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Estudo de metodologias para o tratamento de águas industriais utilizando o agente cloro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Draheim, Nicolas; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1812806190521028; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5152375617707640
Looking for a more efficient method of industrial water treatment in cooling towers at general industries, the chlorine agent is a sanitizer widely used, including in applications for human consumption. However, due to the existence of several methods of obtaining free chlorine in water, a more in-depth analysis of such methods is necessary. The present work aims to study and, based on the results of a case performed, analyze the most common sanitizing agents in use: chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as its relevance in the cooling tower treatment scenario. At last, it was proposed, the use of chlorine dioxide from one of its obtaining routes through on-site production and application from a chemical generator using inputs of sodium chlorite and hydrochloric acid. This work compared the application of sodium hypochlorite from pre- and post-generation of chlorine dioxide. Then the results were analyzed for a final consideration on the choice of agent for water treatment in cooling towers. It was concluded that, after the analysis of the operational conditions and characteristics of the system, the chlorine dioxide showed better results on the microbiology treatment in the refrigeration towers.
Repensando o ciclo: avaliação do ciclo de vida do ácido polilático em substituição do polietileno em absorventes descartáveis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Pereira, Beatriz Aparecida Muniz; Lima, Alice Medeiros de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0038936541518854; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6821669466979960
The strong trend of products with more sustainable life cycles is promoting changes in the way they are produced today, with the search for cleaner energy matrices, renewable sources, and environmentally favorable waste treatments. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool aims to quantify the direct and indirect environmental impacts of these products and services, throughout their entire life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to their final disposal. Although the use of the method started in 1960, its application has become widespread today. A product that has a very controversial life cycle is the conventional polymer, as it has a fossil origin and is not biodegradable. Therefore, alternatives are sought for its application, such as biopolymers, for example. Biopolymers are defined as polymers originating from renewables raw materials and which have a shorter life cycle. Among them stands out the polylactic acid (PLA), which originates from starch or sugar and can be used in several applications, among them the disposable sanitary pad. The work brought a comparison between the life cycle impacts of the PE sanitary pad and the PLA sanitary pad. The results showed the PLA sanitary pad has the most sustainable process. PE sanitary pad has more negative impacts on the environment in relation to global warming, abiotic depletion of fossil fuels, human toxicity, marine ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity and photochemical oxidation. However, the results showed that PLA sanitary pad also has significant negative impacts on its life cycle that must be carefully evaluated, such as abiotic mineral depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion and terrestrial ecotoxicity. In addition of these results, the work also presented the LCA method as a useful tool for the development a sustainable chemical industry.
Cosméticos para pele: panorama histórico e econômico, matérias-primas e processos, aspectos de absorção e legislação aplicável
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Khodr, Ahmed de Assis; Casciatori, Fernanda Perpétua; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1269950652196294
This work includes a bibliographic review of the cosmetics industry, which generated a revenue of more than 29 billion dollars in 2019 only in Brazil, which is the 4th country in the sector in the world, so this industry is on the rise. and offers diversified working opportunities for chemical engineering professionals. Thus, this work is justified by the importance of the sector and had as a challenge to delve into knowledge not covered during graduation. The main object of this work was to approach the main concepts for the production of skin creams, for this a study was carried out from scientific articles and books in the cosmetics segment. Knowing its historical development, economic scenario and understanding its evolution is the basis for maintaining the progress of this industry that is in constant transformation in Brazil and in the world. As the human skin is the organ responsible for assimilating the product developed and applied, it is also essential that, in any product development, its absorption mechanisms and its particularities are taken into account. The physiology of this organ was addressed, as well as the constitution of its layers of penetration of cosmetics: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. From the study of the skin, it is presented how the diffusion of active substances occurs, allowing to analyze how to improve the diffusion of substances. Secondly, a study was made of the main raw materials of the sector (hyaluronic acid, parabens, lipids and vitamins), analysis of a production process and the role of regulatory agents, such as ANVISA, consolidating a knowledge base within the personal hygiene industry, perfumery and cosmetics. As a result, through the literature review, it was possible to analyze the market growth prospects, the main challenges for the diffusion of compounds in the skin and the raw materials used in a cream production process, providing a base knowledge for acting in the cosmetics segment.
Ensino informatizado de leitura e de escrita: Atividade suplementar para alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Souza, Lorena Fernandes; Silva, Érika Rímoli Mota da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8530538473591388; Postalli, Lidia Maria Marson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2748282330028870; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4093994643106466
Reading and writing skills are essential for students' progressions to acquire the contents of different school disciplines. This study aimed to evaluate the reading and writing skills of simple words (consonant-vowel words) of the students of the 1st grade of elementary school by the application of Module 1 of the Aprendendo a Ler e a Escrever em Pequenos Passos (ALEPP: Learning to Read and Spell in Small Steps). The experimental activities were conducted during the second semester of 2019 as supplementary classroom activity. Six children (three girls and three boys) participated in this study that was conducted in a public school. The selection criteria was performances equal to or lower than 60% correct answers in dictated word tasks applied in the classroom. The research was carried out at the Federal University of São Carlos in an appropriate structure for data collection. The curriculum ALEPP was compound by three teaching modules. In this research, only Module 1 was employed. This Module was teaching regular portuguese words compound by consonant-vowel (for example, bolo/cake; vaca/cow; tapete/rug). The Module 1 was compound five units and each unit was compound by steps (teaching sessions). Unit 1 was compound by five steps; Units 2, 3, and 4 by four steps, and Unit 5 by three steps. Each step teaches three words. Pre and post-tests were carried out before and after each unit. Extensive tests were carried out after Units 2 and 5. In these tests were evaluation the reading and writing words compound by syllables and letters of teaching words (for example, boca/mouth composed by syllables of bolo/cake and vaca/cow). In addition, a general test of reading and writing test (DLE) composed by 14 relationships between stimuli and stimulus-response, involving selection and execution tasks (reading, dictation, and copying) was applied before start the of Module 1 (pre-test, beginning of the second semester) and at the end of the second semester of 2019 (posttest). At the end of the research, the social validity was applied to a teacher of two students. The results showed that the majority of students improved performances in reading and writing in the posttest. Initially, students presented between 0% to 60% of correct reading and writing responses at general test (DLE). In the posttest, three students (Luana, Fernando, and Breno) presented 100% correct responses in the reading of words; one student (Amanda) presented 40% of correct responses and two (Raissa and Jonas) presented 10% of correct responses. In composition writing, Luana, Amanda, Fernando, and Breno presented above 75% of correct responses; Jonas presented 37.5% of correct responses, and Raissa presented null performance. The students acquired the ability to read with comprehension by performances in the BC and CB relations were greater than 66% of correct responses. Most participants presented the expansion of reading and writing repertoires, considering the percentage of correct responses above 70% correct responses reading and writing of words of generalization. In the social validity, the teacher noticed an improvement of the students to the classroom in activities involving reading and writing skills. The results suggest that the program can provide adequate conditions for the student to progress in the literacy process, and can be used as a complementary and/or supplementary resource to classroom teaching for students who have difficulties in reading and/or writing skills.
Uma análise sobre as medidas para intensificar a sustentabilidade na indústria química brasileira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Almeida, Osny Cocate; Pádua, Thiago Faggion de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8909812973749651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0449050332763451
This undergraduate thesis aimed to create a measure to transform the strategies that involve sustainability in the chemical industry into reality. When raising points of improvement and causes for the low attendance of this industry to the result of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), it was evidenced that there is a dysfunction in the companies' tactical organizational level. The tactical level is responsible for deploying the strategic guidelines and the dysfunction implies in not letting those guidelines reach the operational level. Thus, results linked to sustainability are jeopardized, as it is at the tactical level that they are generated. Therefore, the Management by Guidelines methodology was used, which was adapted in five steps to deploy an SDG from the CEO to the shop floor, making it clear what each employee must do to generate results improving the sustainability level. The first step is to establish the annual target. Then it is discussed how to prioritize an SDG and establish a global goal with an objective, value and deadline. From this comes the second step, which is to establish a measure to reach the goal. When coupling this measure to the goal, there is a guideline, which in the third step is oriented as to deploy to lower hierarchical levels. With the deployment of the guidelines comes the fourth step, in which action plans are created, highlighting their importance, since they are the translation of the global goal related to the SDG for the responsibility of a specific employee. And, finally, in the fifth step, it is discussed the creation of a governance capable of monitoring the execution of the action plans created in the previous step and dealing with deviations from the goal. With this, there is an adequate methodology so that the chemical industries, and other companies in general, can change the direction of Brazil in relation to the achievement of the SDGs.
Avaliação da distribuição e dinâmica de bolhas de ar em um tanque de flotação submetido a diferentes soluções utilizando CFD
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Jacomini, Hugo Henrique; Batista, Júnia Natália Mendes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8738610817154807; Béttega, Rodrigo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1379682125857376; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6854491332169094
In the present graduation work, the objective was to evaluate the influence of different surface tensions, viscosities and densities in the process of formation of air bubbles in a flotation tank, using computational fluid dynamics (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD). The input data for the simulations, as well as the geometry of the simulated equipment, were based on data obtained experimentally. The simulations were conducted using the FLUENT® 19.3 software. To verify the proposed model, the simulated velocity and bubble diameter data were compared to the experimental results, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In addition to diameter and velocity data, the terminal velocity of the bubbles formed was analyzed, morphologically characterizing the air bubbles simulated according to Clift's Abacus. Through the CFD it was possible to infer the behavior and dynamics of the bubbles for the different conditions evaluated, with maximum deviations of 14.28% and 13.36%, respectively, between the bubble velocity and bubble diameter data obtained experimentally and by simulations. The simulated terminal velocity results were consistent with those obtained from theoretical models, with a maximum deviation of 19.05%. The analysis of the results indicated that the simulated bubbles present the ellipsoidal oblate shape. The mathematical model VOF (Volume of Fluid) was able to represent the experimental condition, even explaining the phenomenon of coalescence of air bubbles.
Estudo da eficiência da poliimida aromática como meio filtrante em um filtro de mangas para processo de sinterização de uma indústria siderúrgica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Costa, Regina Machado; Lacerda, Camila Raquel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6593627399463062; Aguiar, Mônica Lopes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0431688649128529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4347912319606971
Air contamination with substances harmful to health or the environment, has grown since the Industrial Revolution. Due to the threat to human health, such as cardiorespiratory diseases and, in the worst cases, deaths, arose the need to control emissions of air pollutants. Currently, environmental laws which define the maximum emission parameters are more stringent and public agencies which inspect companies and industries are more active. Researches are carried out in different parts of the world with the aim of optimizing and implementing technologies that promote reduction of air pollutants and their respective negative impacts. One equipment widely used in industry is bag filter, with the function of separating solid particles in suspension from gases to be emitted into atmosphere. Bag filter, which is a fabric filter, has high collection efficiency for a wide particle size range and can be applied with different filter materials. The choice of the fabric is made based on characteristics of particulate material and gas stream, since it is necessary to have compatibility of the filter medium with the effluent to be treated. Aromatic polyimide (PI) is widely used as a filter medium in steel industries, for the dedusting of sintering. The present work focuses on the characterization and analysis of collection efficiency of the filter medium composed of aromatic polyimide fibers with a telphon support screen, for filtration of gas containing powder from the primary sintering process. Initially, characterization of particulate material was carried out and then characterization of the filtering medium. After this, thirty filtration cycles were performed, in duplicate, until the maximum pressure drop of 100mmH2O was reached, then cleaning with a reverse air pulse of 5 bar for 60ms. The equipment used is based on the VDI 3926 standard, simulating an industrial bag filter on a laboratory scale. From the analysis of the results obtained, it was observed that aromatic polyimide has high particle collection efficiency for filtering particulate material derived from the sintering process in steel industry, with 99.68% efficiency in the 1st cycle and 99, 83% in the 30th cycle. However, cleaning the filter was not efficient, with partial cleaning occurring and variation in residual pressure drop.
Mecanismos fisiológicos como efetores da variação individual na tolerância a fatores abióticos (temperatura e hipóxia) nos teleósteos de água doce pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Blasco, Felipe Rocco; Rantin, Francisco Tadeu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3546242299713690; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6314781191230873
The anthropic influence on the aquatic environment will be responsible for an increase in the frequency and intensity of exposure of fish to two very important stressors in the viability of these animals: temperature and hypoxia. Temperature is already well established as the main abiotic factor to influence the viability of ectothermic animals. Due of the efficient heat exchange that takes place between the branchial epithelium and the body surface with the surrounding environment and the relative low heat production by these animals, usually the ambient temperature will dictate the body temperature, which will inevitably influence the metabolic rate. Hypoxia has the characteristic of limiting the availability of oxygen (O2) for the performance of essential functions for the maintenance of life, as well as for the performance of activities that would ensure greater evolutionary success and fitness of the animals to the environment in which they live. Considering that both stressors are related to the availability and consumption of O2, the study of the three variables that comprise an individual's aerobic metabolic phenotype (standard metabolic rate - SMR; active metabolic rate – AMR and aerobic scope - AS) has proved to be an efficient tool in order to better understand the mechanisms related to individual variation in tolerance to such stressors. Using as experimental models two abundant species in the Brazilian ichthyofauna, Nile-tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), we studied whether the premises mentioned are related to tolerance. In experiment 1 we developed a new protocol to test the acute heating tolerance (CTswim). Such test aims to be an ecologically more relevant alternative and whose factors associated with the tolerated thermal limit are well understood, different from the current CTmax test. For both studied species, CTswim was approximately 2ºC lower than CTmax. In addition, the fatigue presented during the heated swimming protocol proved to be an interesting “endpoint” since this behavior was preceded by the adoption of an anaerobic swimming profile. This fact leads us to believe in an inability to provide O2 to the tissues in operation, indicating that the viability of the animals is possibly compromised at temperatures lower than those reported by CTmax. In experiment 2, using pacu as an experimental species, we investigated the correlation between the individual metabolic phenotype and the tolerance to acute heating and hypoxia, in addition to trying to discover a possible cross-tolerance between both stressors. The tolerance to acute heating was measured using the protocols CTswim and CTmax and the tolerance to hypoxia was measured using the Scrit calculation, that is, the O2 saturation in the water in which the animal loses the ability to oxirregulate. We found that the tolerance to acute heating, in both protocols, was not dependent upon the metabolic phenotype of the individuals, as well as the tolerance to hypoxia was not dependent upon SMR. Regarding the cross tolerance between stressors, we found a correlation between tolerance to hypoxia and CTswim, in line with the founds from our previous study about the importance of O2 supply in this new thermal tolerance test. In experiment 3, we studied the hypothesis that states that individuals of greater mass are more susceptible to heating due to limitations in the ability to provide O2 for aerobic activities. With this aim we used individuals of Nile-tilapia that varied by more than one order of magnitude in body mass and exposed them to the CTmax and CTswim tests. We found that the AS calculated at the acclimatization temperature had no correlation with the animal's body mass, as well as for thermal tolerance at CTmax. However, the acute heating tolerance in the CTswim proved to be inversely proportional to the animal's mass, as well as the MMR calculated during the test. Such findings show us that when exposed to acute warming, bigger animals have their ability to swim impaired at lower temperatures than the conspecifics smaller ones. This character can come to hinder the survival and fitness of these individuals in a scenario where such situations may be more frequent.
Segurança de processos na indústria 4.0
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Versoni, Julia Aparecida; Lima, Alice Medeiros de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0038936541518854; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6095534931704206
The concept of "Industry 4.0" or "Fourth Industrial Revolution" is recent and has been discussing the use of different technologies for the development of smart factories. The concepts associated with Process Safety have existed for a long time, therefore, the advent of Industry 4.0 brings opportunities for improvement in general process safety. The study was developed in the form of a literature review regarding recent publications on Process Safety in Industry 4.0, as well as main concepts, advances and challenges to be overcome. From the review carried out, a framework for Process Safety in Industry 4.0 was proposed, which presents the eight main pillars of action, sets of technologies and structuring methodologies, and major challenges to be overcome. Finally, the work consolidates the main areas of study related to Process Safety in Industry 4.0 and can be used in the future as a reference for in-depth studies on practical applications and interconnection between them.
Mapeamento da cadeia de suprimentos em empresa do ramo de plásticos de performance
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Alencar, Thales Henrique Moura; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1812806190521028; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7393118534293563
Due to the increasing market transformations that we have been going through, companies need to keep up by being agile and innovative. Knowing and controlling the value chain is essential to keep them competitive in the market. Therefore, the objective of this work was to map the value chain from a company in the performance plastic segment, more precisely, in the non-stickpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) covered fabric, detailing the process using Value Stream Mapping (VSM). This work is divided in two parts: the first one is a contextualization of the lean manufacture and the exploration of the VSM tool and the second one is a field application of the framework. Through mapping, it is possible to verify the process in which an order is transformed into a product, visualizing the current process performance and highlighting the future opportunities of improvements in the chain. From the construction of the VSM in the future state, the suggested projection showed a reduction of 51% of the current lead time, with the Work-in-Process (WIP) reduced by 80%, leading to a 108% improvement in value added.
Projeto de destilação do álcool neutro para a produção de bebidas alcoólicas retificadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Fonseca, Sophia Sampaio; Queiroz, João Paulo Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7316247674511327; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5737340312083370
According to data from ABRABE, the Brazilian beverage association, in 2018, in Brazil, the alcoholic beverages sector had a gross revenue of 23.3 billion reais, producing about 4.1 billion liters. In this scenario, distilled beverages represented about 11% of the market and rectified beverages, gin and vodka, 35% of this share. In addition, according to Euromonitor International, these drinks showed an increase in consumption in the period from 2015 to 2019, indicating a new world trend, and in Brazil, gin consumption had a 66% growth. In addition, changes in habits regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages have been impacting the sector, mainly in the search for higher quality drinks. Thus, the study of neutral alcohol was carried out, mainly responsible for the composition and quality of rectified drinks. The main characteristics of this component and the entire manufacturing process of rectified drinks, vodka and gin, were studied. Thus, a neutral alcohol distillation plant was designed, in which the battery limit includes the stages of distillation and purification of the intermediate product, not including the treatment of effluents generated in the process and the fermentative process of the wine to be distilled, its composition being determined through data obtained from the literature. The production capacity relies on the processing of 50,000 kg of wine per hour, resulting in the production of 3.786,4 kg/h of neutral alcohol at 91.9% mass purity. The project included pre-sizing of 5 distilling columns and other equipment like pumps and heaters exchange and pricing of equipment. In the preliminary economic analysis, the Net Present Value was 10 million reais for a Minimum Attractiveness Rate of 9%, with a payback of 4 years and the Intern Rate Return (IRR) of 22% over a 10-year horizon. Finally, there was the elaboration and description of the process flowchart, such as preliminary analysis of the process control for the projected plant.
Implementação de um sistema de rastreabilidade no processo produtivo de cerâmicas refratárias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Correa, Mariana Zarberian; Béttega, Vádila Giovana Guerra; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0752059622240208; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9576345837646610
The term Industry 4.0 has been used since 2011 to describe in a general way the integration of information and communication systems technologies in industrial manufacturing. The exchange of information between the stages of a process provides a smarter production system, capable of providing problem solutions without human intervention and resulting in increased productivity, quality, cost reduction and decentralization in decision making. The traceability systems allow the analysis of the production chain in real time and, together with MES (Manufacturing Execution System), they document the supply process from the moment it is a raw material to the final product, with the objective of maintaining the visualization of a large part of the process variables. Digitization allows the industry to maintain a more effective control of its production chain, enabling traceability in a more agile way - when compared to manual data search, meeting the needs of the process and minimizing the possibility of error, all with less response time. In addition, the data generated in this digitalization process helps to identify inefficiencies in the process, improvements and also in decision making. The implementation of traceability requires a detailed mapping of all stages of the process, just as it often requires redefinitions in order to minimize human interaction and increase the efficiency of the process. At Saint Gobain Performance Ceramics & Refractories, refractory ceramic materials are manufactured, which have application as a coating in the steel production process. Thus, this work aims to accompany, in terms of process, the implementation of a traceability system as a tool that allows the visualization of various aspects of the refractory production history, with the objective of increasing competitiveness and meeting quality requirements and product reliability and the transparency of the services offered.
Gênios do Cálculo RPG: uma ferramenta para o ensino de Matemática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Albino, Hélio Halley; Peixoto, Magda da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0413910306376054; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0031357320804772
This work aims at presenting an aid tool to the teaching of Mathematics through the use of the game “Gênios do Cálculo RPG”, designed by the author, which focuses on the development of competences and skills, in which, through a fascinating story the student will have the opportunity to simultaneously learn and have fun. The work also presents the “A Fortaleza de Gauss” adventure, designed as a learning experience for high school, in which students ought to work together in order to unveil mysteries and overcome challenges. At the end, suggestions for the adaptation of the game are presented so that teachers may use it as a teaching tool according to their goals.
Uma análise comparativa de desempenho entre diferentes tecnologias de execução de aplicações web do lado do servidor
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Almeida, Matheus Santos de; Lucrédio, Daniel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9090396559596221; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5391879866429799
This work compares the performance of native applications against applications to be executed by execution systems. The applications were built with two frameworks meant for server-side application development with Java: Spring Boot and Quarkus. It was built an application for each framework. Both applications were compiled to native code with GraalVM and to jar packages to be executed by JVM. The adopted criterion to check the performance was the average response time from server to client for each created scenario, it was also evaluated the initialization time of each application. Both applications work like APIs that access a database. It was also created a method to sort a vector of numbers passed by the HTTP request body. It was used two machines to work as server and client alternately, the server executed the application while the client accessed the server and registered the results statistics. The tables of registered results are shown in this work. It was noted that in most of the tested cases the Quarkus native application had a reduction in average response time. To Spring Boot there wasn’t any confirmation of performance improvement to the native application. The applications were also encapsulated in Docker to observe how they perform in this circumstance. There wasn’t a worsening observed in the encapsulated version performance, although this result isn’t conclusive.
Métodos de extração e aproveitamento da lignina proveniente de biomassa vegetal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Salve, Ana Paula; Furlan, Felipe Fernando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4136352953168873; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8115785894033545
Lignin is one of the most widely available biopolymers in the nature, being less abundant only when compared to cellulose. It is a three-dimensional shaped molecule, with a complex and highly branched phenolic structure. Lignin is synthesized by the enzymatic polymerization process and its structure is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the source biomass, as well as the extraction process, being the variability in the structure the main obstacle to its use. The agribusiness, with emphasis on the production of ethanol and paper, generates a large amount of biomass rich in lignin, which is used in the generation of energy or additives, since it has low value-added. The constant search for polymers, fuels and chemicals from renewable sources has driven in recent years the research for applications for lignin from lignocelullosic biomass. This work discusses the methods of extracting lignin through the pre-treatment of biomass, as the routes for transforming the extracted lignin into products with greater value-added. As the main result of this work, the four methods of extracting lignin from vegetable biomass available on the industry were analyzed: Kraft, Lignosulfonate, Soda Pulping and Organosolv, comparing their operating conditions, the molecular mass of the isolated lignin and the main chemical agents used in the process. The main routes for the synthesis of polymers from lignin available in the literature were also analyzed, being the polymers of interest Polyurethane, Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde (LPF), Epoxy, Polyesters, Phenolic Resins and Polyamides.
Análise do ciclo de vida do etanol produzido em uma destilaria autônoma
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Theodoro, Giulia Silva; Lima, Alice Medeiros de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0038936541518854; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6234945866176582
The resulting climate changes which have accompanied, since the beginning, the development of the global industrial sector, confirm the need to search for alternatives that mitigate the environmental impact. Currently, among all the environmental categories that demand a concern, one of the main ones is the emission of pollutants in the air, which, year after year, influences global warming and, consequently, life on the planet, which may bring irreversible impacts in the long term. In Brazil, the cane and alcohol sector have a fundamental role in the country's gross domestic production, being the largest producer of sugar cane in the world and the second largest in ethanol. The work aimed to evaluate the impact of the ethanol life cycle on the stages of cultivation, harvest, transport and manufacture of the product in an autonomous distillery, prioritizing the impacts resulting from the release of polluting gases into the air. From that, it was calculated with the support of the literature and with the data provided by Pentagro Soluções Tecnológicas, as impact assessments of the life cycle of ethanol, comparing the stages with each other and then cox mparing the current scenario of manufacturing with alternative scenarios for this step. With the results obtained, the stages were evaluated in two stages: considering only one category of global warming, the main focus of the work, and considering several other categories such as acidification, nutrient enrichment, human and water toxicity, among others. The aim was to demonstrate how much each stage of the life cycle influenced the total value of the environmental impact in the context of global warming and how various possibilities of categorization in the analysis of a product's life cycle and how ethanol behaved. Finally, based on the comparison between the scenarios for the manufacturing stage with a focus on global warming, there are potential possibilities to reduce the impact of carbon dioxide with alternatives that are considered promising for the sector and that should be studied further and included in all aspects of the reality of each distillery to define its cost benefit, demonstrating that the theme of life cycle analysis should be considered a factor for decision making in relation to a specific product.
Avaliação da redução do consumo de vapor em uma usina do setor sucroalcooleiro utilizando a metodologia de análise pinch
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Melo, Murilo Borri; Furlan, Felipe Fernando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4136352953168873; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5779616608721391
Brazil presents the biggest sugarcane production worldwide. Currently, besides sugar and ethanol, value is also credited to sugarcane ́s bagasse, which can be destined to energy cogeneration in the mills, and most recently the production of biofuels. In order to improve the use of bagasse, to increase income and potentialize investments, it is interesting to reduce its fraction used to provide steam for the sugar and alcohol process. One way to achieve this is through Pinch Analysis, which is a classic heat integration method. To evaluate a possible reduction in steam demand, this undergraduate work has the objective to conduct a case study in a mill, performing a Pinch Analysis to obtain the minimum hot and cold utility demands. Besides, this work proposes the integration of the bled vapour from the evaporation section of the process in the ideal heat exchanger network design to seek the best utilization for them. As the mill ́s network is already established, it is proposed an ideal network in comparison with the existing one. The analysis showed a potential reduction of 7,02% in steam demand for the studied mill.
Estudo da reação de polimerização do cloreto de vinila e simulação do processo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Silva, Prescilla Mayra Batista e; Queiroz, João Paulo Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7316247674511327; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9429321416889923
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is the third polymer in volume sales in the world after polyethylene and polypropylene. It’s production is started with the reaction between cloride, which comes from salt and ethane originated from petroleum. Togheter, they form the vinyl chloride monomer that is transformed in PVC after the polymerization process. Since the polymer can be mixed with a wide range of additives it varies its properties ranging from flexible to rigid. In this work, the software Aspen Plus was used to simulate and reach the best reaction conditions to produce a type of PVC fit for the injection process of pipe fittings used on civil construction. The PVC for this use needs to be rigid with number-average molecular weight ranging from approximately 38.000 g/mol to 45.500 g/mol using the suspension polymerization process in batches. The lowest temperature that guarantied a result in the range required, using the model present inside Aspen, was 77,4°C, with a reactor’s conversion of 18,35% and a global conversion of arond 100%, including the purification process. This resulted in a polymer of number-average molecular weight of 45.483,5 g/mol, and less than 1 ppm of monomer, therefore inside the adequate range.
Perspectivas para a aplicação da tecnologia BECCS para a captura de CO2 na indústria de papel e celulose no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Borges, Caroline de Barros; Passini, Ricardo José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0176904791584331; Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2389975677904655; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6410955436435160
Pulp and paper production in Brazil has maintained a marked growth in recent years, as a result of favorable climate conditions for a high productivity of eucalyptus and the consolidation of the country as a major exporter of pulp. In the global ranking, Brazil is the eighth largest producer of paper and the second largest producer of pulp, behind only of the United States. The pulp and paper industry is considered to be one of the largest consumers of energy, however, it stands out as one of the few Brazilian sectors that generates most of the energy consumed in its own process. Companies in the sector use by-products from their processes to generate thermal and electric energy, especially black liquor, which comes from the pulp process. Fuel combustion to generate heat and steam used in the process is identified as the main source of the greenhouse gas emissions in this industry, being responsible for about 3% of the emissions in the entire industrial sector. In this context of large scale emissions, the pulp and paper segment fulfills the requirements for the implementation of CO2 capture and storage from the application of the technological model called BECCS (Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage), which may be able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, being recognized as an important solution for globally mitigating the emissions. In the described context, this undergraduate study aims to assess the amount of CO2 emitted in pulp and paper mills in Brazil and the impact on the emissions through the application of the BECCS model. The study provides an overview of the current development of this technology, detailing methods of capture, transport, and storage, as well as CO2 capture techniques applied to the pulp and paper sector. From a case study, CO2 emissions were obtained in a typical pulp mill in Brazil and the potential for CO2 removal was estimated through a capture system in the chemical recovery boiler. The implementation of BECCS technologies in the Brazilian pulp and paper sector showed a high potential for negative emissions and the prospect of intensifying the use of these processes depends not only on the development of technologies, but also on a higher government incentive that could make the practice economically feasible.
A dinâmica de trabalho em ambientes de coworking: estudo multicaso em empresas do município de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-12-14) Vinagre, Gustavo Marcos; Fontes, Andréa Regina Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4848646681792317; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3844658831844262
Coworkings are characterized by being flexible, innovative, collaborative and low-cost workspaces, attracting mostly startups, freelancers and entrepreneurs. This environment is made up of professionals from the most diverse areas of knowledge, thus favoring social interaction and building networks in this space. The objective of this study is to analyze the work dynamics present in coworking environments, that is, to analyze the way workers perform their tasks outside a controlled environment with established culture. The research method adopted was the multiple cases study, in which six coworkers from six different coworkings, located in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), were selected to apply the interviews. During the interviews, the high rate of networking and social interaction present in the coworkings was proven, being considered central characteristics of these spaces. The environment of the coworkings was highlighted as a positive differential and motivating element. The collaboration, the large number of events and the low cost were also cited as advantages of these spaces. Regarding the most used services, the reservation of the meeting rooms was at the top; and among the disadvantages, noise, privacy issues and lack of security in relation to theft were mentioned. We could notice that the idea that these workspaces are synonymous with a lack of professionalism has been demystified, even more with the advance of the COVID-19 pandemic which, in a way, ended up normalizing the remote work. The number of coworkings has been increasing in São Paulo in past few years and it is believed that this growth may generate, in the medium term, a reformulation in the economic logic of the city, making it more decentralized.