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Correlação entre as características físicas e locacionais de lotes e o consumo efetivo médio per capta de água potável: estudo de caso da cidade de Bebedouro (SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Gaspar, Flávia Cristina; Kellner, Erich; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6855091004957784; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2383835757523922
Information pertaining to water consumption per capita can be considered as a valuable tool for the design of parts of the water supply system of a municipality. The difficulty to the urban infrastructure designer is the estimation of the average per capita water consumption to be adopted in a water supply system project. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and locational characteristics of urban lots and to correlate them with the effective per capita consumption of water for the city of Bebedouro (SP). We analyzed 37 neighborhoods, all with 100% hydrometric and occupancy rate equal to or greater than 85%. From the analyzed data, it was verified that the average effective consumption per capita maintained a positive correlation with the average individual income, not being, however, observed a relation of the consumption with the gross population density related to the occupied area. It was observed that the water loss in distribution was 57.25% in the year 2015. Hypothesis test indicated that the independent variables Average Lot Area (AML), Standard Unit Value and Maximum Standard Unit Value (VUP / VUPmax) and of the number of inhabitants per link of water / lot (NHL) presented a linear correlation with the average daily effective consumption (qe), for interval and 95% confidence. The equation was determined from regression of multiple variables with determination coefficient R2 = 0.8099.
Segurança viária em trechos urbanos de rodovias federais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Carmo, Cássio Leandro do; Raia Junior, Archimedes Azevedo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6413793013018019; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0723555258294687
This thesis analyzed road safety of urban stretches of Brazilian federal highways, in an evaluation that involved the verification of occurrence of victims of crashes together with geometric conditions, signaling and pavement of the highways, and characteristics of urban areas. For the development of this work, accident records by the Federal Highway Police (PRF), and data on pavement, geometry and traffic signaling conditions, according to the methodology of the National Transportation Confederation (CNT), were used. Concepts based on the Safe System approach were utilized for the delimitation of accidents, which considers that traffic accidents, when they occur, should not cause serious or fatal victims. In the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina there were, in absolute numbers per state, the highest numbers of victims between 2010 and 2014. Espírito Santo presented the worst rates of injured and fatal victims per 100,000 inhabitants and per 10,000 vehicles, while Amazonas and São Paulo had the best performances. Throughout Brazil, 3,178 federal highway segments were found in urban areas with the occurrence of at least one seriously injured or fatal victim. The 64 most critical stretches were identified. It was found that most of these critical segments are in large urban areas, and many were in very good condition. This result demonstrates that other variables, such as composition and volume of traffic, can contribute decisively to the most serious accidents. By means of a proportional stratified sample of 118 stretches, a primary relation was found between the number of victims and stretches with regular road infrastructure conditions inserted in urban centers with greater area of influence and high Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI). The Poisson regression showed higher values of the Prevalence Ratio (PR) for poor road sign, good geometry and regular pavement, in the disaggregated analysis of road factors.
Secagem convectiva de folhas visando a obtenção de compostos bioativos via extração supercrítica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Canabarro, Nicholas Islongo; Mazutti, Marcio Antônio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3520282081196395; Ferreira, Maria do Carmo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7070885875161111; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3274122721906899
In this work, an investigation through experimentation and mathematical modeling was carried out with the intention of evaluating the drying process of pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) and olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaves in a conveyor belt drier, aiming the extraction of extracts by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. A complete characterization of both leaves as to their physical properties, such as characteristic dimensions, specific mass, initial moisture content, equilibrium moisture and surface morphology was performed. The results indicated that the leaves had distinct physical characteristics, with surface areas of 24 ± 1 and 8 ± 1 cm² for pitangueira and olive leaves, respectively. In relation to the morphology, the leaves of pitangueira present striated trichomes while the olive leaves have peltate trichomes. Drying tests were performed at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 ° C using a forced convection oven and a pilot scale dryer. In the oven drying it was observed that the temperature has a significant influence on the drying of the leaves and that the internal mass transfer mechanisms control the drying process. In addition, the morphological differences of the leaves impose different resistance to the mass transfer during the drying process and the olive leaves have a more pronounced rolling than the pitangueira leaves. In the drying on the conveyor belt, in all the conditions imposed, leaves with discharge humidity were obtained within the range considered ideal for the supercritical extraction process (7 to 18% b.u.). The behavior of the drying kinetics was similar to that of the oven, and the peltate trichomes present in the olive leaves contribute to the increase of resistance to mass transfer in comparison to the leaves of pitangueira. The two-phase model accurately predicted the discharge moisture and temperature of the leaves during drying in the conveyor belt dryer. In the supercritical extraction tests, preliminary studies showed that the condition of 80 ° C and 250 bar is the most adequate condition to obtain the supercritical extracts of the pitanga leaves, presenting higher yields and higher extraction rates. The models of Sovová (1994) and Spline provided good agreements with the experimental data of the overall extraction curves in all conditions investigated. Drying had a significant influence on the extraction yields, as well as on the concentration of phenolic compounds and on the values of antioxidant activity for both leaves. In the case of the pitangueira leaves, the condition determined as the most appropriate was the drying done at 60 ° C and 60 minutes, since higher yields, phenolic compound concentrations and antioxidant activity values were obtained. In addition, in this condition also the lowest energy expenditure for the removal of moisture was reached. In the case of olive leaves, the best drying condition was 50 ° C and 180 minutes for the extraction yield and 60 ° C and 120 minutes for the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, showing that the drying conditions are very important in extraction of bioactive compounds via supercritical dioxide carbon extraction.
Catalisadores de Ni suportados em óxidos sintetizados com líquido iônico: atividade catalítica na tri-reforma do metano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Anchieta, Chayene Gonçalves; Assaf, José Mansur; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9563312407691130; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8800814311499259
Tri-reforming reaction is a new method to use and convert CO2 from industrial plants effluents. The tri-reforming involved reactions are two endothermic reactions, the steam and dry reforming and the partial methane oxidation that is an exothermic reaction. Natural gas as a feedstock to tri-reforming is an alternative to use CO2, a H2O e o O2 without any separation process. Find new materials and improve the existents catalysts that are stable during the temperature oscillations and the comprehension of active catalysts during the tri-reforming reaction are relevant. Ni catalysts are the most used in reforming reactions. However, it has low thermal and mechanic stability and as a consequence are deactivated. Looking to this way the focus of this research is to obtain Ni catalysts supported in ZrO2 and CeO2, synthesized by unusual routes owing an improvement of supports to enhance the catalytic performance of Ni. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TPR-H2, TPD-CO2, TPD-NH3, FTIR, TGA, TEM and SEM. The catalytic performance was analyzed using the tri-reforming reaction, measuring the CH4 and CO2 and the syngas formed. The first thesis core is the ionic liquid synthesis which the objective was synthesize the organic materials. The ionic liquids were synthesized using solvothermal route and were characterized by DSC, MNR 1H and 13C, CHN elementary analysis and FTIR. The second has as objective synthesize zirconium polymorphous, in which monoclinic and tetragonal phases were obtained by ionothermal route. After analyze the synthesis conditions influence in the support phases, then nickel catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation. TPR-H2 were performed to understand the influence of zirconium polymorphous in the Ni dispersion. In situ characterization were used to investigate the transitions states and the catalysts stability in the reaction atmosphere. According to the ionic liquid composition in the support synthesis the tetragonal ZrO2 phase stabilization occurs and an improvement in Ni dispersion was observed which improved the catalytic performance of Ni/ZrO2 catalysts. The third thesis core refers to CeO2 and Ni/CeO2 synthesis and characterization and the analysis of catalytic performance of these materials. We analyzed the influence of synthesis conditions in the CeO2 support formation. The Ni/CeO2 catalysts were obtained by wet impregnation. TPR-H2 measurements showed different Ni dispersion according with the CeO2 supports synthesized even any phase transitions were detected by XRD. In situ characterization showed different stability according to the catalysts tested and the reaction atmosphere. In the last chapter the catalysts used in this research was compared each other. For both, Ni/ZrO2 a Ni/CeO2, the support synthesis route has influence in the metal dispersion and metal crystallite size. The catalytic performance was different according synthesis route and independently of basicity and oxygen vacancies of the support used, in tri-reforming reaction the most important variable is Ni0 crystallite size.
Técnicas agroecológicas no desempenho agronômico e qualidade dos frutos da pimenta biquinho
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Labigalini, Isabella; Sala, Fernando César; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6771975466075202; Rossi, Fabrício; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0621862166341833; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1035968970733010
Alternative practices in food production, which take into account the ecological sustainability of agroecosystems and the economic sustainability of farmers, are being increasingly tried and recommended. The objective of this work was to study the effects of green manure, Trichoderma asperellum and homeopathy on the agronomic performance and fruit quality of the “biquinho” pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). The design was in a randomized complete block with four replications, in subdivided plots, the plot being two homeopathic preparations: 1) Arnica montana 6CH; 2) Pulsatilla nigricans 6CH; and control treatment, and the subplot 7 treatments: 1) Crotalaria juncea sown 50 days before the transplanting of the pepper plants, in the density 25 kg ha-1, managed at 50 days after sowing and regrowth at 91 days; 2) Crotalaria juncea sown 50 days before the transplanting of the peppers, in the density 50 kg ha-1 handled at 50 days after sowing and regrowth at 91 days; 3) Crotalaria juncea sown concomitant to pepper transplant in density 50 kg ha-1, handled at 59 days; 4) Canavalia ensiformis, seeded concomitant with peppermint transplant, density 25 kg ha-1, handled at 48 days; 5) Cajanus cajan, seeded concomitant with pepper transplant, density 25 kg ha-1, handled at 76 days; 6) Trichoderma asperellum inoculated in two moments; and 7) Control 2 (single crop). It was evaluated the height, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll index and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the pepper plants, production components fruit quality, and sensory analysis. There was interaction between homeopathic preparations and green manures/T. asperellum, which influenced the characteristics of the pepper plants, and there was also interaction between the for all variables analyzed (height, diameter, NDVI, IRC). Biometric values and fruit quality components were only influenced by green manures/T . asperellum, except the number of locules that altered according to the homeopathic preparation used. In sensory analysis there was significant difference only for fruit size, but this did not influence preference. The homeopathic preparations Arnica montana and Pulsatilla nigricans 6CH influenced the biometric characteristics of the pepper plants: height, stem diameter, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and relative chlorophyll index (IRC). T. asperellum exerted influence showing some of the best results on the biometric characteristics of the pepper plants, and when associated with the application of the homeopathic preparation Arnica montana 6CH provided higher heights of plants and IRC. As for production, this did not differ from control. It was concluded that the 50 kg ha-1 intercropping with Crotalaria juncea seedlings sown 50 days before the transplanting of the pepper allowed a good development of the baguier pepper, with production similar to the control, fruits with better pH values, soluble solids, acidity and maturation index.
Identificação de Áreas de Especial Interesse Peatonal (AEIP) utilizando análise multicritério e ferramentas de geoprocessamento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-11) Gobbo, Caio Augusto Rabello; Ribeiro, Rochele Amorim; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7245761274405860; Gonçalves, Luciana Márcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9491069760631962; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9077157675025922
The quality of pedestrian-oriented urban spaces is fundamental for economic development, public health, social welfare and environmental sustainability of a municipality. Many researchers base their studies on structural analysis of sidewalks and audits of spaces, considering aspects related to the safety, security, and attractiveness of the environment. However, there is a lack of studies that correlate characteristics of urban land use and occupation, as well as sociodemographic characteristics for the identification of urban spaces that are a priority to the focus on pedestrian. With the prioritization, the public management can identify punctually where to act to carry out studies, bring significant improvements to the walkability and choose, among the areas of the municipality, those that need more attention. Thus, the present study aims to develop a method that, based on the correlation of land use and socio-demographic variables, indicates such priority areas, named as Areas of Special Pedestrian Interest (AIEP), that is, priority areas for future analyzes and improvements related to the quality of pedestrianized urban space. The following steps are developed in the study: (i) selection of relevant variables, (ii) ranking variables according to hierarchical process analysis (AHP) in expert research, (iii) representation of results in GIS platform, (iv) identification of the AEIPs and (v) analyzing the walkability in selected zones. For the development of the method, the city of São Carlos (SP) is used as a study area because of the availability and ease of data collection, but it is expected that the method will be replicable in other scenarios. The results indicate about 1522ha of the urban region (19%) as (AEIP), extrapolating the consolidated urban center. Several "center of neighborhoods" regions are identified, presenting mixed occupation profile (residential, commercial and service uses). These areas are synthesized in 79 priority census tracts, encompassing about 60,000 inhabitants (27.1% of the population) and 50 km of road extension - highlighting roads of great structural, commercial and circulation importance to the municipality. The developed method was able to identify priority areas (AEIPs), correlating land use and socio-demographic characteristics and presenting guidelines for regions that need more attention in the pedestrian area and contributing to the management of municipal walking mobility.