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Comparação do esquema de imunossupressão utilizando o mTOR associado ao inibidor de calcineurina com o inibidor de calcineurina isolado na rejeição crônica do enxerto pós-transplante de pulmão
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Souza, Andressa Rodrigues de; Machado, Regimar Carla; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1310723429860987; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2865284256489182
The growth of lung transplantation has been constant throughout the world, and with this, the results presented have been progressively better, both in the short and long term. Despite this reality, some problems of difficult solution limit these programs, such as chronic graft rejection and complications secondary to long-term immunosuppression. The immunosuppressive strategies used in lung transplantation are based on triple schemes, composed of a calcineurin inhibitor, an antimetabolic agent and corticosteroids. A fourth group of immunosuppressants consists of inhibitors of cell proliferation, in particular, mTOR inhibitors. In this sense, this review aimed to compare the immunosuppressive regimen based on a calcineurin inhibitor-associated mTOR inhibitor at reduced dose with the calcineurin inhibitor alone in the chronic rejection of the posttransplant lung graft. In order to do so, we applied the methodological design of systematic review of the literature, through searches in electronic health databases (MEDLINE, Wef of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central, EMBASE and LILACS) and in secondary manual resources. Six scientific articles composed the corpus of analysis for the qualitative synthesis of the results, which referred to three studies named SHITRIT, NOCTET and 4EVERLUNG. The main outcomes were the safety of substitution therapy for calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppressive therapy by the treatment of mTOR inhibitor with low patient mortality as well as maintaining efficacy in controlling events of chronic graft rejection. The relevance of the data that indicated an improvement in the renal function of the patients when submitted to the therapy with inhibitor mTOR in relation to calcineurin inhibitors was unanimously highlighted. The studies present a high reliability index due to the manifestation of low risk of bias in most of the items evaluated for the assertive conduction of a randomized clinical trial, in addition to presenting an important recommendation force for clinical decision making. In this sense, this systematic review guides a weighting in the use of mTOR inhibitors, considering the greater risk of mortality in the first year of treatment associated with this therapy. For patients with renal dysfunction associated with the isolated use of calcineurin inhibitors, this review "recommends" a change in the therapeutic regimen for the insertion of mTOR inhibitors into calcineurin inhibitors at a reduced dose, considering the imminent risk of mortality of lung transplant patients under renal insufficiency.
Estudo da produção de etanol a partir de xilose e xilooligômeros usando xilanases, xilose isomerase e levedura co-imobilizadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Corradini, Felipe de Almeida Silva; Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9695542424889786; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1435227207179790
The production of ethanol from xylose with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was initiated in the group with the SIF process (simultaneous isomerization and fermentation). This process allows total conversion of xylose, but has been shown to be vulnerable to bacterial contamination. The process of simultaneous hydrolysis, isomerization and fermentation (SHIF) of xylooligomers was then proposed as an alternative for the fermentation of pentoses by commercial yeast. In this process, a xylanase cocktail hydrolyses the substrate to xylose, which, by the action of xylose isomerase, is transformed into xylulose, which is then fermented to ethanol by S.cerevisiae. All reactions take place within the biocatalyst where enzymes and yeast are co-immobilized. It was possible to produce ethanol by this process, but the first tests showed that the substrate conversion was incomplete, requiring investigation of the possible causes of the problem. The inefficiency of the hydrolysis stage, catalyzed by endo- / exoxylanases and β-xylosidase, a non-existent step in the SIF process, was the first hypothesis verified. The need to produce a standard substrate for the study of this reaction stage was the first challenge faced, since birchwood xylan, a commercial substrate previously used, was discontinued. A substrate was then produced in the laboratory from bleached eucalyptus pulp. Xylan was extracted with 4% NaOH solution at 25 °C, precipitated with glacial acetic acid and lyophilized. An autoclave heat pretreatment (15 min, 121 °C, 1 atm) allowed to increase the solubility of the carbohydrate chains. The xylan thus obtained was hydrolyzed by xylanases at the same rate as the commercial birchwood xylan, and made it possible to begin the investigation of the hydrolysis reaction. The observed xylobiose accumulation indicated that the inefficiency of the hydrolysis was due to the low concentration of β-xylosidase in the commercial enzymatic complexes. After cloning the Bacillus subtilis β-xylosidase gene in Escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme was produced, purified and characterized. The results showed reduced enzyme activity at the process pH and low operational stability. The immobilization and stabilization of β-xylosidase in agarose-glyoxyl support proved to be efficient, as it considerably increased the thermal stability of the enzyme at 35 °C (164x) and 50 °C (3605x), with no significant loss of activity of the derivative after 10 consecutive hydrolysis cycles. The commercial xylanolytic complex Multifect, mainly responsible for the endoxylanase action, was immobilized on chitosan-glutaraldehyde. This technique does not allow a significant increase in the stability of complex enzymes with immobilization, but since soluble xylanases already have good stability at 35 °C, no new protocols have been tested. The obtained derivatives presented recovered activities maximum of 50%. Activity assays at different temperatures did not indicate the presence of diffusive effects, possibly being the enzymatic distortion due to the formation of multiple bonds with the support a probable reason for the 50% loss of immobilization activity. The obtained derivative was capable to hydrolyze the hydrothermal liquor in smaller XOS (X<6), with XOS yields of 56.3% and xylose of 12.9%. The high concentration of xylobiose (28.8 g.L-1) accumulated indicated a need to complement the enzymatic cocktail with more β-xylosidase. Hydrolyses supplemented with β-xylosidase derivative increased yields of xylose to 34.2%, yielding 46.5 g.L-1 xylose and reducing xylobiose to 7.4 g.L-1. The failure to obtain complete conversion of xyloligomers into xylose may be due to inhibitory effects of the product or limitation of the action of endoxylanases by their specificity to the substrate. The results obtained, however, were considered satisfactory for initial studies of the SHIF process. Another possible explanation for the SHIF halt would be the inhibitory effects of calcium ions and / or the hydrolysis reaction byproducts (e.g. XOS) on the action of xylose isomerase. Ca2+ isomerization tests showed that the reduction of the isomerization reaction rate truly occurs, with competition between the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions for the metal site inside the enzyme. The isomerization velocity was affected by X2 only at high substrate concentrations (CS> 50 g.L-1), characterizing the competitive inhibition (R² = 0.99). The isomerization rate was significantly reduced under SHIF conditions (pH 5.6 35 ° C) and was even more affected by the combined effect of the presence of Ca2+ and X2 ions, although the reaction did not completely stop. These effects should therefore not be responsible for the incomplete conversion of the substrate. New assays of the SHIF process confirmed the importance of the β-xylosidase derivative in the biocatalyst composition, with an increase in ethanol production. The addition of more yeast to the reactor increased the consumption of the pentoses and led to an increase in ethanol production to 0.221 g.g-1 and 0.153 g.L-1.h-1), indicating that the SHIF process stagnation could also be related to the reduced speed of xylulose fermentation. It was decided at this point to compare the performance of genetically modified S. cerevisiae with that of commercial yeast in the fermentation of xylooligomers obtained by hydrothermal treatment of sugarcane bagasse. The SHIF process again showed stagnation, reaching only 5 g.L-1 of ethanol. Using the recombinant yeast, the simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation-SHF process is performed, since this microorganism does the in vivo isomerization. In this process, ethanol concentration was increased to 15 g.L-1, generated from xylose already present in the hydrothermal liquor and the partial hydrolysis of xylooligomers. However, with the recombinant yeast stagnation was also observed, with accumulation of xylose in solution. These results thus indicate that the hydrolysis process generates some condition affecting the fermentation. The pH control allowed a small increase of the conversion in the SHIF and SHF processes, but did not prevent the stagnation. After the tests, 95% of the wild yeast and 50% of the genetically modified yeast remained viable. It has been observed that the reduction in fermentation rate may be related to an observed increase in acetic acid concentration generated in the hydrolysis step and which would be affecting both commercial and recombinant yeast. Thus, although it has not achieved full elucidation of the phenomena present in this complex process, this work allowed a great increase in the knowledge of the SHIF process, providing important indications for the necessary continuity of its study, in view of the total conversion of xylooligomers.
A presença das crianças migrantes haitianas nas escolas de Sinop/MT: o que elas visibilizam da escola?
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Alexandre, Ivone Jesus; Abramowicz, Anete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2502752385941894; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4289962123325701
This study, linked to the Sociology of Childhood research line of the Post-Graduate Program in Sociology of the Federal University of São Carlos, sought to understand how the insertion of Haitian children in the public schools of Sinop / MT is happening. The research objectives were to analyze how the migrant children inserts in the school; to find out what the foreigner shows from school and how the presence of the black migrant children make visible the racialization in the school. The methodology used is based on the ethnographic perspective and the methodological procedures were: observations and individual and group interviews with the Haitian children, the parents, teachers, child development techniques and scholarship recipients. The temporal cut included migrant children who came with their parents from 2015 and 2016 to Brazil, to the city of Sinop in Mato Grosso. It was based the theoretical studies on the sociology of childhood, the concept of differences and racial relations, authors such Oliveira and Abramowicz (2010), Abramowicz et al. (2003, 2009, 2011, 2015), Abramowicz (2011), André (2016), Sarmento (2015), Delgado and Muller (2005), Corsaro (2006), Hall (2003, 2014), Woodward (2014) and Louro (2008). About migrant children I had support in Oliveira (2014), Demartini (2004, 2006, 2011), Martuscelli (2015) Siller (2011), Freitas and Silva (2015) among others. About contemporary migration, specifically the Haitian migration to Sinop, the history of Sinop colonization, the history of Haiti and its political emancipation, gave support to the dialogue, among others, the researches of Cotinguiba and Pimentel (2014), Guimarães (2017); Seitenfus (2015), Seguy (2014), Joanoni Neto (2014); Souza (2009, 2011); Thomaz (2010, 2011) Trouillot (2016) e James (2009). The research results point that the impact that Haitian migrant children presence cause in schools occurs because they are perceived by teachers and peers as different and these differences are explicit in their bodies. It is these differences that make visible the way in which the school racializes the migrant children by establishing a hierarchy among the children themselves and within that hierarchy the Haitian children are subaltern. Thus, schools never revise their racist practices and speeches, they cannot take the children’s color off.
O estado da arte nas pesquisas internacionais de governança em cidades inteligentes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Figueirôa-Ferreira, Victor Garcia; Fernandes, Ricardo Augusto Souza; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0880243208789454; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9310248062481932
The scientific production of several areas of knowledge has been driven by the theme Smart Cities, mainily for its multidisciplinary characteristics. Thus, urban engineering, as an area that interfaces with other areas of knowledge, becomes essential in the analysis of knowledge and practices under the banner of Smart Cities. Therefore, this work makes a bibliometric and bibliographical analysis on this larger theme, however, with specificity in Governance. Using bibliometrical analysis as an initial methodological tool, this work presents a descriptive and quantitative research of the scientific production in Smart Cities, though it is limited to the publications in english-language journals, within the intersection of 1997 and 2017, represented by the scientific articles indexed in the Scopus database. 1886 articles published in renowned journals in that area and 136 in governance within Smart Cities were analyzed, which made possible to obtain the number of articles published per year. The results exhibit the growing interest in this field, demonstrated both by the increase in scientific production throughout the period, by the analysis performed through non-linear regression models and also by the correlation to important world events such as Rio +20 and 2030 Agenda. Subsequently, using the data obtained in the quantitative phase, a qualitative analysis of the main articles of the large area of Smart Cities and of governance in this context was developed. Therefore, this study provides a global perspective of the scientific literature on Smart Cities, through original analyzes in the area.
Ensino da linguagem oral em contexto familiar: análise de uma ferramenta de observação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Balog, Lívia Gabriela Campos; Domeniconi, Camila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9684535663947328; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1305969857928709
Parents have an important role in their children's language acquisition. A tool which analyzes how parents are teaching language to their children is interesting as a base to the planning of an effective intervention. The present study aimed to analyze the use of a tool called Evaluation Scale of Oral Language in Family Context (Escala de Avaliação da Linguagem Oral em contexto Familiar - EVALOF) as observation tool of daily family interactions, considering (a) children's ages, (b) the kind of activity performed, (c) children's and adult's genders and (d) the number of children and adults present in the evaluated interaction. 45 families with children from zero to ten years old participated in the experiment, filming everyday activities that they perform with their children, as naturally as possible. The interactions were analyzed using EVALOF. It was verified that the score was higher in interactions in which five-year-old children participated, compared to other ages, especially children under one-year-old. The best scoring activity was storytelling, while the lowest scores were in free play. The number of children did not influence the scale score. It was observed that when the number of adults increases, the score decreases. When the interaction was composed by both genders, the score was lower compared to only female and male. Some items did not apply to certain ages and family constitutions and all items were suited to observe the analyzed activities. The use of EVALOF made possible the evaluation of oral language in family context and the tool proved itself useful in the comparison among the different analysis groups (activities, ages, number and gender of adults). The study discusses the usefulness of EVALOF to observe interactions which include very young children or dyads. Further studies may use EVALOF as effectiveness measurement of language naturalistic interventions for parents, and also use it as a base to advise families to develop their children's oral language.
Quando a infância pede refúgio: os processos de crianças no Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-04-24) Lazarin, Monique Roecker; Abramowicz, Anete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2502752385941894; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3263120793793373
The present research emerges with the global scenario of intensification of displacement of refugees, nevertheless with the attentive look at the great participation of children. In Brazil, there is also an increase in requests for refuge, but there is no data to explain which part of this population includes children. Thus, this research has the objective of mapping out which range off childhood has become a refugee in Brazil, based on the quantitative analysis of the children who make it up. This refugee childhood is understood here as one of the many facets that involve the social phenomenon of childhood contemporaneously. The analysis of the composition is guided by the understanding that such childhood is not only formed by those children who have received recognition of the refugee status by Brazil; it is, on the other hand, constructed from the universe of requests of children that has been made to the country and that are segmented in diverse statuses. This organization is in agreement with the theoretical foundation that conceives refuge as a social process emerged in the governmentality of people: either expelling some of them from their country, as is the moment of emigration, or administering the immigration flows that enter the territories. In other words, the displacements of children are intermediated by migration policies. The methodology used for this purpose is statistical analysis of secondary data, using the table provided by the Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (Conare), which lists the cases registered until April 2016. The research has social and sociological relevance, because it contributes to the understanding of migration flows directed to Brazil, bringing data of great importance to public migratory policies, at the same time that feeds a debate yet little observed by Sociology. About this last aspect, the bibliographical review of the Brazilian articles that deal with the subject portrays that this is not a subject of many debates in the Brazilian researches and, lesser, in Sociology. Thus, by its double aspect, this research brings contributions both to migratory studies as all as to social studies on Childhood. As results, we highlight that the refugee childhood is constituted by the multiplicity: of applicants and of framing for such requests. It is also perceived that the infantile flows of refugees to Brazil do not follow the same pattern of adult flows and should not, therefore, be simply analyzed as a derivation. It is also identified that the refugee immigration of children in the country does not follow the same intensity that occurs at international level, in proportional terms of composition of the age groups of such flow. Another point that the data analysis demonstrates is that the management of these requests, through process judgments, promotes a significant change in the situation of refugee children, by not keeping similar proportions of the universe of child demands within status.