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Utilização de escória de aciaria na fabricação de blocos de concreto
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Benittez, Leandro Henrique; Ferreira, Fernanda Giannotti da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0329487394818763; Marques Neto, José da Costa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2392932422695163; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1593457911925380
In this work, the technical feasibility of concrete blocks without structural function is studied, when using BSSF steel slag in its manufacture. In 2019, Brazilian steel production was 32.46 million tons and the world steel 1.87 billion tons and steel slag of 4.54 and 262 million tons, respectively. The incorporation of this waste from the steel industry, in concrete blocks, contributes in a sustainable way to the final destination of an environmental liability. Partial substitutions of 20, 40, 60, 80% of the natural aggregates were made by artificial in the production of the blocks. Initially, tests were carried out to characterize the aggregates and binder. The concrete blocks were manufactured in a cement artifact industry to obtain results at scale, with industrial reality. Then, the blocks were tested for dimensional analysis, water absorption, liquid area and resistance to compression at 28 days of age. The results showed that it is technically feasible to incorporate BSSF steel slag into concrete blocks, since all the blocks produced met the normative requirements. It is noteworthy that the blocks with the replacement of 60% of aggregates were the ones that presented the best results.
Métodos digitais de obtenção de limiares topográficos de processos erosivos a partir de produto de radar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Padilha, Ana Flávia de Roland; Lollo, José Augusto de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8987677644041247; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8442436591023490
Among the aspects of the studies of erosive processes, there is the proposition of topographic thresholds, given by an inverse relationship between contribution area (A) and slope (S), which conditions the surface runoff to cause gully initiation. The aim of this work was the study in the onset of gully erosion, using Alos/Palsar data. The study area was the watershed of the Ribeirão do Pântano, located in municipalities of Descalvado, Analândia e São Carlos (São Paulo state). The gully heads were identified in aerial images from the year 1988, as they are the oldest records found. Results indicate that the model from the radar is not free from noise and errors that may affect the proper extraction of information, requiring an initial treatment. For that, different treatment strategies were tested using the Focal Statistics tool, from ArcGIS 10.5 software to obtain morphometric parameters related to erosion processes in a more consistent way. The treatments were also applied to the Topographic Map data in some areas in the watershed, in order to analyze whether the radar data could be used as an alternative to the map. A correlation analysis between parameters A and S, obtained from both databases, it was possible to suggest the most proper treatment for the watershed, in addition to evidencing the ability of the Alos / Palsar to replace the Topographic Map, facilitating topographic threshold studies, which are scarce in our country. Using the treatment, the SxA index was applied to two sub-watersheds on the BHRP, with the higher concentrations of erosion processes on the same geological formation. The index obtained from the analysis in sub-watershed 1 was S = 0.0371A-0.4, and in sub-watershed 2 was S = 0.0297A-0.376, which were shown to be in accordance with the topographic threshold of other works carried out in Brazil, in places with similar characteristics of geology and land use, whose authors used Topographic Map data. In summary, the radar product proved to be efficient in the study of topographic threshold, which is fundamental in understanding the dynamics of the formation of erosive processes as an aid in territorial planning actions.
Impacto do crédito rural e seguro rural na produção agrícola no estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Leite, Francisca Nathalia de Sousa; Castro, Eduardo Rodrigues de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5702172673123334; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1346502647724043
Rural credit and rural insurance have an important role for the agricultural sector, once they are the main public policies to incentive agricultural production. Rural credit reduces the farmers's budget constraint, finances production costs and the use of new technologies. Rural insurance protects farmer’s income from production losses. Public resources subsidize the rural credit through the application of lower interest rates to the agricultural sector and rural insurance through the Rural Insurance Premium Subvention Program - PSR, “Proagro” and “Proagro Mais”. Given the importance the agricultural sector has on the Brazilian economy and the participation of public resources to sustain these policies, this research aimed to evaluate their efficiency for sugarcane, grains (soybeans, corn and wheat) and grape crops in São Paulo state. It is analyzed the data from “Agricultural Production Systematic Survey” (LUPA) in its more disaggregated level, the Agricultural Production Unity (UPA), for the years 2007/2008 and 2017/2018. It is analyzed the impact of rural credit and rural insurance policies in production, productivity and cultivated area. The analysis uses the methodology Propensity Score Matching (PSM) which allows to compare the groups that have used these programs and those groups that have not. We conclude that the rural credit and rural insurance policies impact the analyzed variables for grain and grape crops. However, for sugarcane crop the rural credit crop did not impact the production, productivity or cultivated area and the rural insurance impacted these variables only in the year of 2017/18.
Evolução da segurança viária em países participantes da “Década de Ações para a Segurança Viária 2011-2020”: uma análise preliminar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Lima, Marcus Vinícius Gomes de; Guerreiro, Thais de Cassia Martinelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2650555786682535; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2547667034723048
In 2011, the United Nations launched the “Decade of Actions for Road Safety 2011-2020” (DASV) with the objective of reducing deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents in the world by 50%, over ten years. In this sense, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the countries that presented their proposals to reduce road accidents in order to achieve this goal over the decade. This research has as main objective to raise the actions proposed by the countries that accepted to participate in DASV, plus Brazil, besides comparing the evolution of the road safety indicators among these different nations. Thus, the object of study consists of analyzing the evolution of road accident in this selected group of countries and, for that, the plans proposed by sixteen nations, available in the repository of the World Health Organization (WHO), plus the plan of Brazil, available on a national basis, were identified; based on these plans, all the respective proposals for actions for DASV were obtained. Then, road safety indicators were collected systematically from the official statistical bodies of each country and analyzes of the evolution of road accidents were produced using electronic spreadsheets. The results indicate that four nations (Greece, Austria, Czech Republic and New Zealand) managed to meet the goal of reducing deaths; and six (Egypt, Vietnam, Greece, Czech Republic, Mexico and New Zealand) the goal of injury reduction until the last year of available data in which it is possible to compare all nations (2016 for the number of deaths and 2014 for the number of injuries). Thus, the highlight was Greece, which led the ranking of reduction of deaths from traffic accidents with the value of -48.33%/2016, followed by Austria (-40.30%/2016), Czech Republic (-38.12%/2016) and New Zealand (-36.19%/2016). In the injury indicator, the best result was achieved by Egypt, which had a reduction of -53.80%/2014, followed by Vietnam (-48.11%/2014), Greece (-28.88%/2014), Czech Republic (-28.53%/2014), Mexico (-22.36%/2014) and New Zealand (-20.16%/2014). The negative highlights were the Philippines, which increased the number of deaths (+16.55%/2016), and Brazil, which had the largest increase in the number of injuries (+20.33%/2014).
Desempenho luminoso e energético de ambientes de escritório: estudo de caso em Paranavaí - PR
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Miranda, Débora Thomé; Barreto, Douglas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7369326190168139; Parsekian, Guilherme Aris; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7798651726059215; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7997456520341486
The constant search for the performances of luminous and energetic efficiencies in buildings is due mainly to the need for energy savings, since its consumption has increased significantly in the last decades. Providing good lighting in the environments requires that minimum levels of lighting be guaranteed so that it does not negatively affect the occupant's health and contributes positively to their productivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the office lighting system of an existing building from the 1990s in order to verify the luminous and energetic performances and explore new systems with the potential to improve performances. The analyzes were carried out by means of computer simulations using the DIALux evo program, which allows the evaluation of artificial and natural illuminations simultaneously. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the existing lighting system does not meet the average recommended illuminance value. Therefore, based on simulations with new arrangements and types of luminaires/lamps, two more effective systems were presented: one considering the replacement of T12 fluorescent lamps with LED luminaires, which provided an energy saving of 15.5%, and another that used artificial lighting to complement the available daylight during working hours with the aid of a dimming system linked to daylight. This last system showed an energy saving of up to 65% when compared to the existing lighting system. Regarding light quality, the limit lighting power density showed an improvement of more than 60% in the new systems. Therefore, by modifying the arrangement of the luminaires and replacing them with LEDs, the artificial lighting system reached the average illuminance value recommended by the standard and also generated a significant reduction in the consumption of lighting electricity. Electricity savings were also observed when assessing the potential for using natural light associated with the use of dimmers.
Avaliação qualiquantitativa da sustentabilidade urbana em HIS pelo Selo Casa Azul e Sbtool Urban
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Gonçalves, Djanny Klismara de Oliveira; Masiero, Érico; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2691827106518167; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3933684032710122
The unsustainable profile Brazilian social housing (SH) has expressed major impacts on the population's quality of life, on the natural environment and on the systems that make up cities. In this sense, the assessment of the sustainability potential of these housing developments is necessary as a way of identifying the main weaknesses of the assessment systems, contributing to the process of improving the assessment tools, especially in relation to the productive processes and insertion in the urban mesh. Based on the post-occupation analysis of a SH project implemented in the city of Araraquara, São Paulo state, the objective was to develop an evaluation on urban sustainability in order to improve the Casa Azul Seal, with the aim of based on a multi-method approach based on the SBTool Urban certification tool. It was proposed to apply the calculations established in SBTool Urban according to the requirements of the Casa Azul Seal, together with the insertion of a national benchmark to establish the analysis. In this way, four categories of the Casa Azul Seal were analyzed according to the survey of the case study information carried out by document analysis, technical visits and analysis of the guidelines required by the public administration. As a result, it was possible to attest to the unsustainability profile of the enterprise with the low values verified by the calculations, as well as to understand the advantages and limitations of the referential analysis. As an advantage, the adoption of the benchmark allowed a foundation for the improvement framework, as well as the possibility of frequent renewal of the assessment as new requirements are established that configure greater sustainability to the enterprise. On the other hand, it was identified the need for scientific investigation of social housing projects that present a potential for greater sustainability so that referenced assessments can be carried out with technical basis.
Bioadsorção dos inibidores gerados no pré-tratamento da biomassa lignocelulósica em biorrefinarias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Ribeiro, Marina Barbosa Maluf; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4141996792834715
In the pretreatment stage of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries can release compounds that act as inhibitors of the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation steps. Among the inhibitors, the phenolic compounds originated from lignin degradation can inhibit or deactivate the enzymes during the hydrolysis reaction, significantly impacting the overall yield of the conversion of biomass into soluble sugars. Therefore, new strategies that contribute to mitigate the negative effect of these inhibitors are necessary to enable the viability of future biorefineries. In this context, a potential strategy is the use of microbial biomass as a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of the phenolic compounds generated in the pretreatment stage. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Aspergillus niger microbial biomass for adsorption of the phenolic compounds present in the liquor of the hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. The fungal cultivation was made to obtain the microbial biomass and three types of treatments (autoclave, acidic and basic solutions) were used to prepare the biosorbents. Tests with synthetic samples of vanillin (monomer) and tannic acid (oligomer) showed that the biosorbents have a greater affinity for adsorbing larger molecules, such as tannic acid, as it is a low porous material. The effect of the adsorbent load, pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity was also evaluated. A 98% removal of tannic acid was obtained by the biomass treated with sodium hydroxide, whereas for vanillin the affinity was lower, with a removal of just over 30%. For the total phenolics present in the pre-treatment liquor, a removal of around 40% was obtained. The enzymatic hydrolysis assays of the hydrothermal bagasse in the presence of the liquor after the removal of the inhibitors by the biosorbents showed a 50% increase in the glucose release. The results obtained indicate that the fungal biomass has an interesting potential for the removal of the inhibitors present in the liquor of the pretreatment of the sugarcane bagasse in order to improve the conversion of the sugars in the enzymatic hydrolysis stage in biorefineries.
Extração de características e aprendizado não-supervisionados em imagens hiperespectrais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-04-29) Nakao, Eduardo Kazuo; Levada, Alexandre Luis Magalhães; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3341441596395463; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8552980487205959
Hyperspectral imagery have hundreds of bands and greater subtle differences discrimination capacity in compariosion with multispectral imagery, which benefits precision applications. However, inherent high spectral resolution and high band correlation in these imagery suggests curse of dimensionality occurrence possibility in pattern recognition processes. So, study of the effects of dimensionality reduction is relevant for this kind of image. Additionaly, is relevant to compare the behavior between linear and non linear reduction methods. In this scenario, the purpose of the present work is to analyze how unsupervised feature extraction and its different approaches affect an unsupervised learning task in hyperspectral imagery. In order to conduct such analysis, the algorithms Principal Component Analysis, Isometric Feature Mapping and Locally Linear Embedding were executed in a set of seven images. Clusterings by K-Means and Expectation Maximization algorithms were built under each execution. Performances were measured by Rand, Jaccard, Kappa, Entropy and Purity indexes and compared by Friedman and Nemenyi statistical tests. Hypothesis tests results have shown that, for 70% of the images, feature extraction deployment raised clustering performance significantly and, in 60% of those cases, nonlinear extraction yielded better results than linear