisms of defense (detoxification/xenobiotics, antioxidants and the immune system)) were investigated in workers of the bee Frieseomelitta varia by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Chain Reaction) in three age groups: new workers (~ 0-5 days), intermediates (~ 12-19 days) and foragers (~ 29-50 days). P450 6aq1 showed uniform expression in the three groups, while two genes from the same family, shade and spook, were up regulated in new bees. The antioxidants sod and cat were expressed with the same pattern of up regulation in new and intermediate bees. Relish and dorsal, transcription factors in defense pathways, were up regulated in new bees. High levels of gst-s1 and gst-s4 transcripts were found, signifying that in the three groups detoxification pathways are active. Transcriptome data was also analyzed (RNA-seq, Illumuna) using the integument of recently-emerged workers and foragers. RT-PCR and RNA-seq data demonstrate that the molecular behavior of some genes found in other species, such as A. mellifera, is similar to what is observed in F. varia. Coinciding with scientific literature, the gene coding for juvenile hormone esterase (jhe) is expressed in similar levels in new and intermediate bees, and both significantly more expressed than in foragers. The gene coding for vitellogenin (vg) showed to be greatly expressed in the intermediate phase, compared to the lower levels found in new and foraging bees. Such data suggest that the double repressor hypothesis of juvenile hormone and vg, described in A. mellifera, is also valid for F. varia adults RNA-seq data was also compiled and analyzed for P450, GST and CCE families as well as other detoxification and metabolic pathway constituents. P450 genes were generally found to be up regulated in foragers, suggesting more of a detoxification role rather than developmental. Two of the three GST genes surveyed were found to be highly up regulated in newly emerged adults. Expression of antioxidant genes varied greatly, suggesting specific roles for each protein at a certain developmental stage. Expression of developmental genes also varied, yet several of the gene surveyed, chico, foxo, calponin and kruppel were concomitantly expressed do to their interdependence in molecular circuitry. Genes such as hexamarin-110 and hexamarin-70b were found to be extremely up regulated in newly emerged adults, agreeing with their known role in amino acid storage to facilitate growth during adult stages. Of great interest was the almost universal up regulation of immune response and defense genes in foragers, bolstering the assertion that these individuals will need higher levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to defend themselves from pathogens located outside of the hive. The use of F. varia in research has shown the importance of understanding the genetic processes in all hymenopterans, while adding information to the data of already well-known species, such as A. mellifera.
A divisão subgenérica de Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) é sustentada por marcadores moleculares?
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-06-04) Sabadini, Camila Pereira; Del Lama, Marco Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7198095288825585; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8040250014424970
The family Crabronidae comprises a group of extreme importance to the phylogeny of Hymenopytera and is considered by some authors to be the group that gave rise to bees. Despite this importance, very few studies have been conducted on the family. Trypoxylon is the most diverse genus in Crabronidae, with 631 species. Females supply of their nests with spiders, which are paralyzed and deposited in brood cells arranged linearly in pre-existing cavities or in nests of mud built by the females. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on morphological and behavioral characteristics. Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) sensu stricto is the most diverse and has no synapomorphies that sustain it as a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, the subgenus Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) is characterized by the guard behavior displayed by males. Although studies on the subgenus Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) have been developed in Brazil, few investigations have addressed the subgenus Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) or the phylogeny of the genus, which becomes more difficult due to the lack of specialists in the country that can perform the taxonomical identification of these organisms. The use of molecular markers in genetic evolutionary studies is an option for cases like Trypoxylon and enables the study of the evolutionary history of the genus. Therefore, the following question was raised and served as the basis for the present study: "Is the subgeneric division of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) supported by molecular markers?" To answer this question, we extracted and sequenced the pol, CytB and COI regions of 268 samples of the genus Trypoxylon. We also searched on databases and found 173 sequences of the COI gene. These sequences were subjected to analyses of nucleotide diversity, phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood and estimated time of divergence as well as the delimitation and identification of species. The results showed that the nuclear gene pol is less varied in comparison to the mitochondrial genes CytB and COI, which were good candidates for the study of intraspecific and interspecific variation. The molecular data had high support values for the division of the subgenera into Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) and Trypoxylon (Trypargilum). However, the findings suggest that there may be more than two subgenera in the genus Trypoxylon. The species delimitation analyses demonstrated the same results in most cases, but the inconsistencies encountered resemble the difficulties found in the classification, strongly suggesting the need for a revision of the group based on morphological traits and molecular markers.
Filtragem não-local do ruído Speckle em imagens SAR com modelagem estatística dos coeficientes da Wavelet de Haar e distâncias estocásticas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-06-04) Penna, Pedro Augusto de Alagão; Mascarenhas, Nelson Delfino d'Ávila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0557976975338451; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3366188668459058
Due to the coherent processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, multiplicative speckle noise arises providing a granular appearance in SAR images. This kind of noise makes it difficult to analyse and interpret Earth surface images. Therefore, the search for new techniques to mitigate the speckle is a constant task in the image processing literature. Current state-of-the-art filters in remote sensing area explore the philosophy of similarity between patches (neighborhoods). This thesis aims to expand a recently proposed filtering algorithm:the Non-Local Means (NLM), which represents a new paradigm for filtering images, and analyses and compares its capacity of speckle reduction in intensity SAR images, technique known in the literature as despeckling. This filter was originally proposed for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The NLM filter extension considers a scenario with the more aggressive noise, i.e., the single-look speckle, and it is possible to attenuate the noise by replacing the original distance used to measure the similarity between patches, the Euclidean distance, with the stochastic distances and apply the proposed filter in the Haar wavelets domain. To achieve this goal, the Haar wavelet coefficients were described by the Exponential-Polynomial (EP) and Gamma distributions. The main contribution of this proposal is to work with the NLM, originally developed for the image space domain, directly in the wavelets domain, by computing the stochastic distances based on the EP and Gamma distributions. In addition, this proposal shows that it is advantageous to use elaborate methods for post-filtering processing, such as Dual Domain Filtering (DDF) and Data Adaptive Dual Domain Denoising (DA3D), as they can improve the quality of the filtered image both of the proposed method and the state-of-the-art algorithm. Finally, an analysis and comparison of the results of the proposed method are made, which show that this new approach was able to attenuate the presence of speckle in the more aggressive case, with some of the recent filters in the literature. The obtained results show that the proposed filter is competitive.
Desejos à margem: fragmentos de memórias homossexuais em São Carlos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-06-04) Kurashige, Keith Diego; Escudeiro, Richard Miskolci; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1623888309974862; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1815508785596967
Through time, notable changes took place in the sphere of homosexual desire. Men who sought to have sexual encounter with other men for sexual purposes from the few available models in their daily lives acquired more social vocabulary, while the communication media like radio, cinema and television were developing. At fast pace, in a short historical gap, the meetings that were mirrored by the local models soon were also mirrored by models coming from other contexts by the media. The AIDS epidemic emerged in this scenario, and acting as a catalyst pumped the representation sphere and thus intensified the presence of homosexuality in speeches, since the disease was at first considered a gay disease, discussions and debates were raised. It was possible, due to this tragic context, to create both positive and negative images in the media, which caused the start of new ways of identification and alternative ways to have those meetings. Digital media emerged soon after, and it was at first one of many refuges for those trying to circumvent social barriers. The contact with communication media became more intense through accessibility, and the representations that emerged in it began to take a leading role in the social vocabulary of seeking love / sexual partners, making subjects increasingly connected to the idealized models. This history has contextual specificities which I unraveled from the memory of the research subjects that helped me rebuild an alternate history of the city of São Carlos.