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Síntese e caracterização de filmes anódicos de NB-AL2O3 sobre al por oxidação eletrolítica à plasma
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Menck, Maria Angélica Cassú; Santos, Janaina Soares; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5802009429183443; Trivinho-Strixino, Francisco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9740223649776400; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2380535670166505
In this study, the anodization under high electric field, also known as Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO), was used for the synthesis of oxide coatings containing Nb2O5 and Al2O3 on Al substrate. The mechanisms of the anodic oxide growth was investigated in different experimental conditions using a factorial design 22 to optimize the experiments and to analyze the influence of variables on the properties of the films formed. The anodic films of Nb2O5 / Al2O3 were prepared by galvanostatic anodization of Al in an electrolytic solution containing different quantities of ammonium oxaloniobate complex (NH4H2(NbO(C2O4)3).3H2O) in aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). The anodization’s were carried out in a glass reactor with external jacket insulated to control the temperature of the electrolyte. The samples were cut in 1.3 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm dimensions from a commercial aluminum plate (98,7%). The synthesis variables studied were temperature, composition and electrolyte concentration. The anodic films were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-rays Diffraction (XRD) and reflectance diffuse spectroscopy. The influence of the variables on electrochemical, morphological and compositional responses were evaluated using the chronopotentiometric curves, pore density from SEM images analysis and Niobium content in the anodic coatings from EDS spectra. The increase of the electrolyte concentration decreased approximately 20 V the potential oscillation as observed in chronopotentiograms, reduced the pore density of the films and increased the Nb content into oxide. The electrolyte temperature presented a more significant effect on the morphological responses. The increase of the electrolyte temperature promoted a decrease of the pore density of the oxide coatings. The electronic and microstructure properties were also investigated. The bandgap values of the oxide coatings were estimated from diffuse reflectance spectra in the UV-Vis region. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed a crystalline coating containing polymorphs of Niobium pentoxide and gama-Al2O3.
Formação inicial de professores de ciências e inclusão escolar: um olhar para as experiências de estágio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Silva, Elisa Ramos da; Bazon, Fernanda Vilhena Mafra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4400597671073289; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0509989333857924
This study focused on the initial training of science teachers in the perspective of Inclusive Edu-cation (IE), with emphasis on the experiences during the internship. In Brazil, in most cases, students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) are still marginally inserted into regular class-rooms. One of the reasons refers to the deficits in initial and continuing teacher training, which discourages the inclusion of these students. Therefore, the teacher's preparation for attending students with disabilities and/or SEN is indispensable for the teaching-learning process to be consolidated. The objective of this research was to analyze if the experiences proposed by the science teaching training promote discussions, reflections and practices orientated towards the IE. For the data collection, the reports of the supervised internship were analyzed in: Sciences I and II; Biology I. Subsequently, self-filling instruments (SFIs) were applied to all the students from those disciplines and the teachers who was responsible for the internships. The research was based on Historical-Cultural Theory (HCT) and the Critical Historical Pedagogy (CHP). The analysis of the data was made from the historical-dialectical materialism, which investigates the phenomenon from a perspective of totality, considering the complexity of social realities and their historical significance. Consequently, it seeks to identify the connections between the dif-ferent aspects that characterize a certain reality. The results showed that there are reports about the subject in the internship final project and discussions about IE in the internship classes and other classes. However, these discussions can be low priority and with little theoretical and methodological discussion, since there is no compulsory subject in the area. Which we consider fundamental for training the future teachers of this undergraduation to the inclusion of students with disabilities and/or SEN in the regular classrooms.
"Raças humanas" como uma questão sociocientífica: implicações para a formação de professores de ciências
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Carvalho, Thabata Rodrigues de; Lopes, Nataly Carvalho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0285391776145231; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3488350402852543
In this investigation, we sought to comprehend the implications of the discussions about “Human Races” and its socio-scientific aspects on the training of Science teachers.Through the Critic Theory by Jürgen Habermas, we based our research on a communicative perspecti-ve of education. In the context of a teachers training course, we developed this work and we made our data based on theoretical-methodological references of the action research. Those data were registered through personal observations and recordings of the developed activities. In our analysis, wesought to evidence the pragmatic and propositional contents of the speeches. Thus, wesought to comprehend both the sense of speeches and the intentionality of the speaker. Our data allowed us to emphazise the formative potential of the subject “Human Races” and its socio-scientific aspects discussed in a communicative teaching perspective. Wehigh light the work in interdisciplinary group sand the collective reflections as potential means to the development of teacher autonomy and to the deconstruction of positivist and fragmented conception of the scientific knowledge of the teachers in training. The approach of the SSI "Human Races" enabled teachers in training to have spaces of communicative interaction, from which they could rethink questions about Science teaching, by considering their ethical and value dimensions.Therefore, we consider that this approach can contribute to science education based on principles of democracy and social justice.
Modelo de system dynamics para a gestão de resíduos sólidos no município de Araraquara-SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Pinha, Augusto Cesar Hernandes; Sagawa, Juliana Keiko; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6549481623896786; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8388155501638045
The efficient management of municipal solid waste is one of the objectives of public administration, especially considering the compliance with the legislation in force since 2010, with the enactment of Law 12,305. Therefore, managers should have available all the tools that can assist them in decision making and enable them to carry out projections, preferably in the long term, in order to meet this requirement. One of these tools is modeling and simulation. This work aims to present a System Dynamics model that allows managers to simulate and forecast certain scenarios that influence the generation of solid waste, as well as a model that supports decision making regarding the necessary treatment and resources for such end. The proposed model aims to determine, for a period of 10 years, the population of Araraquara and the amount of generated waste, separating it by type, namely paper, plastics, metals, glass and other residues. The actually recycled quantity and the costs and revenues involved in the process are also determined. With the developed model, six scenarios were proposed, each of which presents a different situation of the city and the Cooperative in charge of the collection and sorting of the recyclable material. The first scenario is where there is no change and the last one is where the city increases its capacity for selective collection and implements composting and the Cooperativa increases the efficiency of its activities. After simulations, it was concluded that scenario five, in which there is an increase in the amount of waste collected by the Selective Collection and an improvement in the process of sorting and separation presents positive results to the city with a viable investment to be executed by the Public Authorities. This work contributed to the literature by expanding the existing models and making a greater detail of the types of wastes collected and commercialized, as well as their quantities and the actual value practiced. In addition, it was possible to make a financial analysis from the simulated scenarios, showing the revenues and expenses existing in the process and their growth over time. It allowed to analyze that only the revenue obtained with the commercialization of the recyclables is not sufficient to supply the expenses of the Cooperative, being necessary the union with the Public Authorities and with other ones in order to increase the bargaining power of negotiation.
Obtenção de acetato de celulose a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e análise de degradação in vitro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Silva, Joelen Osmari da; Botaro, Vagner Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2907189124654066; https://lattes.cnpq.br/416053899037418
The Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is currently one of the main agricultural products. Considering the high production of sugarcane bagasse in Brazil and in the world, the objective was to obtain pre-treated sugarcane bagasse cellulose acetate (CA) membranes in different granulometrie. For this, was used the pulping processes acetosolve, bleaching with sodium chlorite and heterogeneous reaction of acetylation. Also, was verified the in vitro degradation of the membranes in PBS solution under body conditions for four months. And, finally, the possibility of application as biomaterial by cytotoxicity analysis in culture of human fibroblastic cells. The sugarcane bagasse was chemically characterized. The samples obtained at each stage of the processing were characterized by SEM and FTIR and the degree of membrane transparency was evaluated through UV-VIS. The membranes obtained from the fibers retained in the 20 mesh sieve presented greater transparency and mechanical resistance. In this way, they were chosen for the analysis of in vitro degradation in PBS solution and evaluation of cytotoxicity. The bleached pulp and the CA had the degree of polymerization determined by viscosimetry. The degree of bleaching of the bleached pulp was determined by whiteness. The degree of substitution (DS) of the CAs obtained was determined by retro-labeling. The membranes subjected to degradation were analyzed by pH variation, mass loss, DMTA and UV-VIS from PBS solutions. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT analysis and confocal microscopy. It was possible to observe that the processes were more efficient with the fibers of larger granulometry and that these are possible biomaterials, because there was cell proliferation during the analysis of cytotoxicity. However, it was not possible to guarantee that during the analysis period there was no degradation of the membranes. Further analyzes are necessary to conclude these results.
Formação de professores de Ciências e a Educação Especial/Educação Inclusiva: análise dos indicadores do Censo Escolar das Regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Mendes, Lucas; Bazon, Fernanda Vilhena Mafra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4400597671073289; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7058568137195700
This dissertation focused on the analysis of social indicators related to the training of teachers with a degree in the area of Sciences, specifically in the areas of Biological Sciences, Physics and Chemistry, in relation to Special Education (SP) in the perspective of Inclusive Education (IE) from the microdata of the School Census in the North and Midwest Regions. Based on our research objective, we divided the dissertation into four chapters. Chapter one presents the formation of teachers divided into two topics: the first deals with the historical context of teacher education in Brazil and the second relates to the formation of teachers in the area of Sciences to act with the target audience of EE in the perspective of IE. Subsequently, in chapter two, we discussed the issue of social indicators in terms of definition and use, discussing the importance of the quantitative approach in educational research. The third chapter deals with the methodology of the research, which has a quantitative delineation, since we seek to understand the microdata of the School Census/MEC/INEP through the use of the software Statistical Package for the Social Science for Windows (SPSS). The fourth chapter analyzes the statistical data of teachers working in the North and Midwest Regions, in which we find that the teachers with a degree in Biological Sciences, Physics and Chemistry of the mentioned regions have alarming indicators regarding SP in the perspective of IE, in view of the very low number of teachers with training to work with students with disabilities and/or SEN. Finally, we present the final considerations, since from these indicators we find that teachers who have training in the area of Sciences and work in those regions need initial and continuous training courses that contemplate in their broad disciplines focused on the care of students who make up the target audience of SP and all the diversity of SENs. We emphasize that we do not seek generalizations based on this research but emphasize that teacher training and schooling of students with disabilities and/or SEN are two areas that require investment and attention from the public power, since the present in the national scenario and the difficulty of educating science teachers for inclusion.
Atividades práticas para a física no ensino fundamental por meio de desafios: proposta de material de apoio ao professor
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Guariglia, Carlos Eduardo; Silva, Adriana de Oliveira Delgado; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2707979913713089; Silva, Fernanda Keila Marinho da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6390725197649567; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2852149939807393
According to Vygotsky's theory of learning, social relations are essential in the development of higher psychological functions. For him, it is through the guided relations with the world that the individual internalizes the knowledge and starts to develop such functions. Therefore, in his conception, group activities, or those in which the individual relates to others, are of great importance in cognitive development and learning. Moreover, in the search for a more focused physics teaching in the investigation and practical application of the concepts, we developed a sequence of activities seeking to privilege these aspects in the teaching-learning process. This work aims to present the development and study of a manual for the application of a sequence of activities, called "Creativity Challenges". These are composed of activities that aim to go beyond the theoretical contents traditionally addressed, seeking to promote the development of social-emotional skills, through constructions of prototypes and practices that involve experimentation and research.
Macrófitas aquáticas como ingrediente para suplementação de ração de peixe e de alimento vivo (cladóceros) na piscicultura sustentável de pequena escala
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Proença, Maíra Alcântara; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7800633821187899
The increasing demand and especially the consumption of fish has been growing exponentially as a consequence of increasing human population and also due to the search for healthier foods. Sustainable food production systems are essential to meet such demands. It is believed that small scale fish-farming can play relevant role in this great chalenge yet to be solved in this century. New technologies contributing to improve the production of live food and to better food rations for fish nutrition at low cost and with environmentally friendly practices must be adressed by future researches. The present study aimed to test the adequacy of the biomass of the macrophytes Hydrilla verticillata and Pistia stratiotes as an ingredient to supplement to fish rations and to supplement algas suspensions to be used as food in cladocerans cultures.Three fish rations were produced with the inclusión of macrophyte biomass at 5%, 10% and 15% supplementation levels, and tested for the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three inclusion levels of macrophyte biomass were also used to supplement the algal suspension used to feed the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestii and Daphnia similis in laboratory cultures. Chemical, biochemical and caloric energy content analyses were performed to characterize macrophyte biomass, comercial ration and the three supplemented experimental fish rations. Kinectics and release of nutrients from macrophyte biomass, and supplemented rations were quantified and modelled. The results showed that H. verticillata had higher fiber content but lower amounts of protein, as compared with P. stratiotes. Ration supplemented with 10% of H.verticillata biomass had lower nutrient liberation than control and the best growt performance with weight gain of 297.61% the initial fish weight. Rations with inclusion of P. stratiotes biomass were not significantly diferent from control in relation to O. niloticus growth, which had a total of 307,6% body weight 60 days after the beginning of the experiment. Among cladocerans C. silvestrii had a better performance when fed on algal suspension supplemented with 66% of H. verticillata macrophyte biomass. On the other hand, D. similis reached best growth performance when fed only with algal suspension, as food source. Therefore, taking in consideration the maximum levels of successful inclusion of macrophyte biomass indicates potential to be used as ingredient to fish rations. It was also promising the environmental advantage conferred by the lower liberation of nitrogen to the water by H. verticillata biomass. It can be concluded that the use of macrophyte biomass is viable at the levels of 10% and 15% for H. verticillata and P. stratiotes, respectively, with nutritional, economical and environmental advantages and can contribute to the expansion of small scale pisciculture as a strategy to reduce costs aiming sustainable pisciculture.
Superposição de estados comprimidos de dois modos e aplicações em informação quântica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-03-07) Cardoso, Fernando Redivo; Villas-Bôas, Celso Jorge; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5700887540085418; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5593299757054859
In this work, we present a new class of quantum states for applications in quantum metrology and quantum information, the states here named as “Even EPR” and “Odd EPR”. We present a review of the basic concepts of quantization of the electromagnetic field, along with the probability functions and distributions in phase space. We present the main states of the electromagnetic field and their relevant statistical properties, besides the basic concepts involved in quantum metrology for a single parameter estimation. The new class of states is presented, and its general properties are discused. With a simple definition of separability for two-mode pure states, the entanglement properties between the modes of the field are studied, and its quantifications are directly compared with the original EPR states. We present results about applications of the Even and Odd EPR states in quantum metrology for estimation of a single parameter, comparing the results with the single-mode squeezed states, which has great importance in quantum metrology. Lastly, we show that acting locally onto one of the modes of the even and odd EPR states, it is possible to construct what we call “pseudo-thermal” states of the field, which consists in mixtures of Fock states previously selected through the preparation process, with probability coefficients which correspond to thermal distribution of photons.