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Percepções de estudantes sobre o trabalho do enfermeiro na estratégia saúde da família
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Carloni, Pablo Ramon; Borges, Flávio Adriano; Stofel, Natália Sevilha; Ogata, Márcia Niituma; Rézio, Larissa de Almeida; Paiva, Ariane Tufaile de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0687618596397225; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2146448542549482; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2447361827796110; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3274294833403570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2473517091755123; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1312010753014642; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-3965; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-4855; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-3477; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8390-7334; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-8379
Objetivo: compreender as percepções de estudantes de enfermagem sobre o trabalho do enfermeiro na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida com 19 estudantes de diferentes períodos do curso de graduação em enfermagem. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, procedendo-se, depois de organizadas, à análise temática e confrontação com alguns conceitos da Análise Institucional. Resultados: a análise dos dados deu origem a três temas: 1) Percepções dos estudantes sobre o processo de trabalho do enfermeiro, 2) O vínculo no trabalho do enfermeiro e 3) Limites estruturais e relacionais do trabalho do enfermeiro. Conclusão: o trabalho do enfermeiro na Estratégia Saúde da Família é algo em constante processo de institucionalização, requerendo uma gama de conhecimento teórico-científico e habilidades que se expressam pela autonomia e vínculo com os usuários. Contudo, enfrenta alguns atravessamentos como a escassez de infraestrutura, recursos humanos, materiais e a dificuldade no trabalho em equipe.
Tempos escolares e qualidade da educação na legislação: uma incursão pela história
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Santos, Fabiano Pereira dos; Fortunato, Ivan; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8293044394759438; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0639736880221018
From the study of educational legislation from a historiographical point of view, we analyzed the relationship between school time and the quality of education, using historical-dialectical materialism as a theoretical-methodological basis. From the qualitative and quantitative approaches, we try to answer the following problem: why do school times vary throughout the history of Brazilian education? We supported our analysis in the categories school start and end time, schooling time and time at school proposed by Parente (2010; 2006) and identified the (re)emergence of a fourth category: “time corresponding to school”. We used the studies by Dourado and Oliveira (2009), Gadotti (2013) and Soares (2016) to reflect on school times and the quality of education announced in the educational legislation, in particular Law 9.394/1996, in order to understand the motivations for changes in school times and their relationship with the social quality of education. This dissertation is structured in four chapters, which discuss the following: (i.) School times and the quality of education, which serves as a guide for our reflections in the two subsequent chapters; (ii.) the construction of school times in educational legislation from the Colonial period to the First Republic; (iii.) the consolidation of the school days of the Vargas Era until the year 2020; (iv.) the analysis methodology and the results of our research. Given this path, we realize that the category time corresponding to school in the year 2021 results from the use of TDIC, but that its past dates to the Jesuits' time when study times were factors of distinction, inequality and social discrimination. In the end, this research is justified by presenting the historicity of education based on educational legislation, and the transformation of school times is related to educational concepts, principles and purposes. Supposed in educational practices, we recognize “time corresponding to school” as a possibility to improve the quality of education, but we warn of the need to prevent the risks of its use, justifying the search for the hegemonic quality of education.
Cinema, televisão e documentários: possibilidades imaginativas em contextos de ensino técnico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Neto, Armando Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5414466437997230; Costa, Alan Victor Pimenta de Almeida Pales; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5414466437997230; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7513487480792409
This dissertation discusses the possibility of a reflection on the school, education and the ways of seeing that are constituted in these spaces. In this way, we observe the educational processes and visuality projects that run through the films presented by one of the students as works of completion of the technical course in Audio and Video Production at the Escola Técnica Estadual “Jornalista Roberto Marinho” in São Paulo. We opted for a methodological direction of the analysis of this film sample according to the sociology of cinema proposed by Pierre Sorlin (1985). To this end, we undertake an “internal analysis” of the mechanisms and conditions for the interpretation of society that are guiding the cut-outs of the world expressed in these audiovisual works. This is an exploratory study, of a “constellation of the possible”, which invokes the practices of visual creation and realization, the sensory and social perception of images, varied theoretical frameworks, and the aesthetic and political processes to reflect on how they constitute regimes of visuality, often demarcated as a space of power and dispute. Hence the concern with what the films revealed to us: the sensitive and curious concern in relation to documentaries, as an audiovisual form of construction and appropriation of discourses about the “real”, the true, and the historical. This factor marks the subjects in their subjectivation processes and relationship with the world, ventilating the possibility of thinking about education, constituting itself, not as a disciplinary, rigid and reproductive process, but as deviations, between the cracks and openings that the institutionalized forms suggest, especially when talking about audiovisual realization.
Enfrentamento e resiliência de cuidadores informais de idosos com demência
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Santos, Bruna Rodrigues dos; Pavarini, Sofia Cristina Iost; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1983620301963081; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2218092217850425
Knowing and recognizing positive aspects, which can assist in understanding the best adaptation to the role of caregiver, is an important gerontological investigation path, in a scenario where care for the elderly with dementia becomes a serious public health problem. The main objectives of this study were: to analyze the factors related to resilience and coping in caregivers of elderly people with dementia; compare these variables with a group of non-caregivers; and reevaluate them over a period of one year. This is a longitudinal and exploratory study, with quantitative analyzes. The research was carried out in the coverage area of 19 Family Heath Units in the urban area of the city of São Carlos-SP, with two groups: the first, formed by informal caregivers of elderly people with dementia (n=70) and the second, formed by non-caregivers, matched by sex, age and education (n=70). The instruments used for data collection with the research participants were: questionnaire of sociodemographic and health characterization, Zarit Overload Scale (ZOS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised (ACE-R), Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) an Resilience Scale (RS). The evaluations were previously scheduled and carried out on the participants’ homes. The data were analyzed using descriptive comparative statistics and regression. The results showed: (a) A strong negative correlation between RS and PSS (rho= -0.78; p<0.01) and ZOS (rho= -0.79; p<0.01). (b) The score obtained in the CSI also showed a strong and inversely proportional relationship with the score obtained in the PSS (rho= -0.85; p<0.01) and with the score obtained in the ZOS (rho= -0.86; p<0.01). (c) In the multiple regression model using the RS, the variables overload and stress presented negative coefficients (-0.816 and -1.554, respectively), indicating that when we add a unit on the ZOS or on the PSS, we have a decrease in the variable Resilience. (d) In the multiple regression model using the CSI, the stress variables and the attention and orientation domains of the ACE-R showed negative coefficients (-1.027 and -1.056, respectively), indicating that when adding a unit on the PSS or on the ACE-R attention and orientation, we have a decrease in the Coping variable. (e) The participant’s chance of being a caregiver decreases by 3.7% (OR=0.963) when increasing a unit in the RS and increases by 13.1% (OR=1.131) when increasing a unit in the CSI. That is, the greater the resilience, the lower the chances of being a caregiver. And the grater the coping strategies, the greater the chances of being a caregiver. (f) Caregivers’ perceived stress decreased over time (p=0.039). Therefore, for this sample of participants, the length of care had a positive influence on the care experience, confirming the study hypothesis.
Energy consumption and reaction rate optimization combining turbulence promoter and current modulation for electrochemical mineralization
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Faria, Lúrima Uane Soares; Ruotolo, Luís Augusto Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6167735734348703; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2331081455441069
In the current world scenario, one of the environmental and public health problems that still needs a more efficient intervention is the pollution caused by industrial effluents containing toxic organic compounds, typically treated by biological processes. However, this method is inefficient for the degradation of biorefractory compounds, in addition to generating a large amount of sludge and requiring a larger physical area. Due to these factors, electrochemical techniques have stood out as a promising treatment alternative, mainly for their efficiency and environmental compatibility. However, the energy consumption of the process still represents a factor to be improved for its effective application. In this sense, two strategies were approached in this study to overcome this problem. Current modulation is one of them and consists of controlling the applied current so that its value is always close to the limiting value. Using this technique, it is possible to improve the mineralization efficiency and consequently reduce energy consumption; however, there is the drawback that the processing time becomes longer. Considering this, the second proposed strategy consisted of the use of turbulence promoters (TPs) to increase the mass transfer in the system, also contributing to the reaction kinetics and thus, reducing the electrooxidation time. In this way, the time increase due to the application of modulated current (MC) can be compensated, maintaining the efficiency of the process. In this context, this work aimed to optimize the electrooxidation process by combining current modulation with TPs to simultaneously improve energy consumption and mineralization time. Phenol was used as a model molecule in this study and its electrooxidation was evaluated in an electrochemical flow reactor, using the boron-doped diamond anode (BDD). The plastic mesh turbulence promoter (MTP) and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) were evaluated. The combined approach enabled the reduction of the energy consumption from 168 ±31 kWh per kg of total organic carbon (TOC) (galvanostatic mode) to 72 ±6 kWh kg-1 TOC (modulated current + MTP). Additionally, considering 75% TOC removal, the use of turbulence promoters allowed a reduction in electrolysis time from 420 min to 295 min (~ 30%) in the processes applying MC. Under galvanostatic conditions and mass transfer control regime, the use of RVC as turbulence promoter outperformed the mineralization performance observed using the MTP, mainly due to its porous matrix. However, the variation in the type of promoter had less influence on electrolysis under current modulation conditions, with similar efficiency observed at low flow velocities. The results reinforced the potential of electrooxidation for the treatment of effluents, paving the way for obtaining a process with rapid degradation kinetics and high mineralization efficiency, resulting in low energy consumption.
Instagram como instrumento de Divulgação Científica para a Biologia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Pereira, Gabriele Cristina Catosso; Fernandes, Hylio Laganá; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1315602045624096; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2603283973961881
The work developed is based on the premise of the intense interaction of young people through social networks verified in today's reality, and from there proposes to investigate possibilities of this media space for education, directing its focus to Instagram, a social network much used today among young people, and at the same time the one with less jobs academics with a focus on Education or the dissemination of science. It can be said that the social networks, in particular, is a topic that there is a lot of investment in research today, it can also consider that a large part of the Brazilian (and worldwide) population has access to them. So, why not use them, in favor of science and turn it into an instrument for scientific dissemination? The methodology for the development of the project involves the creation of a Profile, production of images, posting of these in the feed and in the stories, were questions and polls were created with the aim of encouraging followers to interact - in where elements were obtained for analysis of the posted material. This work explores powers of Instagram as a tool for Scientific Dissemination for Biology.
Contribuições para modelos de diagnóstico cognitivo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Oliveira, Eduardo Schneider Bueno de; Bazán Guzmán, Jorge Luis; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7302778157579178; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8239816795599294
Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDMs) are latent variable models which are useful for identifying the profile of respondents through tests or assessments. They are mainly used in educational assessments, but can also be considered to analyze other types of latent variables, including personality traits and other areas in psychometrics, as well as any type of data that fits in item analysis. Unlike the Item Response Theory (IRT) models, in which the latent variable is continuous, in an CDM the latent variable is discrete, however, the responses can have multiple formats. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the CDMs state of the art, filling gaps that still exist, with special emphasis on the CDMs under a Bayesian approach. The chapters of this thesis follow a sequence of construction of CDMs for different types of response variables. First, a collaborative study with the dichotomous DINA model, already present in the literature, is shown, aiming at a better understanding of the CDMs and showing a comparison of estimation methods already explored with a new MCMC method, through the No-U-Turn Sampler algorithm (NUTS). Simulation studies are shown and the methodology is used for an application in the mental health area. Next, considering continuous responses, we develop the extension of the DINA model for this type of response (C-DINA), under a Bayesian approach, carrying out a priors sensitivity study and evaluating the performance of the methodology through simulation studies, as well as providing a more detailed explanation of the construction logic behind models of this class and showing an application related to risk perception. Then, we propose a CDM for limited responses in the unit interval (B-DINA), which is unprecedented in the literature, explaining the details of its formulation and estimation, under a Bayesian approach, evaluating the recovery of parameters of the proposed estimation methodology through a simulation study and also showing the potential of its use in an application for social-demographic data. Finally, we propose new probability distributions for random variables limited to the unit interval, with the development of quantile regression for mixed-effects models, carrying out simulation studies and an application for extreme poverty data. The different simulation and application studies throughout the text show that the proposals bring good results and have the potential to be used by researchers from different areas, with the codes used to estimate the parameters also made available.
Vamos refletir sobre a prática? Apresentação de uma ferramenta reflexiva para sustentar o raciocínio profissional em terapia ocupacional
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Gomes, Laysla Demonari; Marcolino, Taís Quevedo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7197838515800679; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6759395773791257
Professional practices have been investigated from the perspective of the Epistemology of Practical Rationality, which understands that the practice as a complex, singular, uncertain and permeated by a conflict of values phenomena, and for which is possible and necessary to build practical knowledge. One of the ways to understand professional practice in occupational therapy embraces research on reflexive processes and clinical/professional reasoning. Professional reasoning has been investigated since the 1980's, with a growing number of works since then. This research is the result of a previous research that aimed at building a reflexive tool to support professional reasoning in occupational therapy in the process of identifying needs in the practice scenario of Primary Health Care (PHC). To better understand the potential of this tool for reflection on practice, it was necessary to analyze its content and its practical applicability by occupational therapists of other PHC services. Eleven occupational therapists from the state of São Paulo, identified by snowball sampling, participated utilizing the tool, analyzing it through an online questionnaire of agreement, and suggesting modifications through comments in the questionnaire, in individual interviews and in a group interview - conducted after a first change of the tool. The data analysis was carried out in a descriptive way for the agreement data from the questionnaire and thematic analysis for the interviews. The results demonstrate the applicability of the tool in the practice of occupational therapists, emphasizing the promotion of reflection on practice; the greater clarity in identifying the core of occupational therapy interventions presenting them to PHC teams; and its applicability to other contexts of professional practice.
Alterações cinemáticas e características de carga de treinamento em corredores e corredoras com dor patelofemoral
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Luz, Bruna Calazans; Dos Santos, Ana Flávia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2621235843235000; Serrão, Fábio Viadanna; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8137335642635433; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6864506216289656
Recreational running is one of the most practiced physical activities in the world. Although this activity offers numerous physiological and psychological health benefits, running has a high incidence of injuries. Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the running-related injuries that most affect runners, and females are twice as likely to develop it. Although the etiology of PFP is not yet fully understood, several etiological factors are proposed for this musculoskeletal disorder. Among them, intrinsic factors, such as altered kinematics of the lower limbs, and extrinsic factors, such as training load characteristics, have been reported as possible causes for the development of PFP. However, the relationship of these factors with the intensity of pain and physical function of female and male runners with PFP, in addition to the possible influence of sex on the kinematics of these runners, has not yet been reported in the literature. Therefore, the objectives of the thesis were: 1- to verify whether there is an association between hip and knee kinematics and running training load with pain intensity and functional status in males and females with PFP and 2- to investigate whether changes in hip and knee kinematics during running in runners with PFP are sex-specific. Runners of both sexes, with and without PFP and aged between 18 and 35 years, were evaluated. The kinematic evaluation was performed on a treadmill during the stance phase using a 3D system and the variables of interest were: hip adduction, hip internal rotation and knee abduction. To assess pain and physical function, the visual analogue scale and the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) questionnaire validated for the Portuguese language were used. Results indicated that longer weekly distance was associated with greater pain intensity in females with PFP, but there was no association between lower limb kinematics or running pace with pain intensity and physical function in both males and females with PFP. Furthermore, although females had greater hip adduction than males, regardless of the presence of PFP, there was no difference between females with and without PFP for this variable. Alterations in other kinematic variables evaluated (knee abduction and hip internal rotation) were also not sex-specific in runners with PFP. We conclude that hip and knee altered kinematics in runners with PFP are not sex-specific; in addition, clinicians should not only assess and treat the biomechanical factors of runners with PFP, but also be aware of training loads, especially with increasing weekly distance.
Co-cultivo fúngico como estratégia para obtenção de metabólitos biologicamente ativos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Silva, Airton Damasceno; Vieira, Paulo Cezar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8923844563320377; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4803553923188852
In this work, the bactericidal, antiprotozoal, and inhibition of cathepsin V proteolytic activity of extracts from the axenic cultivation of six fungal species (Fusarium guttiforme, Pestalotiopsis diospyri, Phoma caricae-papayae, Colletotrichum horii, Phytophthora palmivora, and C. gloeosporioides) and all combinations of co-cultures among them were evaluated, resulting in 57 co-cultivation extracts. The results obtained showed that the co-culture increased the biological activity of the samples since all the extracts active against super resistant bacteria, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania infantum were obtained from co-culture combinations. Bacterial growth was inhibited totally or partially by 46% of the extracts. Two of them that contained mostly fusaric and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acids were exceptionally active. The presence of the fungus F. guttiforme in co-cultures may be associated with the high biological activity of these extracts against L. infantum. A single axenic culture considerably decreased the proteolytic activity of cathepsin V, being an exception to an observed trend. Thus, the results of biological activities indicated that the fungal co-cultivation increased the biological potential of the samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 1H NMR spectra of the 63 extracts allowed the development of a new method to assess fungicidal activity and antagonism between fungal species within a collection. The results showed that the developed method was able to predict fungicidal activity and antagonism between species. Traditional in vitro antifungal tests of active and inactive extracts were performed in order to prove the predictions made by the PCAs. The results obtained showed that the developed method is an excellent tool to obtain and evaluate, simultaneously, bioactive samples because it was able to predict the fungicidal activity of 5 different extracts in a collection of 63 samples against 4 fungi of different genera, which would be more difficult, laborious and time consuming if they were rehearsed at random, allowing time and money savings. Finally, in order to investigate environmentally friendly alternatives in the control of diseases caused by anthracnose and black rot, this work evaluated the chemical profile of volatile organic compounds produced by the fungus F. guttiforme in the presence of the fungi C. horii, C. gloeosporioides, and P. caricae-papayae. The volatiles produced by F. guttiforme significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of phytopathogens C. horii (91.7%), C. gloeosporioides (93.7%), and P. caricae-papayae (92.5%). The production of the kaur-15-eno and kaur-16-en diterpenes by F. guttiforme may be associated with a possible long-distance defense mechanism as well as with the observed fungistatic activity. The inhibition results indicate, even in a preliminary way, that these diterpenes are promising biocontrol agents against the phytopathogens P. caricae-papayae, C. horii, and C. gloeosporioides.
Influência da força e potência muscular sobre o desempenho físico de indivíduos com DPOC
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Bueno, Leonardo Garbin; Di Lorenzo, Valéria Amorim Pires; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9071791546812165; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1122641058639637
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to pulmonary changes, several extrapulmonary manifestations can appear with the worsening of the disease, among the most prevalent is muscle dysfunction, which consequently generates less physical performance. Despite the previous literature addressing the relationship between these two aspects, there are still gaps on the influence of the components of muscle function on physical performance, assessed by different functional tests. Aim: To analyze the influence of quadriceps muscle function on physical performance, assessed using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the 6-minute step test (6MST), in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: This is a cross-sectional and observational study that evaluated individuals with COPD of both sexes, aged between 60 and 80 years. It took two days of evaluations with an interval of one week, in which evaluations were carried out as anamnesis; body composition with electrical bioimpedance equipment; dyspnea and daily physical activity with the mMRC scale and the DASI questionnaire, respectively; quadriceps muscle function by a computerized dynamometer and physical performance by Six Minute Step Test (6MST) and Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT). The sample size calculation was performed using G* Power software version 3.1.9.2. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Data distribution was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Variables with parametric distribution were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while variables with non-parametric distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range. To analyze the correlations, Pearson's correlation coefficients were used for parametric variables and Spearman's for non-parametric variables. Then, if there was a correlation between the variables (strength, endurance or power with 6MWT and 6MST), a multiple linear regression model would be applied to verify the influencing factors (strength, endurance and power) in the main outcome variable (physical performance – 6MWT and 6MST – separately). Results: The peak torque - 60°/s (Nm) and power - 90°/s (W) had a strong positive correlation with the 6MST (r = 0.729 and 0.725 respectively; p ≤ 0,000). Muscle powers - 60°/s and 90°/s (W) showed a moderate positive correlation with the 6MWT (r = 0.576 and 0.596 respectively; p ≤ 0,010). The results of multiple linear regressions showed that the peak torque - 60°/s (Nm) was the variable with significant participation in the model with the 6MST (adjusted R² = 0.504; p ≤ 0,000). For the model involving the 6MWT, the only variable included was muscle power - 90°/s (W) (adjusted R² = 0.318; p ≤ 0,007). Conclusion: The quadriceps muscle function differently influences the physical performance assessed by means of the 6MST and 6MWT. While muscle strength was able to explain performance in the 6MST more, muscle power had more influence on the 6MWT variation. These findings showed that the strength and power of the quadriceps muscle can significantly influence the performance of physical activities such as walking up and down steps and walking.
O corpo (des)conhecido na docência da educação infantil: narrativas docentes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-02-23) Doin, Rafael Romeiro; Santos, Maria Walburga dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2954227254025696; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9984036089729552
The relations between body, child education, and teaching practices are built with the interaction of the individuals, whose conceptions of world bring about their interrelation across their political, economic, social, and cultural agenda. This research aims at understanding how the interviewed teachers manage the implications of their body in their practices with the primary children’s schools, and how their daily job is affected in their working spaces in primary education. When I speak about the body in this research, I refer to its relation with art, culture, and education. My body was affected in such relations, and it is from this life experience that I started to reflect on my own body. To conduct this research, I have adopted a qualitative approach with the oral narrative technique, i.e., a memoir of moments in my life. I also considered the data collected in CAPES’ thesis and dissertations repository and the narrative of the interviewers as the mains axis of this work, particularly because this research topic has not had much debate in education. I interviewed for this research five instructors in the State of São Paulo: three cisgender women, one transgender woman, and a cisgender man. The content of such interviews reveals rich and important data of the relations of their teaching-bodies with their lives, their formation, and their professional activities, showing the diversity of their teaching-bodies in their work in child education. Those narratives enabled a reflection about gender, about the interaction of instructors with their bodies, about their relationship with space, about ethnical and racial relations and about children with disabilities. I seek in this work to approach the need of studying the body in child education.