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Comparação entre o custo de capital aplicado pela ANEEL nas revisões tarifárias e o custo de capital das distribuidoras de energia elétrica para o período de 2015 a 2017
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-09-20) Bueno, Emilene Francisco; Albuquerque, Andrei Aparecido de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9667573506903226; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8556284258528916
The formation of electric energy tariffs in Brazil involves a series of procedures and regulations, and the regulatory agency (ANEEL) role is to establish and review the methods adopted. One of the methodologies involved in the calculation of tariffs is the remuneration of the capital invested by distribution concessionaires in the sector, obtained through the regulatory capital cost determination (WACC). This cost is calculated during the tariff review processes to which the distributors are subject periodically, and directly influences the index of it repositioning passed on to the consumer, as well as serving as economic parameter for the investments in the sector. Considering the existence of specific aspects of regulatory acts in the calculation used by ANEEL, this work has as a goal to verify if the cost of regulatory capital and the cost of capital of the electric energy distributors, calculated from six different models, are statistically similar or if there is a possible overvaluation or devaluation of the index set by the regulatory agency. Because of the disclosure by ANEEL of two regulatory WACC values, a so-called "before tax" and "after tax", comparisons are made from the two indexes in order to verify their peculiarities. It is used as sample 10 electric power distribution companies from public capital that had their definitive processes of fee revision concluded during the triennium 2015-2017. To verify the hypothesis of this study, we performed analyzes of absolute and relative deviations and non-parametric single-sample tests (Wilcoxon's test). The results indicated that both the "before tax" regulatory WACC and the so-called "after tax" WACC are higher than the average results obtained for the capital cost from 10 distributors, but the first index (which is actually used in the remuneration distributors' capital) shows a greater discrepancy. These two ways of calculation and dissemination of indices "before" and "after tax" by the regulatory agency itself already is a difficulty factor in the process of comparison between the cost of regulatory capital and the calculated using other models. Watching the main objective, this research finds that the regulatory rate of return is generally overestimated by the regulator, that is, the State has provided the investor with a profitability higher than the adequate cost of capital. This causes a greater attractiveness for the investments, but it charges the consumer more by repositioning the tariffs. Finally, considering that ANEEL estimates the WACC for up to 3 years, it can be observed that the method used does not following the oscillations of the Brazilian economic market. This makes both investor or consumer be harmed or benefited, depending on the year analyzed.
Avaliação do comportamento fluidodinâmico lı́quido-sólido em biorreatores de leito fluidizado utilizando técnicas de fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-09-20) Koerich, Daniela Maria; Rosa, Leonardo Machado da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8828891443369274; Lopes, Gabriela Cantarelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5680967191791061; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8550739721132207
Anthropogenic actions have promoted technological challenges, for example, in the treatment of large quantities of wastewater, which can be done in fluidized bed bioreactors. For the study of these bioreactors, numerical techniques such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be applied. However, in most of the literature available for multiphase systems, there are applications for gas-liquid or gas-solid systems. On the other hand, the dynamics in bioreactors is dominated by interactions between the liquid and solid phases. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrodynamic behavior of a liquid-solid fluidized bed bioreactor using CFD techniques. For the conduction of the simulations, a two-phase, Eulerian-Eulerian, transient and turbulent model was applied in a three-dimensional geometry, using the OpenFOAM code. Valid models have been established for the simulation of systems involving liquid-solid interactions, present in tapered fluidized bed bioreactors. Results showed the effect of the lift force on redistribution of bioparticles. Conversely, the coefficient of restitution did not affect significantly the height of the fluidized bed. The drag force estimate needed to be altered, and a dependency with the particles Reynolds number promoted good agreement of the fluidized bed height with experimental literature data. Using the validated model, it was observed that the study was conducted in the partially fluidized bed regime. None of the cases showed a meaningful presence of “dead zones”. Finally, it was noticed that both collisions between particles and shear stress (parameters that affect the biofilm thickness) occur concomitantly. Thus, greater bed expansion is not directly related to lower incidence of collisions between particles. The intensity of both parameters can be attenuated with the increased angle of the reactor.
A educação profissional técnica de nível médio: visão dos professores sobre um programa especial de formação pedagógica de formação continuada na modalidade EAD
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-09-20) Ferrari Junior, José; Rink, Juliana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5772465855816353; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7850059028966559
This work was performed with teachers working in the Professional Technical Education (PTE) of two State Technical Schools, located in different municipalities of the interior of the state of São Paulo, and who attended the Special Pedagogical Training Program (SPTP) of-fered by the Paula Souza Center in the distance modality, in the editions of 2014, 2015 or 2016. The objective of this study was investigate and analyze the view that these teachers have on the continuous formation mediated by a Virtual Learning Environment, as well as to discuss the potentialities and weaknesses of a continuous training in the distance modality. Regarding methodological procedures, in addition to documentary analysis, a field research was carried out with thirteen teachers who attended the referred training program. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire structured in four axes: General Profile, General Training, Continuing Education and Specific Training through the Special Pedagogical Train-ing Program. For purposes of data analysis, the discursive textual analysis was use. The results show that approximately 60% of the participants have, on average, 3 to 4 years of teaching experience in the institution and about 2/3 have other work in parallel to the role of teacher. Most stated that they had little or no contact with pedagogical knowledge in the initial for-mation. For 85%, the time factor is the main obstacle to attending a continuous training and more than half claimed the need to take courses according to the training in the technical area. Regarding the teachers' view of the SPTP in the Distance Learning (DL), the most highlighted potential was the possibility of using in their classes the methodological strategies addressed during the course, and the main advantages were flexibility and time management. On the other hand, the disadvantages were the lack of support on the part of the tutor, the evaluation and the impersonal character of a course in the DL modality. In addition, there were reports on the relevance of the knowledge of professional training for application in teaching practice. We expect that this study will contribute to the improvement of Continuing Education Pro-grams for the PTE and the promotion of new research on the subject.