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Fundamentação da filosofia na crítica da razão pura: regras metodológicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Vieira, Marcelo Aparecido; Santos, Paulo Roberto Licht dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1681044854219924; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0906549801234887
This dissertation proposes to investigate the method of the Critique of pure reason itself, as it is presented in the Transcendental Doctrine of Method, for the substantiation of philosophy as science. It is Kantian thesis, from the pre-critical to the critical period, that philosophy is not yet given or constituted as science, being only an idea of a possible science; if philosophy is not yet given, one of the main tasks of the Critique of Pure Reason is to propose a systematic or integral substantiation of philosophy as science. The problem that this Dissertation seeks to investigate is the method that the Critique of Pure Reason itself adopts to accomplish this task. Two readings, divergent from each other, allow us to better understand the problem proposed here and the solution we seek to give to it. Schelling objects that Kant, by refusing a doctrine of construction for philosophy itself, would not be able to ground it. Gérard Lebrun, on the other hand, proposes that the foundation of philosophy proposed by Kant is not to be found in formal logic, as the leading thread of critical investigation, but in reflection itself as the method of philosophy. Against these two readings, this dissertation seeks to show that the foundation of philosophy proposed by Kant is found precisely in the critical method as set forth in the Transcendental Doctrine of Method of the Critique of Pure Reason. Our hypothesis is that the grounding required by criticism is possible not by the construction of concepts nor by pre-logical reflection, but by reason of the methodological rules as grounded in our faculties of knowledge and extracted from the forms of thinking itself. Which in the last analysis is: thinking by rules.
Efeitos da combinação de agrotóxicos e do patógeno Nosema ceranae no desenvolvimento de Apis mellifera africanizada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Tadei, Rafaela; Silva-Zacarin, Elaine Cristina Mathias da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3993998796939609; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0546753583907576
Bee populations have declined in several parts of the world, possibly due to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, such as pesticides, pathogens and forest fragmentation. Since the larval stage, bees are exposed to combination of pesticides by food and contact that can harm their health and capacity to combating pathogens, such as the microsporidium Nosema ceranae. The present study aimed to assess whether exposure to the combination of pesticides in the early stage of bee development changes the rates of infection and effects caused by the pathogen N. ceranae. For this, Apis mellifera larvae from three healthy colonies were transferred to in vitro conditions and received an artificial diet containing 2% of pesticides from the third to the sixth day of feeding. The larval bioassay was composed of six experimental groups: I - Control, II - Solvent control, III - Clothianidin insecticide, IV - Pyraclostrobin fungicide, V - Combination: insecticide + fungicide, VI - Commercial pyraclostrobin fungicide - Comet®. The total consumption of clothianidin and pyraclostrobin was 0.17 ng / larva and 0.69 ng / larva, respectively. These individuals were kept at 34ºC and humidity controlled until the emergency. One day after the emergency, half of the individuals in each experimental group were orally inoculated with 100,000 N. ceranae spores. Six days after inoculation, the midgut of the bees was submitted to dissection, fixation and microtomy for histological, histochemical and immunofluorescence evaluation. From the histological sections, quantitative analyzes of the infection rate, morphometric of the epithelial thickness and semi-quantitative analyzes of cellular changes in the midgut were performed. Deleterious effects on post-embryonic development were not observed in the experimental groups. Larval exposure to pesticides made subsequent adults more susceptible to the actions of the pathogen Nosema ceranae, increasing epithelial lesions in the midgut. Among the experimental groups, the insecticide showed the highest cytotoxicity to the midgut and increased the rates of cellular infection to the inoculated spores. No synergism was observed in individuals exposed to a combination of pesticides, but co-exposure favored infection with the pathogen. The commercial formulation of the fungicide did not enhance the effects of the active principle on the ventricular epithelium of adult bees. Thus, this study is the first to assess larval exposure to combinations of pesticides followed by inoculation with N. ceranae and showed that larval exposure to sublethal doses of these pesticides can affect the health of subsequent adult individuals.
A candidatura Lula em 2018 nas páginas da Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo: agenda e enquadramento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Lins, Aquiles Coelho; Azevedo, Fernando Antonio Farias de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6291864794986993; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6692908975804791
In the midst of a serious political crisis, Brazil went through presidential elections in 2018. During the pre-campaign and part of the electoral race, former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) led the vote intentions, but had his candidacy prevented by the Electoral Justice, after having been sentenced in the second instance. It is known that the mass media have become a fundamental element in the political life of any democratic country and that printed newspapers are relevant in this context, due to their ability to guide the agendas of other media. In this sense, the present research investigates how the three main printed newspapers nationwide - Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo and O Estado de S. Paulo - reported and noticed Lula's candidacy attempt in 2018. For that, they were analyzed the main and editorial headlines of the vehicles from June 8 to September 12, 2018. The main methods used were the Valencia Analysis Methodology and the Framework Analysis. Three main issues were investigated: (1) the frequency devoted to Lula's electoral project by the vehicles; (2) the valuation of headlines and editorials about him; and (3) the framework given to the ex-president in the editorials. In the meantime, we tried to answer the following questions: how was Lula's candidacy portrayed by the researched newspapers? And what were the central ideas that organized the opinionated content of newspapers about Lula? It was argued that, through the selection and emphasis of certain aspects of the perceived reality, and the deliberate choice of frameworks, the three main newspapers in the country maintained a historic position of opposition to Lula and the PT, with mostly news and opinion content negative in relation to the object. The data found demonstrate that the three vehicles had largely negative coverage against Lula, both in the headlines and in the editorials, and the predominant framing in the editorials characterized Lula as an “authoritarian” politician when trying to run for office being in a condition of ineligibility.
Saberes populares e alfabetização científica e tecnológica: possibilidades e desafios para a formação continuada de professores de ciências da natureza
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Silva, Larissa Aparecida Rosendo da; Milaré, Tathiane; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4030661520659155; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1203909012147159
The brazilian society is composed of a cultural hodgepodge due to the strong presence of indigenous peoples, immigrants and slaves of different ethnicities, impacting habits, beliefs and even forms of expression. This whole context attributes to the Brazilian community a unique community character, with intrinsic and singular characteristics and a culture resulting from the mixture of all the ethnic groups that compose it. In view of the influences of this cultural diversity, it is essential that this plurality and specificities are explored within the scope of local educational practices, valuing and rescuing the knowledge coming from society and the students' experiences. Popular knowledge composes this picture of cultural wealth, and appears as a theme with the potential to contextualize the contents of scientific disciplines. This is because it contributes to a training in which the individual is able to understand the relevance of these two cultures - popular wisdom and scientific knowledge, knowing how to transpose them and resort to them in their appropriate contexts, in line with theoretical references such as the proposed Scientific and Technological Literacy by Fourez (2005). Despite the possible contributions that work with this theme can add to science teaching, it is necessary to consider that the effectiveness of this work depends largely on the teacher, thus indicating the need for training that takes place in this perspective. However, due to the incipience of discussions on the subject within the scope of Didactics of Science, we do not yet have knowledge that provides a consistent theoretical framework for teacher training. Thus, the present work, based on the offer of a continuous teacher training course involving the relations between popular wisdom, ACT and science teaching, sought to understand what are the implications of using this theme in the teaching work and in the teaching and learning processes. science learning. To this end, we sought to analyze the process of construction, application and evaluation of teaching proposals that deal with popular knowledge and Scientific and Technological Literacy by science teachers within the scope of a distance extension course. It appears that the use of popular wisdom in an articulated way to science teaching presents great potential for work in the perspective of ACT, presenting strong approximations with the assumptions of this framework, in addition, it is evident that work in this perspective still demands great transformations in the educational system as a whole, especially in the training of teachers in the field, who, without adequate, procedural and continuous training, encounter major obstacles to promote these articulations and relationships in their teaching practice.
Padronização e aplicação do ensaio cometa para análise de genotoxicidade do mercúrio em abelhas da espécie Bombus atratus (Hymenoptera, Bombini)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Ceschi-Bertoli, Letícia; Abdalla, Fábio Camargo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7770803221041927; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6218507280198988
The mercury (Hg) is a non-essential trace metal, that is highly toxic to living beings, is a major contaminant of water bodies. Despite the genotoxic importance of Hg, there are no studies on its genotoxicity in native neotropical bees, using effective biomarkers. Therefore, a study of the genotoxicity of Hg in Bombus atratus bees was carried out through the comet assay. This assay determines the extent of DNA damage to individual cell nuclei by differential migration of DNA fragments in microelectrophoresis. Despite the effectiveness and sensitivity of the technique, there are no records in the literature about the applicability of this assay to Bombus neotropical bees, which have many endangered species. B. atratus workers were collected from Sorocaba, SP, (23º34'53.1''S 47º31'29.5'') during the months of February to March 2019. After capture, the workers were individually placed in special boxes for the toxicological test and kept in an incubator at 26 ºC, 70% humidity, in the dark, for 48 hours, according to OECD recommendations. Eleven workers were used for the group exposed to Hg at a concentration of 0.2 µg L -1, concentration considered safe by CONAMA (nº 357, 2005), and the same number for the control group. Both groups were maintained with a 70% sucrose solution. In addition to the exposed group, 0.2 µg L -1 Hg solution was offered, and to the control group, uncontaminated water. After 48 hours, the tissues that compose the Hepato-Nephrocytic System (HNS), dorsal vessel, hemocytes, fat body/pericardial cells, and Malpighi tubules (MT), were collected and processed for the comet assay. The results showed that Hg promoted genotoxicity in these animals. Regarding the control group, the HNS of workers exposed to Hg was sensitive to contamination due to the abundant presence of different levels of comets, which indicate the fragmentation of genetic material. While MT, in turn, were less responsive to the trace metal, presenting fewer damaged nuclei. Statistical analysis compared between level 0 and total damage parameters showed higher genotoxicity promoted by Hg in HNS of the exposed group, compared to the control group. While genotoxicity in MT was similar between control and exposed groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that HNS is more responsive to Hg exposure than MT. It was concluded that the concentration of Hg considered safe by CONAMA compromised the cells that compose the HNS, impairing the general physiology of the studied species, even if the TM were not affected.
Geração de romaneios otimizados para consolidação de cargas na distribuição de mercadorias com a utilização de frota subcontratada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Vieira, Thiago José dos Santos; Munari, Pedro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1328868140869976; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0853017869854389
This Master’s thesis addresses the freight consolidation integrated to the generation of cargo packing lists, from the operational perspective of an outsourced fleet in road transport with the use of freight FOB (Free on Board). The cargo packing list is a document used in cargo transportation and its purpose is to list the delivery information regarding the invoices of the goods to be dispatched. The problem consists of how to best arrange the loads in the different types of vehicles of the contracted carriers, besides having to respect the collection and redispatch processing capacities, in order to obtain cargo packing lists with the lowest total cost of distribution. These allocation decisions involve a price table, consisting of several price rules, rates and taxes, defined according to the number of deliveries in the cargo packing list and the individual weight of the cargoes to be sent. This causes a piecewise linear behavior in the cost function, requiring its full linearization to be solved as an Integer Linear Programming Problem. This case can be seen as an extension of the classic Bin-Packing Problem, in which each bin to be occupied individually has its utility value manifested as piecewise linear. Motivated by this practical and theoretical context, and because it is also a subject little explored in the literature, the focus of this research is to propose models and solution methods that are effective in supporting decision-making in practice. In addition to solving the proposed models using general-purpose optimization software, we develop constructive heuristics based on these models, as well as on reformulations obtained through the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. To verify the adequacy and coherence of these approaches, computational experiments were carried out with real data provided by a manufacturer of school supplies that collaborated in the development of this research. The obtained results revealed a high potential for application of the models for reducing costs in the practice, where reductions of more than 45% were observed in the analyzed scenarios when comparing them with the company's history. The heuristic methods also proved effective for the situation in question, offering quality solutions, yet being 96% faster on average than using exact methods.
Avaliando a eficácia do ensino de tato e ouvinte com estímulos de dois elementos na aquisição de língua estrangeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Ferreira, Mayara da Silva; Cortez, Mariéle Diniz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7927746584626515; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1698874787482610
Some studies have assessed how different teaching procedures may favor the acquisition of intraverbal repertoire related to foreign language acquisition in children. The present study aimed to 1) assess the effectiveness of tact and listener instruction with two-element stimuli (object and color), organized in matrix, in the emergence of bidirectional intraverbal responses (English–Portuguese and Portuguese–English) and, 2) verify the instruction effectiveness in producing generalization and recombination between pairs of elements. Four children with typical development from eight and nine years participated. The experimental conditions were 1) Pre-training probe, that evaluated the children’s initial tact, listener and intraverbal responses of the stimuli sets (color and object); 2) Tact instruction: Phase 1, color teaching, when the experimenter presented a card filled by the color (visual stimulus) and asked the child “Which color is this in English?” and Phase 2, object + color teaching, similar to Step 1, using two-element visual stimuli (object + color); 3) Listener instruction: Phase 1, color teaching, in which the participant pointed to the corresponding color (in a three card arrangement) to the vocalized word by the experimenter and Phase 2, object + color instruction, similar to Phase 1, using two-element visual stimuli (object + color); 4) Bidirectional intraverbal probe, that verified the emergence of bidirectional intraverbal responses (English–Portuguese and Portuguese–English) and; 5) Generalization test of bidirectional intraverbal responses, that evaluated the recombination among objects and color names that were not directly taught. The high levels of emergence of bidirectional intraverbal responses were observed in both tact and listener instructions, however, tact instruction efficiency seemed higher than that observed in previous studies. In generalization test, findings demonstrated high levels of recombinative generalization for all participants.
Flexibilização da jornada de trabalho: estudo de caso com servidores técnico-administrativos em uma instituição federal de ensino
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-03) Tessarini Junior, Geraldo; Saltorato, Patrícia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4086015205835355; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5837053265871206
This study aims to analyze the flexible work arrangements of technical-administrative staff in a Brazilian federal institution of education that adopts a model to reduce working time to 30 hours per week. A case study was conducted through the collection and analysis of theoretical data (bibliographic and documentary research) and empirical data (participant observation and nineteen semi-structured interviews with flexible employees, managers and union representatives). The results indicate that the flexible working time is an important part of a very complex organizational context, being permeated by a series of implications and contradictions. Initially, there is a large approval and advocacy for flexibility, especially due to obtaining more free time to devote to other personal activities. However, reducing working hours has not represented an action capable of providing better quality employment for workers. There are a number of aspects that undermine the benefits of flexibilization: i) intensification of working time, especially due to the lack of staff, excessive demands and the workers' sense of gratitude for the flexibility granted, which leads them to increase their work efforts; ii) intensification of organizational control mechanisms through norms, technologies and the fear of loss of flexibility; iii) extension of work, through information and communication technologies, to time outside the institution; iv) unstable working conditions manifested in the precariousness and scrapping of public service and public education; and v) performing a work devoid of personal sense, evidenced by the perception of inferiority in relation to an organizational daily life that privileges the teaching activity over the technical-administrative activities. In addition, flexible working time, configured as an administrative concession and not a workers right, serves political purposes, expanding the possibilities of control over workers. This research contributes to a critical debate about the implications of reduced working hours, showing that, although it is an important and necessary action for the working class, even more important is the struggle for better quality jobs that effectively provide a live with some meaning both inside and outside of work.