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A prática de terapeutas ocupacionais na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Silva, Rodrigo Alves dos Santos; Oliver, Fátima Corrêa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1370450030646953; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8163060492696079
BACKGROUND: Research on occupational therapists' practices can increase understanding and clarity about the role of these professionals in Primary Health Care (PHC). GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To identify, describe and analyze the practice of the occupational therapists in PHC in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: The construction of data occurred through mixed methods with the development of an explanatory sequential strategy outlined in two connected phases: Phase 1 - mostly quantitative, contemplated the collection of quantitative and qualitative data through an Internet Surveys; Phase 2 - only qualitative, contemplated a study of Grounded Theory (TFD), in the constructivist perspective. In Phase 1 - an online questionnaire was applied with the participation of 105 occupational therapists from PHC in the country. For the analysis of quantitative data related to the number of practices performed and the profile of the professionals, the chi-square test was applied with a significance level of 5%. Qualitative data were explored through thematic analysis. In Phase 2 - among the 105 occupational therapists participating in Phase 1, eight were selected, which represented the concentration of professionals in Extended Family Health and Primary Care Centers (NASF-AB) in capitals and metropolitan regions in the northeast and southeast. In this Phase 2, the data were constructed through eight intensive interviews and two observations of occupational therapists' practices in NASF-AB. The analysis was outlined by the initial, focused and theoretical coding, in addition to triangulation of qualitative data between phases 1 and 2. Phase 3 - consisted of the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the results, which enabled an analysis of mixed methods. RESULTS: Phase 1 (quantitative results): 60 practices performed by professionals were identified. Statistically significant associations were observed between: - the total number of practices, and the professional being from NASF-AB and indicating interprofessional practices; - the number of individual, family and group practices with the professional being from the NASF-AB; - the number of interprofessional practices with professionals from NASF-AB and from Multiprofessional Residency; - the number of intersectoral practices with the presence of interprofessional practices; - the number of comprehensive practices with postgraduate PHC experience; - the support, disease prevention and health promotion and education practices with the occupational therapist come from the north and northeast regions of the country; - the number of practices in network with health services and the size of the municipality. The essential and derived attributes of PHC obtained high positive scores, as guiding professional practice. Phase 1 (qualitative results): through thematic analysis, three categories were identified: a) Specific practices of occupational therapists who expressed the strategies, the technologies used and their objectives; b) Theoretical and technical guidance of professional practices were expressed in a different way and with little detail; c) Doubts, limits, challenges and strengths of the practices of occupational therapists in PHC. Phase 2 (qualitative results): The central category “Practices in construction: the work process of occupational therapists in PHC” was based on four categories: 1 - Matrix support practices: technical and pedagogical. 2 - Matrix support practices: clinical-care; 3 - Characteristics and basis of professional practice in PHC; 4 - Challenges for the practice of occupational therapists in PHC. DISCUSSION (PHASE 3): The joint interpretation of the results of the mixed methods research allowed us to infer that the broad scope of professional practices in PHC can enhance interprofessional practice, network collaboration and comprehensive PHC. There was also an interface between the essential attributes and derivatives of PHC and occupational therapy practices and that its work process is under construction and consists of specific and shared practices linked to matrix support: technical-pedagogical and clinical-care. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It is possible to defend the legitimacy of occupational therapists' practices in PHC in Brazil and affirm that they are carried out in a contextualized way with people, families and communities that present varied health needs and / or specific problems.
Pelo diálogo entre a universidade e a Educação Básica: um estudo sobre as licenciaturas da UFSCar - campus Sorocaba
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Dias, Amanda Regina Martins; Marques, Sílvio César Moral; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6047434055828372; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5890766759806729
This investigation deals with University, Basic Education and the interaction between both, aiming to establish relations between the actions planned and / or developed by the Undergraduate Courses at UFSCar - Sorocaba campus, which aim to bring the two levels of education closer. It is a qualitative research, like a case study, that considered UFSCar - Sorocaba campus as the epistemological place. The theoretical-methodological axis consists of a specialized bibliographic survey on the subject at the Bank of CAPES Theses and Dissertations and other platforms such as Scielo, Redalyc, Google Scholar, among others, and the documentary analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the Licentiate Courses. As a data collection instrument, interviews were chosen, which followed with a semi-structured questionnaire, complemented by the characterization of the respondents. Using content analysis to understand the respondents' speeches and feedback, six Undergraduate Course Coordinators and one former coordinator were interviewed, totaling seven respondents. It was observed in the most recent research, that the relationship between school and university, as a collaborative learning process, establishes a connection between actions and discourses, enabling the constant renewal of knowledge. The survey results revealed that the relationship between the university and basic education is necessary and relevant, however, it is still insufficient. In the respondents' perception, the dialogue is well below expectations and there are several factors that hinder the overwork of teachers, the lack of an institutional policy at UFSCar - Sorocaba campus, which is more structured and effective on this issue; the lack of clear and explicit prediction in university documents of how this relationship between courses and basic education will take place; difficulty of access and dialogue with the municipal and state education departments, in short, challenges that need to be overcome internally and externally, so that there is greater dialogue between the two levels of education.
Evidências científicas para a prevenção da violência de gênero contra meninas adolescentes e jovens mulheres
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Bachega, Denise; Mello, Roseli Rodrigues de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5233854244313683; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8339894297281762
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global public health problem that affects women of all nationalities, ages, social classes, cultural, ethnic and racial groups and at all educational levels. Studies have demonstrated the importance of socialization for the attraction towards violence as the root of this phenomenon, with emphasis on the socialization that occurs in the school context. Based on investigations carried out in the research group in which this thesis was developed, NIASE, the present research had as main focus to identify actions aimed at girls and young women that prevent GBV, seeking to overcome it. For this purpose, a bibliographic research of scientific papers was carried out in the databases Scielo, Google Scholar, ERIC and Web of Science, using descriptors such as “gender violence”, in Portuguese and in English. A general characterization of the papers was carried out regarding: year and type of publication, country, area of knowledge and type of work presented in relation to the GBV (interventional, descriptive, theoretical or literature review). The results presented in the Brazilian production are more focused on the descriptive aspects in relation to the VdG than the intervening ones and only one intervention carried out from the Education area was found. In the international literature, however, most of the papers that carried out intervention were in the Educational area. No Brazilian papers, or references to the national context, were found in the consulted international databases. In addition, the results found were also analyzed and discussed in relation to the transformative dimension, that is, aspects of reality that address ways of overcoming a VdG; and to the exclusionary dimension, that is, aspects of reality discussed in the paper that reinforce socialization for the attraction towards violence, promote gender violence or tolerance to it. It is highlighted that national papers have a greater number of exclusonary elements than papers analyzed in the international literature. The analysis of the papers indicates the challenges still faced in the country, since there is a scarcity of knowledge production that presents concrete answers to this problem, which is still so present in our society and which hinders the transformation of the violent social context in which we live. At the end, indications on the relevant aspects to be considered when carrying out VdG preventives are displayed.
Homem, animal, indústria: uma análise discursiva do agronegócio brasileiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Alves Filho, Manoel Sebastião; Piovezani Filho, Carlos Félix; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1677609008094603; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7789094287886685
This dissertation intends to analyze the discursive functioning of the Brazilian agribusiness in order to better understand a paradox of contemporary society: the excessive consumption of meat, the systematic killing of millions of animals, the commercial success of the meat industry in a society sensitive to animals. The work is divided into three units: the first makes a quick flight over history, looking for discourses produced by human beings about animals; the second analyzes society’s ambivalences regarding these living beings; the third analyzes the role of the industry in our country and the discourses produced by it, namely by Friboi, Seara, Sadia e Perdigão. Initially, we sought to say about the relationship of man with the animal in the long historical period, abstracting passages in which the first attributed characteristics such as sensitivity, emotion, conscience and language or insensitivity, ignorance and passivity, in order to determine its status and your right or not to life. We start from common discursive units, such as specific fields of knowledge, authors, works and periods, in search of the identification of more fundamental statements and discourses, whose strength and reach make them go beyond these fields, pass from one author to another, expand and cross the boundaries of time and space, of ages and places: animals have euphoric properties and we mustn’t kill and eat them or they do not and we can do it. Then, we analyze the ambiguities that permeate today's society in this regard: sensitivity to certain species; the practice of eating or not eating animal foods; the defense of better living conditions and a humane slaughter for industrial animals or the defense of the cessation of this entire carnivorous industrial system; the adoption of individual practices such as vegetarianism or veganism as a strategy for sabotage etc. Finally, we analyze national agribusiness speeches about their products and their production, observing the materialization of words that, through linguistic and imaginary resources such as metaphor and metonymy, produce certain effects of meaning that highlight the former and silence the latter, which they conceive of meat as a product and a food and not as the fragment of an individual animal, endowed with attributes such as sensitivity, emotion, conscience, etc. Our theoretical assumptions and analytical procedures come from the Discourse Analysis of the French line derived from Michel Pêcheux and Michel Foucault. Our material, in turn, comprises advertisements, website texts and packaging of the mentioned brands.
Avaliação da terapia fotodinâmica associada ao clareamento óptico no tratamento do melanoma cutâneo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Martinelli, Letícia Palombo; Bagnato, Vanderlei Salvador; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4947860249518663; Kurachi, Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0194007981724312; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7525788732997982
Melanoma is a major public health problem because, despite its low incidence, it has high rates of morbidity and mortality when diagnosed in more advanced stages. Thus, there is a need to develop therapeutic options. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique based on the use of a compound called photosensitizer (FS), light at an appropriate wavelength to excite the photosensitizer and the oxygen present in the tumor tissue. The photodynamic reaction to induce cell death occurs mainly by the production of singlet oxygen, a highly reactive and oxidative species. In the case of cutaneous melanoma, due to the high concentration of melanin being one of the main biological absorbers, photodynamic therapy has a poor response due to the great limitation of the penetration of light into the tumor. Optical clearing agents (OCAs) have been used to oppose the attenuation of light in tissues, especially in biological samples for confocal microscopy. Our strategy was to use PDT associated with pretreatment of melanoma with clearing agents to optimize tumor irradiation. The FS used was Photodithazine (PDZ) and the clearing agents PEG400 and 1,2-propanediol were associated in a 19: 1 ratio. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy and histopathological analysis was performed in order to evaluate the modification of photodynamic therapy based on biochemical and morphological changes induced in the tumor. The experimental groups were control, TFD and OCA + TFD. PDT was performed after 2h30min of the administration of the PDZ via intraperitoneal. In the Raman analysis, the main changes occurred in protein, lipid and nucleic acid bonds. Analyzing in depth, the OCAs decreased the attenuation of light for regions between 225 and 325 μm, as well as making the tumor more optically homogeneous at all depths. In addition, the photodynamic response was optimized, since it was more homogeneous, demonstrating a more effective light distribution in the tumor. In macroscopic and histological analyzes, both with one PDT session and with two, the groups with pretreatment with OCA showed greater damage to the tumor and greater effectiveness of therapy.
Estratégias de adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose por pessoas em situação de rua: scoping review
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Gobbi, Drieli Rezende; Protti-Zanatta, Simone Teresinha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6772128930979370; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8693845412471709
Brazil occupies the 18th position in absolute numbers of tuberculosis cases because concentrates 80% of the cases in the world. Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease multifactorial character, considered a public health problem, associated with social factors such as social exclusion, marginalization, precarious housing, malnutrition and difficult access to public health services. Studies estimate that one third of the world population is infected with the bacillus causing the disease. Advances in diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and follow-up strategies are not sufficient to eradicate the disease in the country. There are also some factors that make difficult to adhere to treatment, such as: poverty, ignorance of the disease, multidrug resistance and long time to complete treatment, co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), centralization of treatment in health services, lack of fixed residence, immigration and chemical dependency. The homeless population is 48 to 67 times more likely to fall ill with tuberculosis than the general population. There are few studies about the homeless population and tuberculosis and is known that is a population that needs a scientific look, due to its high incidence coefficient and abandonment of treatment. Data from the municipality of São Paulo recorded a proportion of treatment abandonment in 2014 of 40.5% in the homeless population. Thus, this study aims to systematize the knowledge produced about tuberculosis in the homeless population through scooping review. The searches were performed from October to November 2019 in the established electronic databases, by means of descriptors and synonyms. Fourteen studies were analyzed that met the established inclusion criteria and/or collaborated to answer the research question. Concluded that the homeless population has specific health needs, being the best strategies for adherence to tuberculosis treatment, flexibility, intersectorality and decentralization of services, establishment of attachment, training of the multiprofessional team to deal with homeless population, health education and development of public policies that take into account the needs of this population.
Solubilização biológica de rocha potássica para aplicação como biofertilizante
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Lodi, Ludimila Araújo; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8314583698258145
Potassium (K) plays an important role in several biochemical and physiological processes in plants, but the low concentrations of soluble K in the soil make it necessary to use chemical fertilizers in order to supply the nutritional needs of the plants. However, the production of K fertilizers from the chemical processing of potassic rocks (RK’s) is considered expensive and can cause damage to the environment. In contrast, the biological solubilization of RKs has been shown to be a potential strategy for obtaining biofertilizers, aiming at more sustainable agriculture. In this strategy, microorganisms are used to promote the solubilization of RK, when applied to the soil or from microbial cultivation in vitro, with the production of organic acids in the medium being the main mechanism of solubilization of this process. In this context, this work aimed to study the mechanisms of dissolution of potassium rocks via organic acids and the development of strategies to increase the solubility of K present in RK from biological solubilization by submerged cultivation. This study was carried out using two model RK’s, rock 1 (Yorkshire, United Kingdom) and rock 2 (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The rocks were previously characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy and their Surface Area and Average Particle Size were determined. Subsequently, the RK’s were subjected to dissolution tests for 40 days in water and different organic acids (citric, gluconic and oxalic) to evaluate their effect on the dissolution of rocks. Finally, strategies for promoting the increase in K solubility through biological solubilization of RK from the action of microorganisms producing organic acids via submerged culture were evaluated. In this context, the solubilization potential of different strains of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus (A. niger C, A. niger F12, A. niger 3T5B8 and Aspergillus 763), the effect of concentration (1%, 2.5%, 5 % and 10%) of two carbon sources (glucose and glycerol) in the culture, the effect of the initial pH of the culture medium, and the effect of the interaction between microorganism-rock for a better understanding of the dynamics of solubilization. Finally, a study of the solubilization kinetics with natural RK and with RK was performed after a pretreatment of mechanical activation (grinding), for 10 days. From the results obtained in this work, the phases Polyhalite (rock 1) and K-Feldspar (rock 2) were identified in the characterization step presenting an order of dissolution of K in the organic acids of KCl (control)> RK Polyhalite> RK Feldspar. Organic acids did not significantly influence the dissolution of K present in RK Polyhalite, on the other hand they influenced the release of K from RK Feldspar, as well as the release of other nutrients from both rocks. RK Polyhalite reached 100% dissolution of K in all evaluated acids while RK Feldspar presented the highest percentage of dissolution in oxalic acid (20.05%) after 25 days. Given the lower dissolution of K presented, RK Feldspar was used in the biological solubilization step by A. niger C in which the variables 5% glucose, initial pH 4 and cultivation without the preculture stage were the conditions selected. The physical interaction between microorganism-rock was able to increase about 33% of the K solubilized in the medium compared to tests without the presence of the fungus. The solubilization kinetics of natural RK Feldspar reached a maximum solubilization of 15.87% K after 3 days, while the kinetics with RK Feldspar after pretreatment provided a 35% increase in K solubility, if compared with natural RK, reaching a solubilization of 20.66% of K on the first day. These results show the potentiating effect of biological solubilization on the release of insoluble K present in RK Feldspar.
Danças circulares em cuidadores familiares de idosos com doença de Alzheimer: um estudo controlado e randomizado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Santos, Julimara Gomes dos; Andrade, Larissa Pires de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7334391500340646; Takahashi, Anielle Cristhine de Medeiros; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8336705133403404; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2215549725543354
INTRODUCTION: The task of taking care of an older adult with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally performed by middle-aged or older women from the family. Exposure to chronic stress situations, as well as psychosocial and physical changes resulting from the aging process, can trigger negative outcomes for the physical and mental health of this public. Physical, psychological, cognitive and social benefits are associated with dance. In this context, circle dances (CD) as a therapeutic modality could have the potential to improve caregivers’ health who take care of older adults with AD. AIMS: To evaluate the chronic and acute effects of a circle dance program (CircleCare) on physical and mental health of family caregivers of older adults with AD. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate the acute effect of a CD session on participants moods. METHODS: The chronic effects of CircleCare were tested using a randomized controlled clinical trial with 25 family caregivers, aged 50 years and above, allocated to an Intervention Group (IG), n = 13, 60.23 ± 7.07 years (60-minute sessions, twice a week, for 12 weeks) and Control Group (CG), n = 12, 63.83 ± 9.56 years (without intervention). Functional mobility, gait speed and muscle strength were considered primary outcomes. Cognition, burden, stress, depressive symptoms and quality of life were defined as secondary outcomes and the frailty phenotype as a tertiary outcome. The effect of the intervention was analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post hoc (p < 0.05). For the acute effect of CD on moods, a quasi-experimental design was carried out with a group of 15 caregivers (60.20 ± 7.05 years), analyzed before and after the performance of a single session of CD. A paired t-test with a significance level set at 5% was used to verify the change in moods after CD. RESULTS: Regarding the chronic effect of CircleCare, a group and moment interaction was observed, in which only CG showed a worst performance in gait speed (p = 0.008) and quality of life (p = 0.005) and stress (p = 0.045), while only IG showed improvement in relation to functional mobility (p < 0.001) and burden (p = 0.001). There was no effect on lower limb strength, cognition and depressive symptoms. The transition from pre-fragile to non-fragile occurred at a greater proportion in IG. Regarding the acute effect after a session of CD, the positive moods increased, while the negative states decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that CircleCare was effective in improving functional mobility, burden, stress and contributes to the transition from pre-fragile to non-fragile. However, it was not enough to induce significant responses on gait speed, lower limb strength, quality of life, depressive symptoms and cognition. Moreover, a single circle dance session was able to positively influence moods. Thus, circle dances prove to be a promising intervention for the physical and mental health of caregivers who take care of elderly people with AD, especially those who are middle-aged and older women.
Inventário portage operacionalizado: uma proposta de adaptação para crianças com baixa visão
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Quintão, Cassiana Saraiva; Aiello, Ana Lúcia Rossito; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7544189440874179; Gil, Maria Stella Coutinho de Alcântara; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1673770301699940; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8824156722659106
In Brazil, there is a lack of instruments to assess the development of children with visual impairment. On the other hand, the country counts on the Operationalized Portage Inventory (OPI) adapted to the Brazilian reality whose objective is to raise the development repertoire of children from 0 to 6 years old. The OPI consists of 580 items, organized into six areas. This work aims to describe two stages of the OPI adaptation process for children with low vision. The first step was the selection and modification of the items that would be adapted by a Committee of Experts. Three professionals took part in this stage, experts in child development, visual impairment and the operationalization of the OPI, denominated “specialists”. Each specialist read all items and recorded aspects of each item that required modification. The three experts presented their positions and arguments about the need to modify each item and still their consensus on the need to adapt each item examined. In case of doubts regarding the direction of adaptation, the description of the item's teaching activities was consulted in the Portage Guide, in the Spanish version that one of the specialists had available. In cases of persistent doubt, the original formulation of the item was preserved. In order to assess their agreement with the OPI items by area, it was established in a meeting that for each area the minimum agreement rate would be 90%. In this first stage the results indicated that 42.75% (248) of the 580 items should be adapted. In relation to the areas, there was a need to adapt to: Child Stimulation = 42.22% (19); Socialization = 31.32% (26); Cognition = 65.7% (71); Language = 53.53% (53); Self-care = 15.23% (16) and Motor Development = 44.41% (63). The changes proposed by the specialists focused on the components of each item: material, condition, criteria and / or response. To guide the applicators to evaluate the items, a general instruction was elaborated to inform the applicator about important aspects for the performance of people with low vision, such as visual field preferences, perception of contrasts, preference for lighting and visual discrimination. In the second stage of the study, three independent expert judges were invited to assess the theoretical coherence of the 1st version of the OPI-BV proposed by the Committee of Experts. One judge was expert in visual impairment, and the others in Child development and psychological instruments preparation, respectively. The judges received a general instruction and six protocols containing the 248 items in their original versions and modified by the Committee of Experts, with a two-month deadline for returning the material. The judges were free to contact the researcher in case of doubts during the analysis. Independently, the three judges made adjustments on different items and their components, totalizing 419 suggestions. The analysis of the judges' nominations was made by the Committee of Experts, which decided to re-elaborate only the items in which there was unanimous agreement in the indication of adjustments, regardless of whether or not it was in the same component. Two categories were developed with criteria for accepting or not the judges' suggestions. In the 1st category it was agreed that suggestions would be taken to make the stimuli more visible and the material more noticeable (visual and / or auditory). Suggestions related to improvements in the condition component, improvements in the elaboration of the wording, and related general suggestions in the item would not be accepted, as well as complicated suggestions that contradicted the original version of the OPI and also contradictions between the judges´suggestions in the same item and components or in different items and components. In addition to the judges' work, a low vision specialist offered contributions that were considered for the changes. The work carried out in the second stage resulted in the insertion of the three judges´contributions to the 22 items for which there was agreement, and in the insertion of the low vision (orthopedist) specialist´s contributions towards the General Instruction for applicators, Specific Instructions and guidelines about the distance in which objects are located and fixed, identification of the visual field of preference, visual discrimination or better use of vision and tips to improve contrast. The 22 items were analyzed and the suggestions were incorporated, according to the two categories of analysis created by the Committee of Experts. Thus, this work resulted in drawing up the 2nd Version of the OPI-BV, consisting of the 332 items of the OPI original version which haven´t been modified, plus the 248 items modified by the Committee of Experts, including the 22 that were reworked by taking into account the expert judges´ recommendations and also a new General Instruction and Specific Instructions with the changes suggested by the visual impairment specialist (orthopedist). The conclusion is that the participation of expert judges brought positive contributions to adaptating the OPI to the brazilian reality and even made it possible to improve the items in order to elaborate the OPI 2nd version for children with low vision.
Precipitador eletrostático: influência das condições operacionais e dos eletrodos de descarga na eficiência de remoção de nanopartículas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Andrade, Raíssa Gabrielle Silva Araújo; Béttega, Vádila Giovana Guerra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0752059622240208; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7711873793019553
The industrial activities are the main cause of the particulate material emission, which results in the elevation of air pollution indices and respiratory diseases. One of the most common types of equipment to reduce emitted particle concentration in the atmosphere is the electrostatic precipitator, for its high versatility and for achieving high collection efficiency. Its operation consists of the air ionization containing the dispersed particles which will be electrically charged by the ions formed and attracted to the collecting electrodes, which reduces the particulate material concentration. The efficiency of electrostatic precipitation depends directly on the operating conditions and the geometrical characteristics of the equipment. In this context, the present study evaluated the influence of the operating conditions such as air velocity (1.03, 2.04 and 4.08 cm/s), electrical field (3.08-3.38 kV/cm) and discharge electrodes on NaCl nanoparticles removal efficiency. The electrostatic precipitator used was a single-stage wire-plate type, with two collecting plates with a height and length of 10 and 30 cm, respectively, spaced 6.5 cm apart. The studies were conducted in 3 steps, step 1 consisted of the discharge electrode number variation (1-4), with a wire diameter of 0.4 mm, spaced apart in 6.5 cm, with NaCl solution concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 g/L. In step 2, the configurations that presented the lowest collection efficiency in step 1 (1 and 2 wire experiments) were selected to compare the results obtained with the experiments performed with a new wire diameter, 0.3 mm, spaced at 6.5 cm. In step 3, the effect of increased wire spacing was analyzed, and the results of the experiments carried out in the previous 2-wire discharge steps, with wire diameters of 0.3 and 0.4 mm, were compared to the obtained data. for both wire diameters, with the new 12 cm spacing. The results proved the precipitator's efficiency in removing nanoparticles and evidenced the negative effect of the velocity increase in particle collection. The electrical field improved the collection efficiencies, due to the higher electric currents. Also, reducing the number of discharge wires impaired particulate collection in most experiments, as fewer emitters reduce the generated electrical current. The data obtained with the wire diameter of 0.3 mm proved the positive effect of the wire diameter reduction in the precipitator efficiency, as well as the increase in the discharge wire spacing. The results were used to determine the most predominant forces in the phenomenon of electrostatic precipitation, for the operating conditions used. From the obtained data, it was identified that the electric forces exerted a greater influence on the particle collection, which was intensified with the increase of the electrical field. In some cases, the same behavior occurred with an increasing number of wires. In contrast, the increase in velocity increased the action of viscous forces. Thus, the data collected showed that the best efficiencies were obtained for the lowest speed, along with the largest electric field, 3.38 kV/cm, and the best performance configuration used 4 discharge wires, with a concentration of 0.1 g/L with 99.99% removal. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed with the main operating conditions of each step, from which it was possible to prove the significant effect of the number of wires and the diameter of the wires, in steps 1 and 2. However, the data analysis of the step 3 showed that the wire spacing was not significant for the 3.08 and 3.38 kV/cm electric fields and had a very small positive effect for the 3.08 and 3.23 kV/cm electric fields.
Equivalência de estímulos e o ensino de relações numéricas para crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Picharillo, Alessandra Daniele Messali; Postalli, Lidia Maria Marson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2748282330028870; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6418472162902640
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of teaching between spoken number, Arabic number and quantity, using a computerized matching-to-sample procedure, through stimuli equivalence paradigm and to evaluate the generalization making use of manipulable materials. Participants were five students with students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), from 4 to 10 years old, with receptive language and unknown to the knowledge to be taught. A pre- and post-test design was used to evaluate the generalization for manipulable materials, as well as a multiple probes across groups of stimuli design. In the present study, the independent variable was the teaching of the relations between the stimuli (dictated numeral, Arabic numeral and quantity) through the matching to sample procedure, using a computer, and the dependent variable was the participants’ performance in training and equivalence relations (both in computerized and manipulable conditions). The procedure included the teaching of the relations between dictated numerals and Arabic numerals (AB) and between dictated numerals and quantity represented by circles (AC), followed by transitivity tests (Arabic numerals and quantity relation – BC; and quantity and Arabic numerals relation – CB) for each of the three stimuli groups. Before and after teaching and testing each stimuli group, the AB, AC, BC and CB relations were evaluated using stimuli from the three groups. Generalization tests with manipulable material (AD and BD relations) were conducted in the beginning and in the end of the procedure. The results showed that the participants learned the taught relations between dictated numeral and printed numeral (AB) and dictated numeral and quantity (AC), and they also showed the emergence of the relations between Arabic numeral and quantity (BC) and between quantity and Arabic numeral (CB), with the need for different numbers of intra- and inter-participant sessions until mastery. The results indicate that the learning of each group of stimuli occurred after the insertion of the independent variable. Regarding the generalization test, four participants (Miguel, Laura, Tiago and Ana) presented a percentage above 75% of correct responses in the printed number-quantity (BD) and dictation number-quantity (BD) relations, and one participant (Lucas) presented a percentage below 30% of correct responses. The data showed that the equivalence class formation paradigm can be a resource to be used for teaching the relations between dictated number, Arabic numeral and quantity with participants with ASD.
Efeitos citotóxicos e genotóxicos de uma nova nanopartícula de titânio de interesse industrial - in vitro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Pedrino, Matheus; Rossi, Karina Nogueira Zambone Pinto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4705154788194140; Anibal, Fernanda de Freitas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4918261968772806; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6075031427597220
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NP) are included as one of the most used nanomaterials by industries in general; it is applied in coatings, pigments, and paints for its ability to offer opacity and brightness, in sunscreens blocking ultraviolet rays (UV) and in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells. In addition, nanoparticles are highly used by the petrochemical industry to improve oil extraction. This scenario culminated in the growing use of nanoparticles and in the concern about their harmful effects on the environment and living beings. Thus, it became important to assess the toxic effects of nanomaterials after exposure to biological models (cells and tissues) to understand their risks to those who produce and manipulate them. Our work aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a new TiO2 NP and its immune response to in vitro models. The MTT cytotoxicity assay was used to assess the cell viability following exposure to TiO2 NP (2000, 1000, 100, 10 and 0.1 µg / mL) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in mouse fibroblasts LA-9 and at 24, 48 and 72 h in macrophages J774A.1. The comet assay (pH alkaline) was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of TiO2 NP (100, 10 and 1 µg / mL) after exposure to fibroblasts during 24 h. Cytokines IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-12 were measured in macrophage cell supernatant after exposure to TiO2 NP (1000, 100 and 10 µg / mL) at 24, 48 and 72 h by ELISA, and evaluated the expression of genes Nos2, Stat6 and Nfkb by qRT-PCR. In fibroblasts, TiO2 NP promoted cytotoxic effects at 96 h in the concentrations of 2000 and 1000 µg / mL and was genotoxic in all concentrations tested at 24 h compared to negative control. In macrophages, there was a decrease in cell viability after 48 h of exposure at concentrations of 2000 and 1000 µg/mL. Cytokine dosage and gene expression analysis in macrophages suggest that TiO2 NP uptake in high concentrations (≥ 1000 µg / mL) at 72 h may have generated an intracellular activation process, reflected in the high levels of IL-12, which possibly induced the production of IL-10 as a regulatory factor, in addition to being in agreement with the increased expression of the Stat6 and NF-kB genes that participate in cellular polarization in these cells. The high Nos2 expression after exposure to TiO2 NP (1000 µg / mL) demonstrates the activation of the inflammatory process in this experimental condition. The main toxicity mechanism suggested is the photocatalytic potential of TiO2 NP due to its mineral composition (anatase) and the possible generation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, TiO2 NP was cytotoxic to both cell lines in high concentrations and genotoxic to fibroblast at 24 h.
Teste clínico de resistência muscular inspiratória e equação preditiva para indivíduos saudáveis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Munno, Carolina Moraes da Costa; Jamami, Maurício; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4274129560250050; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2496416116402589
The assessment of muscle respiratory performance can be performed through respiratory muscle strength and respiratory muscle endurance (RME). Despite the clinical importance of evaluating RME, the variety of tests and equipment cited in the literature, it is still possible to find gaps in relation to predictive equations and reference values for Brazilian users. Regarding RME, there were no studies on reference values and predictive equations for the same population. Justifying, thus, a realization of the studies of this thesis. Study I was performed with the aim of verifying the reliability of the inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) test in healthy individuals. It was a study in the test-retest design, which included 100 healthy individuals, aged 20 to 80 years, of both genders, who were submitted to IME assessment, through an incremental test, using the equipment threshold loading Powerbreathe® K3 (Gaiam Ltd; Southam, Warwickshire, UK). The highest load sustained for at least 15 breaths was considered the sustained maximum inspiratory pressure (SMIP) value. An excellent reliability was found for the SMIP variable, both for the intra-rater analysis (women=0.978/men=0.982) and for the inter-rater analysis (ICC - women=0.913/men=0.993), in addition to presenting a standard error low measurement for both genders. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the average error in the intra-rater analysis was 2.31 and 0.05 cmH2O, in the inter-rater analysis of -0.03 and 0.05 cmH2O for females and males, respectively. It was concluded that the incremental IME test was reproducible for healthy adults and elderly individuals of both genders and there was a need for only one test to assess SMIP. These findings helped in the elaboration of Study II aimed to propose a clinical test to assess IME, to verify the influence of respiratory muscle strength, age, height, body mass and body mass index (BMI) on IME and to promote a predictive equation for IME of healthy individuals. To this end, an observational and multicenter study was performed, which included 204 healthy individuals aged 20 to 80 years, who were submitted to the assessment of respiratory muscle strength, through the measures of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the assessment of IME, through the incremental test, using a threshold loading device, electronically adjusted. After the evaluations, the volunteers were grouped by gender, where each group was subdivided into six subgroups according to the age group. The RMI test was well accepted and tolerated by the volunteers. After the analysis, it can be seen that there was a positive correlation between SMIP and MIP (r=0.646; p<0.001), height (r=0.302; p<0.001) and body mass (r=0.279; p=0.001) and negative correlation between SMIP and age (r= -0.240; p=0.003). It was observed after the multiple linear regression with Stepwise, a degree of association between SMIP, age and gender (r²=0.2613; p<0.001), generating the adjusted model: SMIP=e4.2357 + (0.3324 x gender) - (0.008 x age), with female = 0 and male = 1. It was concluded that there was an increase in the IME in parallel to the increase in inspiratory strength, height and body mass and the IME decreased with advancing age. The use of external flow resistant equipment with electronic valve, for the evaluation of the IME of healthy individuals, proved to be easily applicable in clinical practice. In addition, the use of the predictive equation can contribute to a better understanding of SMIP and provide a better interpretation of the IME values in healthy individuals.
Tecnologia instrucional em educação especial: uma revisão integrativa da literatura (2008 – 2018)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Morais, Eduarda de Souza; Cabral, Leonardo Santos Amâncio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5306031040506357; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9867440477544261
Instructional Technology is an evolving field of knowledge, beyond the automation of processes and the use of technological resources. It comprehends theories and practices of planning, development, use, management and evaluation applied on diverse teaching-learning contexts. On this perspective that this research has had as its general objective to identify, describe and analyze components of Instructional Technology in national Special Education journals and, how to define criteria, envisioned: a) to know the instructional skills implemented in school contexts for target group students of special education; b) systematize and analyze the components of the instructional technology domains narrated in the paper reviewed; c) comprehend the possibilities of this field of knowledge in the Brazilian educational context. It is a study whose design is based on the Integrative Literature Review, for which it was selected a national journals database on Special Education, that currently constitute the extract A from Qualis CAPES: Brazilian Special Education Magazine (RBEE) and Special Education Magazine (REE). As criteria for selection, was considered articles published between 2008 and 2018, which reported studies applied in regular classrooms, identified through the following descriptors: Practices AND Teaching; Strategies AND Teaching; Techniques AND Teaching; Intervention AND Teaching; Strategies AND Instructional. From a total of 221 the studies, 192 were excluded due the criteria remaining 29 scientific articles for the study. The results of the study enabled the didactic-teoric systematization of Instructional Technology and reveal based on scientific evidence in Special Education, that the domains of this field of knowledge pervade practices of instructional planning, development and resources implementation; teaching management and evaluation in the Brazilian educational context. However, there was a predominance of the fragmentation among the components of Instructional Technology in the teaching performance on which it is inferred that it may occur due researchers perspectives with the need to sintetize the results of their research. This present paper, therefore, indicates the need for academic-scientific investments that encourage theoretical and practical directions in the area of Instructional Technology, from an accessibility perspective, in teaching, research and extension initiatives.
Caracterização da antigenicidade e do efeito protetor em modelo murino de proteínas recombinantes de Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae candidatas a antígenos vacinais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Fuzissaki, Yuri Nakau; Anibal, Fernanda de Freitas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4918261968772806; Novo-Mansur, Maria Teresa Marques; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1198926223396748; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4331733759844179
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram-positive, bacilliform, and encapsulated bacterium that causes swine erysipelas, a disease characterized by skin lesions and other symptoms such as septicemia, arthritis, and endocarditis in the affected animals. Vaccines from attenuated or inactive E. rhusiopathiae cells are available on the market, but they are not so effective to overcome the acute form of the disease. Also, they can aggravate the symptoms of the chronic form. E. rhusiopathiae extracellular proteins were detected as potentially antigenic. It has previously been cloned the coding sequences for 11 genes related to these proteins in the pJET1.2/blunt vector and pET28 expression vector. The present work aims to perform heterologous expression of four of these proteins, named P1, P3, P6, and P7, for functional characterization of their in vitro antigenicity and protection character against E. rhusiopathiae in a murine model. For this, the following was performed: production of recombinant forms of P1 and P7 proteins in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain (DE3) and of P3 and P6 proteins in BL21 (DE3) strain; purification of the four recombinant proteins by affinity and molecular exclusion chromatography. All recombinant proteins were successfully expressed in E. coli and were functionally evaluated for: in vitro antigenicity by Western blot and ELISA, using sera from swine immunized with the available commercial vaccine; protective effect in mice by challenging with E. rhusiopathiae and monitoring of the animals survival; in vitro antigenicity by ELISA using sera from mice immunized with recombinant proteins and challenged with E. rhusiopathiae. The results demonstrated that all proteins are antigenic in pigs and mice, but only P7 protein provides survival for at least one of the six challenged mice. This work leads to the conclusion that the immunoproteomic analysis was a useful tool for the discovery of new antigens of E. rhusiopathiae, however, the antigenic proteins have limited protection effect for the proposals of effective new vaccines. New studies need to be carried out in order to verify whether the protective effect of the recombinant proteins studied here can be enhanced by changing the dosage or administration routes, or even by a combination of P7 protein with other antigenic proteins for a greater protective efficacy against E. rhusiopathiae.
Análise térmica da fermentação alcoólica convencional e extrativa com arraste por dióxido de carbono
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Gomes, Brenda Campos; Badino Júnior, Alberto Colli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6244428434217018; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1812806190521028; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2450752404711741
Extractive fed-batch ethanol fermentation using carbon dioxide (CO2) as striping gas has several advantages compared to the conventional fermentation, such as: reducing the effect of ethanol inhibition, allowing to use more concentrated musts, and reducing the consumption of cooling water to maintain the reactor operating temperature. In this work, different scenarios of the conventional and extractive ethanol fermentation with CO2 stripping operated in fed-batch mode were evaluated to propose improvements in the first-generation ethanol industrial production process. The mathematical models of conventional and extractive fermentation were developed based on mass and energy balances. Experimental data from bench-scale assays were used to adjust the mathematical models. Fifteen case studies were defined and simulated in the Matlab® software for 10L volume reactor based on two criteria: (1) conversion of at least 98% of substrate, and (2) minimum cooling water consumption. It was performed 227 simulation to meet the first criterion and 52 simulations to meet the second one. Comparing extractive fermentation with conventional fermentation for the total substrate concentration fed in the reactor (180 g.L-1) the cooling water consumption was reduced up to 75.6% for the CO2 flow rate of 0.4 vvm. The required CO2 flow rate was lower than that used in the literature for substrate concentrations fed into the reactor below 280 g.L-1 for the 5h feed time. The mathematical models of conventional and extractive fermentation using carbon dioxide (CO2) as striping gas were satisfactorily validated from experiments without a thermostatic bath in 2 L volume reactor. For the conventional fermentation experiment, there was an increase in temperature of the fermentation medium. In the extractive fermentation experiment, it was observed a decreasing on temperature of the fermentation medium due to ethanol removing by CO2. The results indicate that extractive fermentation has a high technical potential for industrial application, since it can contribute to the reduction of vinasse volume and steam consumption by obtaining a more concentrated wine, besides reducing the cooling water consumption and maintaining the operation temperature in the reactor. However, further studies are necessary to verify the economic feasibility of the simulated scenarios.
Avaliação da satisfação de famílias vinculadas ao Programa Criança Feliz
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Bráz, Gabriela Maria; Della Barba, Patrícia Carla de Souza; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6448489426438006; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8599530837490712
Children from zero to six years old, period considered early childhood in Brazil, are equivalent to 11% of the Brazilian population, being the target of various policies, investments and research on development and care models. In this sense, the Happy Child Program (PCF) emerges as a Federal Government policy for families with children between zero and six years old to be oriented towards integral child development. Many of these actions still consider the families of these children as individuals who still need to learn how to handle situations involving care and development. This study aims to investigate the satisfaction of families with the intervention received within the PCF in a municipality in the region of São Carlos - SP, as well as to analyze how the families participating in the Program see their personal-social network and the service network to which they live. are integrated. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach, built and developed with the PCF teams of the municipality. The data collection instruments used were an adaptation of the “Family Satisfaction Assessment” Survey and the “Network Map”, and the above-mentioned instruments were applied to the families participating in the PCF. Data collected in the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques. For the Network Map, a General Network Map of the participants was built and its qualitative analysis was performed by quadrants according to their structural characteristics. The results obtained showed, in the general framework of the Satisfaction Assessment Survey, a frequency of low satisfaction of 45%. Regarding the Network Map, it was evidenced that the personal-social network within the “Family” quadrant is the largest, also showing that the services that were intermediated by the PCF represent only 22.2% of the total services that were cited by the families. It is concluded that low levels of satisfaction in some specific areas of the Survey demonstrate deficits according to what is predicted by the Happy Child Program guide material itself. In addition, it reflects on the importance of directing attention to issues of intersectoriality, as it is conceived as a characterizing component of the Program.
Segurança da criança hospitalizada em unidade de terapia intensiva: compreensão de pais e enfermeiros
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Barbieri, Mayara Caroline; Cruz, Elaine Drehmer de Almeida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4374399425572064; Dupas, Giselle; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9461883918498554; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4667229554253725
Researches on patient safety thematic have shown significant development. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to strengthen family involvement, which is essential for the security of hospitalized children. In this study, therefore, the objective was to develop a representative theoretical model of the insertion of parents in the security of hospitalized children, in the view of nurses and parents, being a qualitative, comprehensive research conducted in a tertiary hospital in the state of Paraná. The following references were selected: Symbolic Interactionism (theoretical) and Grounded Theory (methodological), both used for data collection, organization and analysis. The participants were recruited from the theoretical sampling in the neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, both references in the state under study. Data collection took place between January 2018 and December 2019, through audio-recorded semi-structured interviews and conversation circles, with the participation of 25 parents and 18 nurses working in the care units. The research was initiated after approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee. The process of analysis of the collected data obtained as a central theoretical model “seeking safe care and without harm”, which was divided into three categories (Experiencing the hospitalization of a child in ICU; (In)safety of parents of children in ICU; Facing complex and multifactorial processes) and their subcategories. Parents initially experience difficulties in the process of adaptation to the intensive environment, requiring the support of family, professionals, peers and spirituality. After the initial phase, they recognize the possibility of child care errors, and raise concerns about the child’s long-term quality of life. Parents recognize in the physical presence a determining factor for the inclusion in the child’s safety, since from this they can know their child, recognize warning signs, act in favor of their child’s safety and question professionals. Although the presence is decisive, it is necessary that professionals and family members establish partnership relations for this involvement to take place. Performing the care is recognized as an insertion aid tool. The presence of protocols and humanization are physical and organizational aspects that also interfere with the insertion of parents in child care and safety. Communication is valued, although full of challenges, such as the pursuit for the ideal moment to establish the relationship between parents and professionals and the transfer of information. Challenges such as workload, staff sizing, care sharing, vocational training and multiprofessional work influence the effectiveness of parents’ insertion in the safety of hospitalized children. It is concluded that parents and professionals seek to provide safe and without harm in care to children hospitalized in intensive care units. Inserting parents in the safety context is a complex factor and influenced by many variables, but, when effective, brings benefits to the relationship between professionals and parents, as well as reflexes in the improvement of child safety.
Significando o conquistador e o indígena: uma análise enunciativa de livro didático
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Freitas, Bárbara de Souza; Silva, Soeli Maria Schreiber da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8794598988783452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9310293874906050
Since 1940, textbook has been the most used teaching material in Brazilian schools and that made it a focus for public politics of this kind of material and for the scientific research world. Concerning to these areas, there are many discussions about the quality of textbooks, and textbooks evaluation materials from the government has pointed out discussions about the fragility of some contents in teaching materials. Contents about indigenous people, which, recently inserted in textbooks, still have gaps as the indigenous representation, especially in colonization contents. Because of that, this paper aims to analyze enunciatively the designation of the word indigenous in Brazilian colonization contents, presented in the elementary school textbook Projeto Araribá História (a collection often chosen by schools and that has taken a leading position in sales). The National Didactic Book and Material Program, created in Brazil, selected this textbook to be used from 2017 to 2019 in Brazilian schools. Due the selected content for the analysis, it became relevant also to study the designation of the word conqueror, considering the strong relation between the colonizer and the indigenous representation in this content. These analyses aims to reflect on the meaning of these expressions, investigating whether one term imply to the other one. For this, as theoretical and methodological support, it is used some concepts from Enunciation Semantics, such as rewriting, Semantic Domain of Determination, enunciative scene and memorable, developed by Eduardo Guimarães; and the concepts of nominal structures and enunciative pertinence, developed by Luiz Francisco Dias. The procedures for the analysis were: to survey the utterances; next, for each term, to identify the relations that constitute the Semantic Domain of Determination; than to descript the enunciative scene and the memorable presented in the utterances. The analyses were divided in two parts, one for each term. They showed that the term conqueror is designated as the one who conquer a territory by dominating and subduing some people, but this sense is made by the legitimation of Portuguese domination memorable. This memorable puts the colonizers in a superiority position. In the analyses of the term conqueror, the word indigenous already means something through the silencing of indigenous people in the colonization history that is told in the textbooks. This word also means because of the conquered image that the conqueror presumes for indigenous. In the utterances that indigenous appear, this word is designated as native, first inhabitant. This expression also designates savage, the one who has to be civilized. However, this sense builds itself when the historian social position of the enunciation presents, not his saying, but another from European colonizers. From this thought about the senses mobilized by the terms, it is possible to affirm that, although the textbook tries to break a traditional European perspective off to see the colonization in Brazil, this still means through the discovering of Brazil memorable in this textbook enunciation. Therefore, this manual still has a Eurocentric discourse.
Percepción de servicios ecosistémicos por agricultores familiares como herramineta de conservación
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-02-18) Bejarano, Nancy Vanessa Arteaga; Branco, Cicero Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9859677380003528; Piña-Rodrigues, Fatima Conceição Márquez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1475369713141675; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3560548282547175
We live in a world in which each social group has different knowledge, values and beliefs, due to its natural, historical, cultural and social contexts. Understanding the relationships between human societies and ecosystems is of great importance since natural systems are the basis on which human societies are based. This study is divided into two chapters, the first chapter deals with the importance of the perception of ecosystem services by family farmers as the main tool for nature conservation. The recognition of local populations within protected areas is an important factor in establishing conservation measures, since they have knowledge about the local environment, which must be considered in conservation policies and strategies that guarantee the effectiveness of funds invested in conservation. The chapter two shows the case study of the perception of ecosystem services by family farmers in the Ipanema settlement, Iperó SP. Where, it was possible to conclude that, within the ecosystem services, farmers have a greater perception of production services. This is because farmers have a direct relationship with this service.