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Variação fenotípica e reconstrução de caracteres ancestrais no gênero Cereus Mill. (Cactaceae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-11-05) Yano, Isis Minhós; Amaral, Danilo Trabuco do; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1962677068147121; Franco, Fernando de Faria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5290956002281250; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3717085210858089
The genus Cereus Mill. (Cactaceae) is widely distributed throughout South America and has 26 recognized species (in addition to six subspecies), subdivided into four subgenera: Cereus, Oblongicarpi, Ebneria and Mirabella. In phylogenetic terms, the genus has at least five main lineages (A-E). In this work we investigate the phenotypic variation in Cereus species. The hypotheses are: 1) the phenotypic transitions along the phylogeny may be linked to the genus diversification in dry environments in South America and 2) there is enough phenotypic variation to discriminate species of different clades and/or subgenera. To test these hypotheses, the variation for 54 phenotypic characters was screened from the literature for all Cereus species and two external groups. To test hypothesis 1, a ancestral state reconstruction was performed. For this reconstruction, the software MESQUITE v.3.61 was used under the algorithms of Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood (Mk1), for taxa with defined phylogenetic position (20 species). To test hypothesis 2, discriminant analysis were performed using RStudio, STATISTICA and PAST software. Among the 54 characteristics sampled, 11 showed a significant change of state in the phylogeny, namely: root type (clade D, 99.9%), flower areolas (clade D, 99.9%), flower bracts (clade D , 99.9%), branches (clades B, 58.2%; D, 98.2%; and the two subspecies of C. fernambucensis Lemaire/Ritter, 58.4% and 60.4%), rib margins (clades A2, 88.1%; B, 59%; and the two subspecies of C. jamacaru De Candolle/Ritter, 87.2%), wood (clade D, 47.9% each sp), position of the outer segments perianth (clade A + B, 88.9%), dispersers (two subspecies of C. jamacaru plus C. pierre-braunianus E. Esteves Pereira, 96.2%), dehiscence (clade D, 99.6%), perianth remains (branches comprising clades A + B + C + C. fricii Backeberg, 77.8%), and minimal number of radial spines (clade C, 84%; the two subspecies of C. jamacaru, 81.6 %). State changes for clade D seem to be related to mitigation of the effects of transpiration and solar irradiation, in addition, rib characteristics may be linked to the dry environment, and to acting in the thermal control promoted by their shading. Tuberous roots are possibly associated with water and starch storage and can even function as vegetative propagation organs in plants that occur in adverse environments. Multivariate analyzes revealed that the Mirabella subgenus was very different from the other three subgenres. The adaptationist explanation is viable, but not a conclusion of this work, considering other processes that could lead to the same present observations.
Educação alimentar e nutricional: uma análise histórico-crítica da relação educação, alimentação e nutrição
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-11-05) Moreau, Luiza Pompeu Prado Moreira; Coutinho, Luciana Cristina Salvatti; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2688318704089723; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7213550797039437
This dissertation seeks to present a historical analysis of the process of genesis and development of Food and Nutrition Education (EAN) in Brazil, seeking to understand the concepts of food, nutrition and education present in the area's initiatives and policies and the historical-social meaning pointed out by them. For this, we used bibliographical research and documental analysis, emphasizing the historical analysis and critical reflection of the elements present in the analyzed context. EAN aims to study and disseminate information on adequate and healthy eating and promote healthy eating habits through public policies based on educational resources. The scenario observed within EAN's initiatives and policies indicates the need to expand the debate around the theoretical-methodological bases that underlie its approach, as this still occurs in a fragmented, isolated and decontextualized way from the historical-social reality. In our analysis, we seek to consider the concrete determinants that permeate the development of EAN, that is, the struggles and contradictions present in capitalist society. For that, we believe that the Historical-Critical Pedagogy, and its orientation from the Historical-Dialectical Materialism, are presented as fundamental for the analysis of this context. In our analysis, we present the periodization of the formation of food and nutrition policies in three historical moments: 1940-1970: period characterized by the development of dissemination instruments on healthy eating, with the aim of correcting erroneous eating habits and presenting the pillars of rational food; 1970-1990: period characterized by the valorization of the income-food binomial and by a critique of EAN policies, in this period food supplementation and food distribution policies prevail; 1990-present: period characterized by the discussion of food as a human right, coexisting income access and EAN policies. There has been an expansion of the EAN concept over time, added to an expansion of social rights. Food came to be understood as a human right and a duty of the State, nutrition was no longer seen from a strictly technical and biological point of view, but also considered cultural issues. The concept of hegemonic education has undergone changes, but remains always within the framework of a non-critical view, placing education as a redeemer of social problems. In the end, we observe that due to the development of initiatives and policies within the capitalist logic, successive political-economic crises have set back the few advances obtained. and with that, the conquests that had been hard won were lost with the characteristic instability of this economic system. Therefore, we reiterate the importance of discussing the theoretical foundations that guide the EAN and the development of a critical EAN that can effectively contribute to the training, health, food, nutrition and emancipation of the working class. In this way, we consider the contributions of PHC to be fundamental in the sense of thinking about a new praxis for EAN.
O paradoxo do sexo: a sexualidade no pensamento de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-11-05) Ferreira Junior, Paulo; Nascimento, Luís Fernandes dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3654785629696808; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8223256562639584
The aim of this work is to investigate the theme of sexuality in Rousseau's thought. The Genevan philosopher is often accused of paradox and his work of containing problems of unity. These characteristics, however, constitute an advantage to reflect the sexual issue in all its complexity. Rousseau sometimes stands as a defender of morals and virtue, and criticizes the sexual customs of his time, notably in his considerations of romance and theater in the Letter to d'Alembert and in the Preface to Julie, or The New Heloise. Rousseau also considers sexuality to be an important element in his anthropological theory. In the Discourse on Inequality, sex singles out the wild, as it distinguishes it from civilian man and other animals. Together with freedom and perfectibility, sex is a constitutive element of human nature that must be considered in the process of socialization of the species. In Emile, sexuality operates as a kind of catalyst for sociability. Sexual maturity is used by the preceptor as a pedagogical instrument through which he manages the birth of social passions and modulates the student's moral character. Still in Emile, Rousseau elaborates a theory of sexual difference in which the oblique experience of female sexual desire is a fundamental element to understand the union between the sexes in terms of an agreement. Rousseau defends modesty as something natural to women, which makes him one of the authors most criticized by the feminist reception. But Rousseau is a complex author and his work is full of nuances. In The New Heloise, through a female character, Rousseau can question whether the soul has a sex and relativize the sexual difference. In Confessions, by taking the narrative of sexual experience as a privileged place for autobiographical discourse, Rousseau ends up offering a concrete example of an individual in which his relationship with sexuality is more complex than the theory of sexual difference supposes. Still in the autobiographical text, Rousseau reports his passion for botany, a science with which he identifies and which acquires supplement value. If in man, sex is a singularity that becomes more complex and becomes a moral problem, in plants, sex is simple and plural, precisely because it is free from morality. In a nutshell, whether as a critic, as a theorist or as a writer, sexuality is a theme of Rousseau's thought, whose variety of discourses, and even paradoxes, corroborates to reflect the theme in all its complexity.