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Análise da viabilidade técnica da brodução de BTX (Benzeno, Tolueno e Xileno) por meio da simulação do processo de pirólise catalítica rápida de biomassa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Carvalho, Arthur Anselmo; Furlan, Felipe Fernando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4136352953168873; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4868558649759178
In search of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) in order to stop the global warming and the consequently climate change on planet, it has been necessary to develop industrial chemical process to replace non-renewable feedstocks by renewable ones. Among the common chemicals obtained through oil, the BTX mixture (Benzene, Toluene and Xylene) attracts market interests, creating different studies of green processes (renewables) to produce the mixture. In this context, the catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass, that is the rapid heating of lignocellulosic compounds in the presence of a catalyst, has demonstrated, on a laboratory scale, a promising process for the production of BTX. However, there are no simulation studies of this process so far. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify the technical feasibility of producing BTX using biomass as raw material by simulating this process in the Aspen plus software. Enough data were found in the literature and allowed the calculation of the stoichiometry of the process to be inserted in the simulator in order to produce 20.5 mg of benzene, 39.5 mg of toluene and 22.92 mg of xylene per gram of cellulose. But, due to the large amount of chemicals generated, the reactor effluent was purified through a process synthesized through the heuristic method. As a main result, a proposal for a technically viable chemical process was obtained for the production and purification of BTX through fast catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose. This process allowed the recovery of 61% of the benzene produced, 85% of the toluene and 92% of the xylene.
Avaliação da produção de H2 a partir da reforma a seco do metano e eletrólise da água
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Pinto, Pedro Henrique Cavalcante; Santos, João Batista Oliveira dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0285313473901330; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0231641889284297
The global energy demand since the industrial revolution has grown continuously and is projected to grow by 50% in the next 30 years. Following the current proportion of energy sources, it becomes environmentally unsustainable to supply this amount with a proportion of 83.7% coming from non-renewable sources. Several alternative and more sustainable sources have emerged and are still under development to reverse this proportion. One of them is the use of hydrogen gas, H2, in energy supply and as a fuel, replacing fossil fuels. There are different ways of producing H2, the most conventional ones with a carbon footprint of medium to high intensity, thus generating gray or blue hydrogen. There are alternatives such as water electrolysis that can guarantee the production of gas without the emission of any gaseous pollutants (CO, CH4, CO2, among others). In this work, the Aspen Plus® process simulator was used to analyze the production of hydrogen by two routes: the dry reforming of methane and the electrolysis of water. For the first route, the Gibbs reactor was used to evaluate the thermodynamic limits of the reaction and the production capacity. Sequentially, the kinetics presented by Luyben (2014) were used to simulate the production of H2 using a PBR reactor considering a production capacity sufficient to meet approximately 6.0% of the energy demand of the northern region of Brazil. The production of H2 with the reactor at a pressure of 1.0 bar, feed ratio CH4/CO2 = 1/1.1 and temperatures of 800 and 920 °C were 1,587 and 1,649 kg H2 s-1, respectively. For the second route, data from Sànchez et al. (2019) for the calculations of the electrolytic cell needed to perform the electrolysis of water and the stoichiometric reactor (RSTOIC) and separation units were used for the development of the process on the simulator. The production of H2 was low, with conversion of approximately 0.18% of the water fed with a flow of approximately 50 kmols h-1 and operating conditions of 75°C and 7 bar. To increase the production of H2, it is necessary to improve and optimize the activity of electrolytic cells and use clean energy from wind, solar or hydraulic sources.
Calibração multivariada aplicada ao monitoramento da síntese enzimática de biodiesel etílico utilizando lipase solúvel
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Sanches, Milena Jimenes Manzolli Lopes; Ribeiro, Marcelo Perencin de Arruda; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0381402687491195; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4727926568696005
The production of biodiesel requires a process of monitoring and modeling of its reaction that guides the control of the production. Therefore, a multivariate calibration model that interprets the data obtained from biodiesel synthesis tests and allows in-line monitoring of the reaction was developed. Using liquid chromatography, the contents of monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), triglycerides (TG) and ethyl ester (ES) were obtained, and using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), spectrum scans were obtained, reference data that was applied at the entry of the model. The analysis of the collected samples was conducted in a leave one out cross-validation procedure and the complexity of the model (number of latent variables - LV’s) was optimized for each component with the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV). The multilinear methods applied in the treatment of data were partial least squares (PLS) and successive projection analysis (SPA). The models developed in PLS had 4 LV's for MG, 3 for DG, 4 for TG and 4 for ES, with respective errors of 17; 15; 5.67 e 8.28%. The models developed in SPA had 7 LV's for MG, 8 for DG, 11 for TG and 6 for ES, with respective errors of 20; 17.1; 11.7 e 14.1%, showing a greater precision of the models developed in PLS. Moreover, the results obtained for TG and ES presented a better adaptation of the components to the proposed model, as they result in minor errors in both methodologies, making it possible to monitor the conversion of TG and the yield of ES. Therefore, the results show a good predictive capacity for TG and ES with errors around 7% for PLS and 13% for SPA in relation to the maximum concentration obtained from these analytes. In addition, the PLS method was more accurate as it resulted in minor errors from less complex models.
Análise da secagem em leito espesso com e sem reversão de escoamento usando degraus de aquecimento: ensaios numéricos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Gebrin, Vitor Kalil Matos; Freire, Fábio Bentes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8937961078558996; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4266929552512958
The drying process may seem mistakenly simple. It includes several complex mechanisms of heat and mass transfer that make the development of mathematical models considerably harder. As a consequence, instantly controlling and optimizing this process has become a well studied challenge. The simplest drying technic is the fixed bed drying, as it occurs when, as an example, the coffee beans are open-air dryed on large cement, bricks or asphalt surfaces. The fixed bed drying is widely used in industries, mainly as packed bed columns. This equipment can be used in small scale batch drying of seeds with seeds that are sensible to mechanical schocks, in cases where the moving dryers are not able to operate. Another alternative to fixed bed drying is through the use of treadmills, that allow a continuous operation. A well-known downside of the fixed bed process is the lack of homogeneity in the product, caused by the high temperature and moisture gradients during the drying phenomenon. The application of timed reversal on the airflow direction through the bed results in a product with higher homogeneity. The present thesis here summarized aims to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the fixed bed drying with and without airflow reversal combined with stepwise temperature changes.
Estudo de estabilidade acelerada aplicado ao tempo de vida de prateleira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Marini, David Giovani; Ferreira Palhares, Adriana Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5736423072715628; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-1973; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2465057391661409
The present accelerated stability study aims to simulate the expiration date of a test to detect Chagas disease, subjecting it to temperatures above its storage temperature (5.0°C), to accelerate its degradation speed. The study allows verifying whether the functional characteristic of the test maintains the levels acceptable to the market, according to the requirements of ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency), in matters of quality and product safety. Through the experimental values of optical density as a function of the time collected, it was possible to apply two distinct methods to determine the kinetic constant (k), which are: the method of integral analysis and the objective function with data dispersion analysis. From the values of the kinetic constants and their temperatures, it is possible to determine the activation energy (Eatv) for the reactional complex of the Chagas test, whose value was 48.60 kJ/mol, characteristic for health products, in addition to determining the acceleration factor α10, which for the test considered was 1.32, less than that established by ANVISA, which determines a value of α10 equal to 2.0. In this sense, through the accelerated stability study it was concluded that the most advantageous scenario for this test is to submit it at room temperature of 25.0°C for a period of approximately 133 days, performing regular tests during this time interval, evaluating it in terms of quality and safety. If so, the records should be forwarded to ANVISA for registration and subsequent marketing.
Estudo sobre o entupimento na descarga de silos de produto acabado em empresa de alimentos para cães e gatos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Silva, Rosimeire Lemos da; Ferreira, Maria do Carmo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7070885875161111
Industries producing food for dogs and cats, belonging to the pet sector food, are extremely relevant to the Brazilian economy and have shown growth year after year, but despite this positive scenario, factors such as the increase in the value of raw materials and the general cost of living in Brazil, in addition to the increase in the number of competitors, make them need increasingly efficient processes to maintain their profitability. The clogging of finished product silos, which happens when the unloading of the product suffers a partial or total stoppage, it is one of the causes of considerable loss efficiency in dry feed industries and in other sectors dealing with solids granular or powdery, being also a critical problem from the point of view of safety. The profile of the flow of stored products, the geometry of the silos and environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, are directly related to the occurrence of clogging. Due to the diversity of products made in the plant that was subject to of study in the present work, implying in the existence of several profiles of flow of flow, and the impossibility of abruptly changing the geometry of the installed silos, it was decided to analyze the influence of environmental factors, where it is concluded that the increase in temperature is directly related to the increase in the occurrence of clogging due to to the coating properties of kibbles.
Avaliação técnica de diferentes configurações para o tratamento de efluentes da fabricação integrada de papel Tissue e papelão
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Paulino, Mariana Shiraishi; Lopes, Gabriela Cantarelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5680967191791061; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4504858145986043
Cellulose is the most abundant organic material in nature, and is a basic component of plant tissues, which provides rigidity and firmness to plants. Its uses are becoming more and more diversified in the industry, and it can currently be used to produce different types of paper (newsprint, plain white paper, cardboard), textiles, some pharmaceuticals, among others. It is common knowledge that the paper production sector is a major consumer of water. Therefore, it is of public and environmental interest that the water from the process is reused or, at least, treated to return to the environment. The growing concern with environmental preservation requires the elimination and/or reduction of the negative effects of the production process. Most of the production of jumbo rolls (which are larger, intermediate rolls that originates the final product) is quite similar in the Tissue paper and paperboard mills. The paper quality of the jumbo rolls will depend on the quality requirements in the production. Higher quality products have more pure pulp in their composition, while lower quality products have other sources of pulp materials, such as scraps. Because there is no requirement for high quality in the production of cardboard, scraps are a common component in the production of the jumbo used for this purpose. The jumbo for low quality Tissue paper production also do not require high quality control and are also produced from scraps. The use of scraps during the manufacturing process means that the effluent treatment must be more extensive and more effective than the one for the effluent from a pure pulp production. This is because the scraps are not pure raw materials, they also carry dirt and other unwanted components. Despite the similarity in the characteristics of the cellulosic raw material used in the production of tissue papers and cardboard, there are no record of integrated treatment of the effluents generated in these two types of processes. In this context, the main objective of this work was to contemplate and find the best solution for the treatment of the effluent from the production of low quality Tissue and cardboard, from the integration of the production of the types of jumbo rolls used for each one, through a technical evaluation of the different types of treatment that are available. A better result of the effluent treatment can be obtained by the combination of the Effluents Station and the anaerobic biologic treatment. Both present positive and negative point that complement each other, even though it requires a bigger initial investment.
Análise das expectativas e demandas do mercado de trabalho para o engenheiro químico: a construção de parcerias entre a graduação e o setor produtivo para fomentar competências
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Sousa, Yasmin Antunes Oliveira; Ferreira Palhares, Adriana Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5736423072715628; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-1973
With the constant changes in society, it became necessary to adapt the way in which professionals are trained in the university environment, since the market starts to demand skills not only of a technical nature but also of a socio-behavioral nature. In this context, in 2019 the National Curricular Guidelines (DCNs) were updated to ensure that by 2022 Higher Education Institutions can evolve in relation to the curriculum and teaching methodologies and, in this way, cover and give greater emphasis to the development of competence in engineers with emphasis on the so-called soft skills, which are responsible for highlighting the professional in the productive environment. Therefore, this work sought to understand the profile sought by the productive sector in relation to chemical engineering professionals and how this is connected with the development proposed by the pedagogical project we currently have. With this information, it was possible to define some of the main challenges encountered by the productive sector in consolidating effective partnerships with undergraduate courses; suggest possible developments in the curricular activities of the Chemical Engineering course and relate the development of skills sought by the job market with the curriculum to facilitate the inclusion of graduates in the area in a more assertive way. It is important to highlight that all the suggestions present in this work were based on: 1) Research and perceptions related to teaching-learning in the professional sector; 2) Methodologies already used in other educational institutions or in organizations that help students enter the job market. The results presented showed that today the EQ course at UFSCar has a deficit in the training of this professional in the field of behavioral skills, where only 40% of what the market expects has been developed through graduation. The research also highlighted the effectiveness of extension activities, from the graduate's point of view, for the development of such skills. Furthermore, the data highlighted possible partnerships that the productive sector would like to build with HEIs to promote soft skills, playing an active role in professional training.
Estudo técnico-econômico preliminar da produção de ciclo-hexano pelo método IFP de produção
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Araújo, Henrique Sartoreli Miranda de; Queiroz, João Paulo Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7316247674511327; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3690291416041543
Cyclohexane is a non-polar cycloalkane and highly combustible, which has as main application the production of adipic acid, and nylon 6 and nylon 6,6, polymers that are important to textile industry, thread fabrication, bristles, rubbers and special tissues. Eventually, cyclohexane can be used as solvent for oils, waxes and fats. The USA has always been the highlight as major producers of cyclohexane, leadership increasingly threatened by the rising Chinese petrochemical industry and the whole Southeast of Asia. Brazil, although having two chemical companies that stand out in the production of the hydrocarbon, is still quite dependent of imports, fact that disfavors market balance and makes the final product nylon-based more expensive. Previously, cyclohexane was extracted by petroleum distillation, in a mass fraction of about 0,01% to 0,1%. With the rise of the demand, there was the need of producing it in a way that it is the main product of a chemical process. One of the process most currently used is a Franch-based process technology, developed by IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole), that consists on benzene hydrogenation, saturating it to cyclohexane. This work made a technical preliminary analysis, including global mass balance, sizing of the reactors and the separation vessels, process control suggestion, and HAZOP analysis. Also, it was part of this work a preliminary economic analysis of capital investment of the equipment and installations. The production process has attention points regarding to safety, especially in one of the reactors, and regarding to the exposure of the components and gases emission. The payback, considering a high interest rate (13,25%) due to the current high SELIC tax is about 14 years, but can be a shorter time if the SELIC tax decreases and/or the price of cyclohexane rises.
Análise da hidratação de sementes de Jequitibá-branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze) via modelo difusivo associado a imagens de microtomografia computadorizada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Camargos Filho, Anselmo Nogueira de; Maia, Gustavo Dias; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3804133304643228; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0193437994425257
Jequitibá-branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze) is an endangered native species of significant ecological and commercial importance. Aiming at improving germination conditions with a consequent impact on the quantity and quality of seedlings produced, the present study aimed to contribute to the analysis of the hydration process of these seeds through the interpretation of the diffusive model adjustments considering the constant and variable effective diffusivity associated with investigation by X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) images. The hydration curves were performed at temperatures of 25°C, 35°C and 45°C. The diffusive model was satisfactorily fitted for both constant and variable effective diffusivity. The effective diffusivity values were considered low since this type of seed presents protective tissues against mechanical impacts. The analysis of diffusivity variations allowed the observation of the three hydration phases. The microtomography analyzes allowed the evaluation of the tissue density variation in the humidities 0.25 kg/kg, 0.37 kg/kg, 0.50 kg/kg, 0.62 kg/kg, 0.75 kg/kg. There were no variations in dimensions during the hydration process. The analysis of the micro-CT images showed that there is an evident preferential distribution of water in the reserve tissues that act as a barrier to protect the embryo against water impacts, proving to be a promising technique to be used in this type of study.
Investigação experimental e modelagem do efeito da temperatura sobre a produção de lipases por Aspergillus niger C em cultivo em estado sólido
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Andrade, João Victor de Oliveira; Casciatori, Fernanda Perpétua; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1269950652196294
Since the technological development of a clean and renewable energy matrix became strategic for Brazil, the concept of biorefinery has emerged as an industry focused on the production of biofuels, with emphasis on biodiesel. Particularly, for biochemical synthesis of biodiesel, lipolytic enzymes are required, which in turn can be produced in the plant itself by solid state fermentation (FES), a bioprocess that uses biorefinery by-products as substrates, allowing a certain self-sufficiency of the unit. However, data on the metabolism of lipase-producing fungi in FES are still scarce, making simulation and scale-up studies of bioreactors difficult. on the production of enzymes with lipolytic activity by the fungus Aspergillus niger C cultivated in agro-industrial residues. Data on protein concentration and lipase activity obtained from flask-scale cultures at different temperatures were collected, as well as data from literature on lipase enzymatic activities obtained from the cultivation of the same fungus, using the same substrate. These data were used to determine the kinetic constants of lipase production, based on zero-order, first-order and logistic models, at different temperatures. With the kinetic constants, the temperature effect was modeled by the Arrhenius equation. A modeling of the thermostability of the enzymes produced was also carried out, using data from the literature. With this, the aim was to raise reliable kinetic parameters for future studies of heat transfer simulation in the bioprocess of production of lipase for biodiesel in FES bioreactors.
Modelagem e simulação de sistema de controle de temperatura de chapa aquecedora
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Segantini, Felipe Rinaldi de Oliveira; Horta, Antonio Carlos Luperni; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5923938048634505
With the advancements in information technology, the increase in global competition, in the demand for quality and also the hardening of ambiental laws, process control is becoming increasingly important to the formation of Chemical Engineers. These facts have produced an increasing demand for more efficiency in industrial processes, be them chemical processes, biochemical or other applicable, requiring more precise and reliable models to represent them and therefore, guarantee their operation in optimal conditions. For this purpose, there were made experiments using an Arduino-built system to collect temperature data in the ment the process would reach steady-state in a predetermined power range, allowing to obtain the convective coefficients used in this work to build the mathematical model. Analyzing the obtained convective coefficients, it is able to conclude that due to simplifications, the modelling of the heat transfer process didn't represent the process in an appropriate way, since the collected data produced lower values than expected by the literature. Afterwards, a simulation of the open loop system was made using the convective coefficients simulated in similar to the experiment's conditions and the results were close to the expected, showing a gradual variation in temperature until the system reached steady-state. By validating the open loop model, P, PI and PID controllers were implemented in a feedback configuration, by applying the Ziegler-Nichols and Tyreus-Luyben methods to parameter tuning. Observing their response curves, it is safe to affirm that the P and PI controller's responses were very few different than the expected for a dead-time system according to the literature, having also small dampening, but reaching values close to the setpoint. The PID controllers, although, didn't reach process stability, which indicates the control model needs more limitations to turn its controlling action closer to the actual. Furthermore, it is concluded that the modelling and simulation made in this study still needs refinements, given its potential as a didactic tool in the academical environment.
Respostas comportamentais e autonômicas induzidas pela privação hídrica em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Pereira Junior, Emilson Donizete; Andrade, Carina Aparecida Fabrício de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9055280555067656; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2394486231433341
Excess ingested NaCl can facilitate the onset and development of chronic diseases, including hypertension. The increase in salt palatability is usually the reason for excessive consumption of NaCl. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an animal model for the study of primary hypertension, ingest a greater amount of sodium when compared to normotensive strains. However, it was still unknown whether the increased preference for NaCl observed in SHRs would be related to changes in palatability to this ion. Considering that SHRs might have increased NaCl palatability, it would be important to investigate whether this effect would be specific for salty taste. Furthermore, there was no information in the literature whether gustatory stimulation could induce cardiovascular autonomic responses, as well as whether episodes of dehydration could alter the palatability profile and anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in SHRs. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the: a) palatability to 0.3 M NaCl; b) sweet and bitter taste palatability profile; c) autonomic responses induced by gustatory stimulation; d) anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity, in normotensive rats and SHRs under basal conditions and after a cycle of water deprivation and partial rehydration (WD-PR). Thus, SHRs and Holtzman normotensive rats were submitted to surgical procedures to implant of: a) an intraoral (IO) cannula, for taste reactivity test (TRT); femoral artery cannula, for mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) recordings; c) intracerebroventricular cannula, for central administration into the lateral ventricle (LV). Intraoral (IO) infusion of 0.3 M NaCl produced a greater number of hedonic responses with no difference in the number of aversive responses in SHRs when compared with normotensive rats. Central blockade of AT1 angiotensinergic receptors (adrenergic receptor antagonist, losartan 100 ng/1 μl i.c.v.) abolished the ingestion of 0.3 M NaCl induced by the (WD-PR) protocol, while it reduced, only transiently (first 30 minutes of the 60-minute test) the number of hedonic responses to salty taste, with no changes in aversive responses. Losartana i.c.v. also reduced, only transiently (first 30 minutes), the number of hedonic responses to salty taste in euhydrated SHRs. Just like the salty taste, SHRs showed a similar number of hedonic responses to 2% sucrose IO and a similar number of aversive responses to quinine IO, either after WD-PR or in the euhydrated condition. Furthermore, these hedonic and aversive responses were greater when compared to normotensive rats. The IO infusion of the different tastes produced an increase in MAP and an increase in HR for 2% sucrose, 0.5M NaCl and quinine in normotensive rats and quinine for SHRs, this pressor effect was greater in SHRs, for all tastes. The administration of prazosin (1 mg/ml/kg i.v.) abolished the pressor effect induced by the IO infusion of all solutions tested, in both strains of rats. Furthermore, WD-PR produced the same profile of pressor responses to IO infusion of 0.3 M NaCl and distilled water compared to the euhydrated condition, both in normotensive animals and in SHRs. However, the pressor effect was greater in SHRs than in normotensives, regardless of the conditions of fluid and electrolyte balance. In the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) test, SHRs show longer stay in the open arms and an increase in central locomotor activity, as well as the number of entries and time spent in the center of the open field apparatus, suggesting a less anxious pattern of behavior than normotensive rats. WD-PR produced no change compared to the respective baseline in anxiety-like behavior of normotensive animals and SHRs. However, after the period corresponding to the sodium appetite test, an increase in total locomotor activity was observed, as well as in the average speed covered in normotensive rats. In SHRs, after the end of sodium appetite, a significant decrease was observed in the time spent in the open arms of the EPM, a decrease in peripheral and central locomotor activity, number of entries and permanence in the center of the OF apparatus, in addition to an increase in the time spent on the periphery, when compared to your baseline condition (euhydrated). In summary, the results show that SHRs rats have an intense appetite and palatability to NaCl regardless of the conditions of the hydroelectrolyte balance, and part of this effect is due to the activation of central AT1 angiotensinergic receptors. As with salty taste, SHRs have an increase in hedonic responses to sucrose, and an increase in the number of aversive responses to bitter taste. This suggests that the enhanced response of SHRs to taste rewards does not correspond to a decreased response to a typical aversive taste. The WD-PR protocol did not alter anxiety-related behavior and locomotor activity in normotensive rats and SHRs. The present results also suggest that the affective component of taste induces cardiovascular responses mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Construção e validação do conteúdo da escala de avaliação de habilidades da natação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Borges, Cristiany de Carvalho; Orlandi, Fabiana de Souza; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7395879552721664; Godoi Jacomassi, Daniela; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7699007812483790; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4805500121449887
As chronological age increases, people become less active and their functional capacity de-creases, contributing to reduced independence. In this sense, swimming as a physical exercise is presented as a health-promoting strategy, since it can be practiced at any age and brings multiple benefits. The scarcity of instruments that evaluate the processes of acquisition of aquatic skills makes it difficult to monitor the evolution of students in practice. In view of the above, the objective of the study is to develop and validate the content of the Swimming Skills Assessment Scale. For this, three steps were performed: the first with the objective of describing the processes of elaboration and construction of the scale; the second to analyze its content from the perspective of 10 expert judges; and the third to analyze the judges' return and adjust the scale. This is a methodological study, involving a qualitative and quantitative approach to research. To evaluate the levels of agreement between the expert judges on each of the component items of the instrument, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated. The results of the present study revealed a total CVI for the instrument of 0.96, indicating that the scale of swimming skills as an evaluation process in swimming learning presents objec-tivity, clarity and reliability in its content. Suggests for future studies to carry out the applica-tion study of the Swimming Skills Assessment Scale among the elderly and populations with other age groups.
Estudo das aplicações de data science e machine learning na engenharia química
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Han, Sofia Miran; Horta, Antonio Carlos Luperni; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5923938048634505
Today, with the advancement of technology and the ability of computers to store huge amounts of data, companies and industries have sought out professionals trained to deal with the challenge of organizing and extracting meaningful insights from those data and conferring competitive advantages such as demand prediction, fault detection and exploitation of standards. The area that deals with this branch is called Data Science, and employs a combination of statistical, mathematical and computational resources to make inferences about patterns found at the data, which would hardly be detected only by human analysis. Combined with it, the use of algorithms capable of learning and predicting patterns called Machine Learning are driving the industry by introducing artificial intelligence to solve this type of problem. The advancement of computing, as well as the popularization of programming and the emergence of complete mathematical libraries has made the use of these tools increasingly everyday for chemical engineers, especially in the areas of process analysis and optimization. In this context, the work presented here aimed to perform a bibliographic and theoretical review of the current context of data in chemical engineering to elucidate the theory behind supervised machine learning algorithms, their advantages, limitations and applications before 3 case studies relevant to chemical engineering. The results showed that the accuracy of the models studied vary according to the application given to them, having, in general, more flexible algorithms (Tree Models and Artificial Neural Networks) performed better for nonlinear and classification problems, while more rigid algorithms (Simple and Multiple Linear Regression) performed better in experiments in which the nature of the relationship between the input and output variables was already known to be linear. The knowledge of physical-chemical relationships of the experiments under analysis also contributed to the construction of more accurate models.
O futuro sustentável da matriz energética brasileira: a importância e viabilidade do etanol de segunda geração no período de transição com ênfase no setor de transportes.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Freitas, Ynaê Rossetti de; Pádua, Thiago Faggion de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8909812973749651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5432222004396464
Currently, about 80% of the primary energy produced in the world comes from non-renewable sources, mainly oil. As it is a fossil and limited reserve, dependence on oil imports causes numerous exchange and energy crises in countries that do not have this resource, such as Brazil. Despite being classified as an emerging country, about 47% of Brazil’s energy matrix is filled by renewable sources, a fact that is completely related to the country's historical competitiveness in ethanol and sugarcane. Despite the development of several alternatives to the use of petroleum derivatives in the transport sector, the consumption of fossil fuels is expected to grow by about 20% in the next 20 years, increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their environmental consequences. The main initiatives with the potential to reduce the impact linked to this scenario are encouraging the use of biofuels and switching to new transport technologies (electric and hybrid vehicles). Even though it is constantly evolving, the adoption of electric vehicles in the short-medium term is not a reality, especially in countries with a low railway network, such as Brazil, a fact that makes biofuels even more attractive. In this context, it is known that Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugarcane, using both sucrose and sugarcane bagasse as energy sources. The use of bagasse has the advantage of increasing production without increasing the planted area, so the development of technologies for the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials becomes promising for the production of second-generation ethanol in the transition period between consumption of petroleum derivatives and vehicular electrification, since sugarcane bagasse has enormous energy potential in tropical countries, due to the availability of land, privileged geographical position and favorable climate. The present work proposes to carry out a literature review based on the history of the sector, on the main motivations for the production of second-generation ethanol and conduct a technical and economic analysis of the construction of a production plant. As main outcomes, we can mention the positive panorama of the Brazilian energy matrix, both in financial and ecosystem aspects. In addition, promising results were observed for the generation of biofuel on an industrial scale.
Avaliação da produção de goma xantana por linhagens recombinantes de Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Mazzochi, João Pedro; Oliveira, Davi Benedito; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0403958118014255; Silva, Adilson José da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3447469350644179; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1891368463301111
Xanthan gum (XG) is a heteropolysaccharide synthesized by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas through aerobic fermentation. The main characteristics of xanthan gum are its high viscosity, high pseudo-plasticity, great stability of its viscosity in a broad range of temperature and pH and it is compatible with salts. Such properties confer it several applications in food, cosmetics and petroleum industries, since the gum can be used as thickening, emulsifying and stabilizing agents. Nowadays, most of the water-soluble polysaccharides used in the industry come from vegetable sources, but, even though Brazil depends on its import, microbial polysaccharides proved to be of large commercial value. The development of processes for the gum synthesis has been oriented in the sense of optimizing factors such as operational conditions, growth media and technologies for recovering the intended composite – and an important part of this process is the development of new recombinant strains that optimizes the gum production. In this context, Oliveira (2021) did the overexpression of the top enzymes targeted as bottlenecks on the synthesis pathway of XG, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDPG-deH) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPG-PP) in the strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and noticed a significant improvement on the production of xanthan when the enzymes are individually overexpressed and under certain conditions. The present work aims to re-evaluate the aforementioned results by using recombinant strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on which the ugd (which codifies the UDPG-deH enzyme) and galU (UDPG-PP) genes were cloned and transformed based on a broad-spectrum vector of hosts. Two plasmids, each containing one of the genes, were used in order to measure whether or not their overexpression contributes to an increase in gum productivity and it was observed that the use of recombinant strains, along with further growth parameters, can promote the xanthan gum volumetric productivity through Xanthomonas cells.
Análise do processo de pós condensação da resina de PET Pós Consumo Reciclada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Previtale, Mariana Ferraro; Bernardo, André; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5705402824877708
As all other plastics, the PET, polyethylene terephthalate, has petroleum as raw material, a non-renewable natural resource. As it is produced from a finite source, the recycling of the PET, material used to many different applications, like to make bottles for cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical and cleaning products, as well as to produce textile fibers and broom bristles, becomes essential. In Brazil, the importance of PET recycling, especially as bottles, is increasing. In 2019, it was estimated that 55% of PET packages discarded by Brazilian people had been recycled, a volume that corresponds to 311 million tons. Together with the strengthening of PET recycling, it is happening the strengthening of 716 industries of PET recycling in Brazil and of their productive processes. The present study is a bibliographic review of the PET recuperation process, known as “bottle-to-bottle”, that has an additional phase when compared with the traditional recycling process. It includes, in addition to the steps of separation, washing, milling and extrusion, a step of post condensation that happens in a batch reactor. This work also has a study about a real case of a Brazilian industry, with an especial attention to the optimization of the process of post condensation of PET PCR resines (PET post consumer recycled) that intends to identify bottlenecks, suggest possible changes and improvements to this phase of production process. The study identified some operational problems related with one equipment present in the post condensation process, the heat exchange. So, some alternatives to solve these issues and improve the equipment capacity are proposed to be done.
Métodos de monitoramento de fermentação alcoólica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Santos, Fernanda Correia; Milessi Esteves, Thais Suzane; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7000002745065879; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9787449661527870
Sugarcane cultivation and ethanol production in Brazil has an active role in the country's economy, sugar since colonization in the 16th century and ethanol since the last century, currently having an important participation in the fuel and food sectors, moving the country's economy. Given the scenario, the present graduation paper presents the main variables of the alcoholic fermentation process and some of the available analysis methodologies used in its monitoring. The variables are divided between physicochemical, which include physical parameters (such as turbidity and temperature) and chemical (such as pH and cell, substrate and ethanol concentrations), and microbiological variables, which concern the yeast responsible for the fermentation and the process’ contamination control by other microorganisms. This paper presents a literature review on alcoholic fermentation and describes the methodologies for obtaining the main process variables. Finally, a critical analysis of current technologies and the industry perspective are presented in order to generate a useful document to help guide the choice of monitoring alcoholic fermentation.
Panorama de aproveitamento energético do biogás dos tratamentos de esgoto sanitário e de resíduos sólidos urbanos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2022-09-13) Rodrigues, Larissa Jonaly; Ferreira Palhares, Adriana Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5736423072715628; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5426605293831011
Biogas is a sustainable alternative with great potential to be applied in the national energy scenario. This energy can be used as electrical, thermal, mechanical energy and converted into biomethane. In addition to the environmental contribution, the energy use of biogas guarantees the reuse of previously discarded resources. The sanitation sector is responsible for the largest volume of biogas produced, thus, this present research has the general objective of drawing an overview of the use of biogas from sanitation. For this, a review of the most recent literature was carried out, based on scientific documents published in the last decade. Through this analysis, it was observed that the application and production of biogas in Brazil is still compatible with it’s potential. It is believed that starting from the municipalities, the potential that biogas has today in Brazil can in fact go beyond mere expectations and become reality. It is therefore necessary that the public authorities create greater incentives for the production and implementation of biogas to reach the maximum of this potential, mainly through urban solid waste and sanitary sewage, thus contributing to the modernization and greater sustainability of the Brazilian energy matrix, also boosting the generation of employment and income, as well as greater economic potential for companies that implement the use of this product in their processes.